木犀属内分组关系的分类修订

2024-06-16 00:00:00李涌福杨庆华陈林张敏向其柏王贤荣段一凡
关键词:木犀分支桂花

摘要:【目的】以桂花为代表的木犀属植物种具有很高的经济和研究价值。然而,由于种间缺乏明显的形态特征,该属内的种间关系一直存在争议,因此亟须对属内的分组关系进行分类修订。【方法】整合了形态特征、分子系统发育的多重证据对属内的组级分类单位进行界定,并利用分类学原理和命名法规进行分类处理。【结果】将木犀属划分为4个主要分支,即保留木犀组和管花木犀组,将美丽木犀分支独立成组,将野桂花和短丝木犀分支独立成组,将离瓣木犀组归并至木犀组。4个分支在形态特征、系统发育、地理分布上均获得强有力的支持。【结论】新修订保证了各组在系统发育关系上的单系性以及形态上的特异性,使得植物种间关系更符合系统演化证据,为今后的科学研究以及资源保护利用提供重要参考。

关键词:分组关系;分类修订;系统发育关系;形态特征;地理分布

中图分类号:S718.4 文献标志码:A开放科学(资源服务)标识码(OSID):

文章编号:1000-2006(2024)03-0058-05

An infrageneric taxonomic revision of the genus Osmanthus

LI Yongfu1,2, YANG Qinghua2, CHEN Lin2, ZHANG Min2, XIANG Qibai2, WANG Xianrong2*, DUAN Yifan2*

(1. Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen, Nanjing 210014, China; 2. Nanjing Forestry University, International Cultivar Registration Center for Osmanthus, Nanjing 210037, China)

Abstract:【Objective】The genus Osmanthus Lour. species represented by sweet osmanthus has high economic and research values. However, species relationships within the genus have been controversial due to the lack of distinct morphological characters among species, and there is an urgent need for a taxonomic revision of the sectional relationships within the genus. 【Method】This study integrates multiple lines of evidence from morphological characters and molecular phylogeny to define section-level taxonomic units within the genus. Taxonomic treatments were provided based on taxonomic principles and nomenclatural codes. 【Result】Here we propose to divide the genus Osmanthus into four sections, first retaining O. sect. Osmanthus and O. sect. Siphosmanthus Franch.; secondly, creating a new section with O. decorus (Boiss. amp; Balansa) Kasapligil; then creating a new section with O. yunnanensis (Franch.) P. S. Green and O. serrulatus Rehder; and finally, merging O. sect. linocieroides P. S. Green into O. sect. Osmanthus. These four sections are all strongly supported morphologically, phylogenetically and geographically. 【Conclusion】The new revision ensures the phylogenetic relationships of each group are monophyletic and morphologically specific, which makes the species relationships more consistent with the evidence of systematic evolution, and provides an important reference for future scientific research and resource conservation and utilization.

Keywords:sectional relationships; taxonomic revision; phylogenetic relationships; morphological characters; geographic distributions

