房小龙 薛育政
·综述·
IL-11与重症急性胰腺炎
房小龙 薛育政
重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)病死率高、并发症多。近年来关于促炎症因子在其发病机制中的作用成为研究热点[1-6],因此利用抗炎症因子治疗SAP日益受到重视。IL-11(interleukin-11,IL-11)是近来报道的一种有效的抗炎症因子[7],它在肠道炎症、内毒素血症及辐射导致胸部损伤的动物模型中具有保护性作用。本文仅就目前IL-11在SAP治疗中的应用进展作一综述。
一、IL-11的结构及生物学作用
IL-11主要来源于间质细胞[8],它通过与特异性受体(IL-11R)结合而起作用。IL-11由α链和信号转导亚单位gp130所组成。后者为IL-6R、LIFR、OSMR、CNTFR所共有。报道显示,小鼠、非人灵长类和人类的IL-11氨基酸序列物同源性达90%以上。人IL-11基因位于第19号染色体上,由5个外显子和4个内含子组成,全长为7000 bp,含1500 bp和2500 bp的两个RNA转录体。人IL-11 cDNA编码由199个氨基酸组成的前肽,分子质量为192 000,其中含21个氨基酸残基组成的疏水性信号序列。IL-11多肽结构中无半胱氨酸残基或潜在糖基化位点,亦无二硫键结构和高度螺旋化结构。IL-11是具有多种功能的细胞因子,它能刺激巨核系列细胞生长,刺激骨髓巨核细胞复制,提高外周血小板数量[9];调节巨噬细胞前体细胞的增殖及分化[10];通过依赖T-淋巴细胞机制刺激B细胞免疫球蛋白的产生[11]。近来研究表明,IL-11对因放化疗[12]及局限性肠道缺血病[13]引起的肠黏膜损伤具有预防性保护作用。此外,临床试验表明,IL-11也可引起血浆中急性炎症反应物浓度增加,包括C反应蛋白、纤维蛋白原和结合珠蛋白等。应用IL-11治疗能减轻辐射引起的胸部损伤严重度[13]及降低内毒素血症的病死率[14-15]。这些研究发现均表明IL-11起着抗炎症因子的作用。
二、IL-11治疗SAP的作用机制
1.阻滞TNF-α mRNA表达及降低血清TNF-α mRNA水平:Shimizu等[16]应用重组人类白介素-11(recombinant human interleukin-11,rhIL-11)治疗蛙皮素联合脂多糖诱导的小鼠急性坏死性胰腺炎(acute necrotizing pancreatitis, ANP)。结果显示ANP 小鼠的血清淀粉酶、脂肪酶及TNF-α水平显著升高,胰腺组织内出现水肿、炎症细胞浸润及胰腺出血、坏死等病变。应用rhIL-11预处理后,ANP小鼠制模后6~8 h内的血清淀粉酶、脂肪酶水平及血清TNF-α浓度显著降低。在胰腺炎诱导后6 h给予rIL-11治疗,胰腺的损伤程度也明显改善。
他们认为,IL-11通过阻滞TNF-α mRNA的表达,降低血清TNF-α水平而减轻ANP小鼠胰腺的损伤程度。TNF-α在炎症早期为高表达的促炎症因子,其介导组织损伤的机制是通过激活炎症细胞[17]、上调黏附分子的表达[18]及促进一氧化氮和氧自由基的产生[19-20]。有动物实验提示[21],给予TNF-α拮抗剂可减轻实验性ANP动物的胰腺坏死程度,改善生化指标,提高生存率。
2.抑制巨噬细胞内NF-κB的转录活性,阻断其介导的级联反应:NF-κB是体内一种具有多相转录调节作用的蛋白质,它对于激活体内许多炎症因子具有重要作用[22]。NF-κB广泛存在于机体各种细胞胞质中,是许多促炎细胞因子、炎症介质、黏附分子和急性期反应蛋白所必须的转录因子。NF-κB的活化能引起一系列基因表达的增加,包括TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6等细胞因子、细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)及P-选择素、E-选择素等,进而参与机体的炎症反应和免疫反应。由NF-κB调节的产物如TNF-α、IL-1β又能激活NF-κB,从而形成了一个级联放大反应。Trepicchio等[23]在研究IL-11调节巨噬细胞功能时,发现内毒素通过激活巨噬细胞内的NF-κB活性,促进IL-6、TNF等基因的转录,而用rhIL-11治疗后能明显抑制巨噬细胞内NF-κB的转录活性,阻滞了NF-κB活化诱导炎症介质的产生,减缓炎症的发展。
3.抑制NO的产生,改善胰腺微循环:Trepicchio等[7]在成功诱导小鼠内毒素血症模型后,用rhIL-11预处理能够阻滞脂多糖引起的TNF-α、IL-1β、IFN-γ等水平的升高,但对IL-12、p40、IL-6及IL-10水平没有影响。因此,他们认为,rhIL-11消弱炎症反应的机制是通过下调促炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IFN-γ的释放,同时抑制一氧化氮(NO)的产生。由于NO在SAP发病机制中具有重要作用,因此IL-11通过抑制NO的产生,使NO处于低水平,从而舒张血管平滑肌,降低外周阻力,对胰腺微循环的改善具有保护作用,降低了SAP的损伤程度。
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2008-05-09)
(本文编辑:屠振兴)
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-1935.2009.06.026
214041 无锡,无锡第三人民医院消化科