刘雪梅
祈使句主要用来表示请求或命令,还可以表达说话人的语气、意愿或建议等。它的主语通常是第二人称(you),即听话人,一般情况下省去。谓语动词用原形,句末用感叹号或句号,句子读降调。如:
Speak a little more slowly. (表请求)说得稍微慢一点。
Go out at once! (表命令)立刻出去!
Drink some water and have a good rest!(表建议)喝点水,好好休息!
有时,为了明确是向谁发出指令、邀请等,可在句首或句尾加上称呼语或主语,否定结构中you应放在dont之后。如:
Come in, everybody! 大家都进来!
Take care not to catch a cold, dear. 亲爱的,当心别着凉了。
You get out of here! 你给我滚出去!
Dont you be late again. 你可别再迟到了。
一、肯定祈使句有三种类型:V型、B型与L型
1. V型:以动词原形开头,其句型为:V(行为动词原形)+(宾语)+其他。如:
Sit down, please. 请坐。
Give it some water, please. 请给它点水。
2. B型:以系动词be开头,其句型为:Be(系动词原形)+表语(名词、形容词)+其他。如:
Be quiet, boys and girls!大家安静!
Be careful next time! 下次细心点!
3. L型:以let开头的祈使句,其句型为:Let+宾语+动词原形+其他。如:
Let him go with you. 让他和你一道去吧。
Lets play an English game. 我们来做个英语游戏吧!
二、祈使句的否定式有两种类型:
1. 句首直接加dont。例如:
Dont worry! 别着急!
Dont do it like that! 不要那样做!
Dont be late for school next time! 下次上学别迟到!
Dont let him go. 不要让他走。
2. L型否定式也可用“Let+宾语+not+动词原形+其他”这种形式。如:
Lets not wait for him. 我们别等他了。
有时,我们在动词前面加never来构成祈使句的否定结构,语气比do not (Dont) 更强烈。例如:
Never play with fire!不要玩火!
Never play football in the street!绝不能在街道上踢足球!
[加油站]No型祈使句:它是一种特殊的祈使句,常由“No+名词/动词-ing”形式构成。这种祈使句多为警示语,常用于公共场所,警示或提示人们不要做某事。如:
No Photos!禁止拍照!
No Parking Here!此处不准停车!
三、祈使句的省略形式:
有时,祈使句可采用省略形式,即根据上下文省略动词或动词词组。如:
(Come) This way, please. 请这边走。
(Bring me) A cup of tea, please. 请给我来杯茶。
(Speak/Walk/Run/…) Slowly, please. 请(说/走/跑……)慢点。
四、祈使句的强调式:
有时,为了表示强调,可以在肯定祈使句谓语动词前加do。如:
Do come and help me. 务必来帮我。
Do be careful. 务必小心。
[演练场]
完成下列单项选择题。
1. We can see a sign with the words “____!” in the doctors waiting room.
A. Not parking B. Not smoking C. No parking D. No smoking
2. ____ and play football after supper!
A. Lets not to go B. Lets not go
C. Lets dont go D. Lets not going
3. David, ____ the window, please!
A. isnt closing B. not close C. doesnt close D. dont close
4. Dont ____ the queue at the bus stop!
A. jump B. jumping C. to jump D. jumped
5. Lets ____ to school by bike!
A. not go B. not to go C. dont go D. not going
6. Lucy, ____ your bedroom, please!
A. cleans B. is cleaning C. clean D. will clean
7. Please ____. They are having a meeting now.
A. not be so noisy B. be quiet
C. mustnt talk D. no speaking
8. Please ____ sing in the classroom.
A. not B. not to C. dont D. no
9. Lets ____ our homework.
A. doing B. do C. to do D. does
10. ____ the news to anyone.
A. Never tell B. Not tell C. No tell D. Not to tell
Key(3)