现在分词与过去分词的主要区别在哪里？

叶陈友

现在分词和过去分词主要的区别表现在语态和时间关系上。笔者想结合分词在定语、补语、状语及独立主格结构中的用法谈谈现在分词与过去分词的主要区别。

一、现在分词与过去分词当定语

现在分词与过去分词当定语的区别首先表现在被修饰词与现在分词之间是主动关系，过去分词当定语时被修饰的词与分词之间则是被动关系。单个分词作定语通常置于被修饰词之前，分词短语则要后置。例如：

The president made an inspiring speech(= which was inspiring) at the meeting.总统在会上作了令人鼓舞的演说。

The man sitting (= who is sitting) at the desk is his secretary.坐在桌旁那个人是他的秘书。

The moved children (= who were moved) were determined to work harder at their lessons.受感动的孩子们决心更加努力地学习功课。

She showed me the book recommended by the professor (=which was recommended ).她把教授推荐的书给我看了看。

现在分词与过去分词当定语的另一个区别是现在分词表示动作正在进行，过去分词则表示动作已经完成。例如：

It is well known that China belongs to a developing country.众所周知，中国属于发展中国家。

We are determined to work harder so as to catch up with the developed countries.我们决心更加努力工作以便赶上发达国家。

不及物动词的过去分词只表示动作完成，没有被动含义。

I was watching the risen moon on the balcony when the telephone rang.我正在阳台上看升起了的月亮突然间电话铃响了。

二、现在分词与过去分词当补语

现在分词当补语表示主动或动作正在进行；过去分词则表示被动或动作已经完成或者指状态。例如：

I saw some foreign guests entering the headmasters office.我看见有几位外宾正走进校长的办公室。

Waiting outside the operating room，she felt her heart beating violently.她等候在手术室外，觉得心在猛烈地跳动。

The children were found playing by the side of the river.有人发现孩子们在河边玩。

Yesterday my husband had the computer repaired.昨天我丈夫让人把电脑修理好了。

The villagers found the river seriously polluted.村民们发现河流被严重地污染了。

All the doors were found locked.所有的门都是锁着的。

三、现在分词与过去分词当状语

现在分词当状语所表示的动作是句子主语所执行的，也就是说主语与现在分词之间包含的是主动关系。过去分词当状语时，句子的主语则是分词动作的承受者，即主语与过去分词之间存在着被动关系。例如：

Entering the laboratory，the professor began to do the chemical experiment.教授走进实验室就开始做化学实验。

Not having heard from his parents for a long time，the young man became worried.由于很久没有收到父亲的来信，年青人感到焦虑不安起来。

Seen from the hill，the town looks very beautiful.从小山上往下看，这个城镇显得非常美丽。

Miss Yang walked into the classroom，followed by a group of students.杨小姐走进教室，后面跟着一群学生。

四、现在分词与过去分词用于独立主格结构

在独立主格结构中，如果分词的逻辑主语与分词之间是主动关系用现在分词，如果两者之间表示的是被动关系或指状态则用过去分词。例如：

Weather permitting (= If weather permits)，we will go out for a picnic next Sunday.如果天气允许，我们下个星期日去野餐。

He related his adventure in the mountains，his eyes sparkling with joy.他叙述他在山中的奇遇，眼睛里闪烁着喜悦的光芒。

Everything taken into consideration (=If everything is taken into consideration)，his plan is more workable than yours.考虑到各方面情况，他的计划比你的更可行。

五、现在分词被动式与过去分词的区别

现在分词的被动式与过去分词都可以表示被动含义，但是在使用时我们应该注意到如下区别。

1、现在分词的被动式表示动作正在被进行，过去分词表示动作已经完成。

The suggestion being discussed was put forward by Mr.Li.正在讨论的这个建议是李先生提出来的。

The problem discussed at the meeting yesterday was of great importance.昨天会上讨论过的问题非常重要。

不过有时现在分词被动式与过去分词所起的作用相同。

This (being) done，I set about cleaning

the windows.做完这个，我开始擦窗子。

2、过去分词可以当定语，但是现在分词被动语态完成式通常不当定语。

The children were deeply moved by the story told by the PLA man.(正)

The children were deeply moved by the story having been told by the PLA man.(误)

3、强调条件时，一般只用过去分词。

Compared with other women，your mother is really lucky.同其他妇女相比，你母亲真的很幸运。

4、如果用作时间状语，既表示被动又表示完成，可用过去分词也可用现在分词被动语态的完成式。

The experiment (having been) done，the students left the laboratory.做完了实验，学生们就离开了实验室。

但是如果只强调被动，则用过去分词。如果只强调动作完成，则用现在分词被动语态的完成式。

Once seen，it can never be forgotten.一旦见过，就绝不会忘记。

Having been showed around the campus，we were taken to the library.带去参观校园后，我们又被带去参观图书馆。★