木犀属(Osmanthus Lour.)隶属于木犀科(Oleaceae)木犀榄族(Oleeae)Oleinae亚族[1-4]。该属由葡萄牙植物学家Joo de Loureiro于1790年以桂花〔Osmanthus fragrans(Thunb.)Lour.〕作为模式所建立的属级分类单位。英国植物学家Peter Shaw Green在1958年出版了第一本关于木犀属的分类学研究专著“A Monographic Revision of Osmanthus in Asia and America”,基于宏观形态特征和地理证据构建了首个属内分类系统(表1)。他将属下划分为4个组(Section),圆锥花序组〔O. sect. Leiolea(Spach)P. S. Green〕为亚洲/美洲分布,共包含8个种,其圆锥花序明显区别于其他4个组的种;木犀组(O. sect. Osmanthus)为东亚分布,共包含20种,聚伞花序簇生于叶腋,花冠管一般不长于6 mm,隔片在花药先端延伸为尖头状;管花木犀组(O. sect. Siphosmanthus Franch.)为中亚至东亚分布,共包含2种,花冠管呈圆柱形;离瓣木犀组(O. sect. Linocieroides P. S. Green)为东亚分布,1种,花冠不合生为筒状,仅在基部联合[5]。又于1963年新增1个南木犀组(O. sect. Notosmanthus P. S. Green),包含了3个来自大洋洲新喀里多尼亚岛屿的种[6]。这一系统对木犀属的分类学研究有着深远影响,之后的《中国植物志》[1]和《中国桂花品种图志》[4]都采用了这一分类方案。然而,一些形态学研究显示,除了圆锥花序组与其他组的差异较大之外,剩余组别之间经常发生形态上的趋同现象。使用不同的特征,例如叶片微形态、叶片脉序特征、叶片解剖结构以及花粉微形态所构建的物种关系只能部分对应Green的分类系统,无法完全达成共识,这表明了属内种的关系的复杂性和模糊性[7-11]

2000—2013年,多项研究对木犀属的分子系统发育关系进行了探讨,证实木犀属是多系群[12-15]。2020年,南京林业大学木犀属植物栽培品种国际登录中心桂花分类研究团队(笔者)整合了形态、分子等多方面证据,证明了圆锥花序组、南木犀组不属于木犀属,并对圆锥花序组进行了分类修订[16]。2022年,国外团队对南木犀组进行分类修订将其分离出木犀属[17]。上述研究理清了木犀属的属间边界,但是木犀属内种的关系仍不清楚。高通量测序技术和生物信息学的发展为解决木犀属的深层次物种关系带来新的机遇[18-19]。2022—2023年,团队基于广泛采样,整合了形态学和分子分析等多种方法,系统地研究了木犀属内的种间关系。基于全基因组多态性位点(SNPs)、单拷贝直系同源物(Orthologs)以及叶绿体基因组(Plastomes)的结果一致的将木犀属解析为一个4分支的拓扑结构。这些分支除了在系统发育分析中获得很高的支持度,同时还在形态、地理分布证据上获得相应的支持[20-21]。第1分支由产自西亚的美丽木犀〔O. decorus (Boiss. amp; Balansa) Kasapligil〕构成,该分支与其他东亚谱系共享最早的共同祖先。第2分支由原来的管花木犀组(O. sect. Siphosmanthus Franch.)构成,主要分布于青藏高原东麓以及横断山脉地区,该分支的花被片连合呈长筒状明显区别于其他种。第3分支由短丝木犀(Osmanthus serrulatus Rehder)和野桂花〔Osmanthus yunnanensis (Franch.) P.S.Green〕组成,分布于青藏高原东麓以及横断山脉地区,主要特点为叶脉上凸、苞片边缘具睫毛、花冠管极短。第4分支包含了木犀组和离瓣木犀组成员,分布区涵盖华东、华南、朝鲜半岛、日本,主要特点为秋季开花、花冠管较短或无。相对于Green的形态分类系统,本研究结果支持将圆锥花序组和南木犀组分离出木犀属(表1)。但是:①不支持以双瓣木犀(O. didymopetalus P.S.Green)建立一个独立的分组(即离瓣木犀组),而是建议将该种并入木犀组;②不支持将野桂花和短丝木犀划入木犀组,而是建议将这两种划分到一个新的分组中;③不支持将美丽木犀划分到木犀组或者管花木犀组中,而是建议将其划分到一个新的分组。该系统将保证属内各个分支的系统发育单系性以及形态上的特异性。基于此,本研究将木犀属划分为4组,并做了分类处理。

分类处理(taxonomic treatments)

木犀属内分组检索表

Key to Sections of Osmanthus

1 Tepals basally united in a long cylindrical shape, corolla tube longer than tepals, leaf blade length less than 9 cm, shrub.Sect. Siphosmanthus (管花木犀组)

—Tepals basally separated or united in a cup, corolla tube equal to or shorter than tepals, leaf blade length 9-20 cm, trees2.

2 Veins are prominently sunken, with lateral veins forming a reticulate pattern, and leaf margins are entire, native to the Caucasus region.Sect. Caucasicorum (高加索木犀组)

—Veins do not form a reticulate pattern or it is not prominent, and leaf margins are serrated, native to East Asia.3.

3 Bracts ciliate, leaf margins densely serrated, usually 20-25 pairs, flowering time March-April.Sect. Ciliatorum (睫苞木犀组)

—Bracts glabrous or hirsute, leaf margins entire or if serrated then fewer than 15 pairs, flowering time September-October. Sect. Osmanthus(木犀组)

1 Osmanthus sect. Caucasicorum Yong F. Li, Yi F. Duan, X. R. Wang amp; C. B. Shang, sect. nov.(高加索木犀组 新拟)

Type. Osmanthus decorus (Boiss. amp; Balansa) Kasapligil, Phytologia 20: 446 (1970).

Diagnosis. This section is similar to the Osmanthus sect. Siphosmanthus, Osmanthus sect. Osmanthus and O. sect. Ciliatorum in that evergreen leaves opposite, inflorescences cymose, but differs from leaf veins depressed (vs. raised) and West Asia distribution (vs. East Asia distribution).

Description. Shrubs or small trees. The leaf blades are thick and leathery, with margins mostly entire, elongated lanceolate, 7-12 cm in length. Primary veins are prominent, while lateral veins are sunken, forming a reticulate pattern. Flowering from March to April. Cymes clustered in leaf axils. Tepals white united at the base into a cup. Chromosome base 23. Phylogenetically, this species shares the earliest common ancestor with the remaining species of the genus Osmanthus.

Distribution. This section is native to the Caucasus Mountains in West Asia (Turkey and Georgia).

Member. Osmanthus decorus (Boiss. amp; Balansa) Kasapligil

2 Osmanthus sect. Ciliatorum Yong F. Li, Yi F. Duan, X. R. Wang amp; C. B. Shang, sect. nov.(睫苞木犀组 新拟)

Type. Osmanthus serrulatus Rehder, C.S.Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 2: 610 (1916).

Diagnosis. This section is similar to the Osmanthus sect. Siphosmanthus, Osmanthus sect. Caucasicorum and Osmanthus sect. Osmanthus in that evergreen leaves opposite, leaf blade entire or serrate, inflorescences cymose, flowers androdioecious, but differs from the latter three sections by the ciliate bracts (vs. hirsute bracts in the latter three sections), flowering time (spring vs. autumn).

Description. Trees, up to 3-30 m tall. Leaf blade entire or serrate, with up to 25 pairs of serrations. Leaf veins are raised or flat on the upper surface. There are 8-12 lateral veins, forming a raised reticulate pattern. Inflorescences are clustered in leaf axils, with ciliate bracts. The corolla is white, reflexed, 3-5 mm long, with a short corolla tube. The connective is elongated into a mucro. Flowering in March to April. Chromosome base 23. Phylogenetically, this clade forms a sister group to O. sect. Osmanthus.

Distribution. The species of this section are mainly distributed in the eastern part of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in the Hengduan Mountains such as Yunnan, Sichuan and Xizang.

Members. Osmanthus serrulatus Rehder and Osmanthus yunnanensis (Franch.) P.S.Green

3 Osmanthus sect. Siphosmanthus Franch.(管花木犀组)Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 22 (5): 535. 1958.

Type. Osmanthus delavayi Franch., Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 613 (1886).

Diagnosis. This section is similar to O. sect. Caucasicorum, O. sect. Ciliatorum, and O. sect. Osmanthus in that evergreen, leaves opposite, leaf blade entire or serrate, inflorescences cymose, flowers androdioecious but differs them from leaf blade length less than 9 cm, corolla tube 6-10 mm (vs.<6 mm).

Description. Shrubs, typically around 2 m tall. The leaf blade is thickly leathery or long elliptic, measuring 1-7 cm in length and 1.0-2.5 cm in width. Leaf margins with 6-10 pairs of serrations, each pair ca. 1 mm long. The midrib is raised, with pilosity along the upper midvein, particularly dense near the petiole. Lateral veins are not raised on either surface. Petioles are 2-3 mm long and pilose. Inflorescences are clustered in leaf axils. The corolla is white, with a corolla tube measuring 6-10 mm in length and 1-2 mm in diameter, and lobes measuring 4-6 mm long. Stamens are inserted in the middle of the corolla tube. The connective is elongated into an obvious mucro. Flowering in March to April. Chromosome base 23. Phylogenetically, this clade forms a paraphyletic relationship with O. sect. Ciliatorum and O. sect. Caucasicorum.

Distribution. This section is found in India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou, China.

Members. Osmanthus delavayi Franch., Osmanthus suavis King ex C.B.Clarke and Osmanthus × burkwoodii (Burkwood amp; Skipwith) P.S. Green.

4 Osmanthus sect. Osmanthus(木犀组)≡ sect. Euosmanthus Nakai. Bot. Mag. Tokyo 44:14. 1930.

Type. Osmanthus fragrans (Thunb.) Lour., Fl. Cochinch.: 29 (1790).

Diagnosis. This section is similar to the Osmanthus sect. Caucasicorum, Osmanthus sect. Ciliatorum, and Osmanthus sect. Siphosmanthus in that evergreen leaves opposite, leaf blade entire or serrate, inflorescences cymose, flowers androdioecious but differs them from autumn flowering, corolla tube length generally less than 6 mm.

Description. Trees or shrubs. The leaf blade is leathery or thickly papery, elliptic, long elliptic, or elliptic-lanceolate in shape, with an acuminate apex and an attenuate to cuneate or broadly cuneate base. The margins are entire or serrulate, and the leaf surface is typically glabrous. There are 6-8 pairs of lateral veins, occasionally up to 10 pairs. Petioles measure 0.8-1.2 cm in length, occasionally up to 15 cm long, and can be smooth or hairy. Inflorescences are clustered in leaf axils. Corolla white or yellow. Corolla tube campanulate or connate only at base. Filaments are very short, and the connective is elongated into an obscure mucro. Flowering in September to October. Chromosome base 23. Phylogenetically this clade forms a sister group to O. sect. Ciliatorum.

Distribution. Anhui, Hubei, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Guangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Hainan, Taiwan, China and Korea, Japan. Average altitude 500 m.

Members. Osmanthus armatus Diels, Osmanthus attenuatus P.S.Green, Osmanthus cooperi Hemsl., Osmanthus didymopetalus P.S.Green, Osmanthus enervius Masam. amp; T.Mori, Osmanthus fordii Hemsl., Osmanthus fragrans Lour., Osmanthus gracilinervis L.C.Chia ex R.L.Lu, Osmanthus hainanensis P.S.Green, Osmanthus henryi P.S.Green, Osmanthus heterophyllus (G.Don) P.S.Green, Osmanthus insularis Koidz., Osmanthus iriomotensis T.Yamaz., Osmanthus kaoi (T.S.Liu amp; J.C.Liao) S.Y.Lu, Osmanthus lanceolatus Hayata, Osmanthus pubipedicellatus L.C.Chia ex H.T.Chang, Osmanthus reticulatus P.S.Green, Osmanthus rigidus Nakai, Osmanthus urceolatus P.S.Green, Osmanthus venosus Pamp., Osmanthus × fortunei Carr..

致谢

南京林业大学杨永教授、密苏里植物园张丽兵教授在文章撰写和分类法规方面给予指导和帮助。

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