Micky
什么是生态足迹?你的生态足迹是多少呢? 阅读文章后你可以进入https://www.footprintcalculator.org/home/en 进行测试。
Humans need food, shelterand heating (in some locations)to survive. Our planets ecologicalresources help fulfill these needs. Buthow many resources do we 1)consume?This question can be answered using theEcological Footprint.
Just as a bank statement tracks incomeagainst 2)expenditures, Ecological Footprintaccounting measures a populations demandfor natural ecosystems supply of resources andservices.
On the demand side, the Ecological Footprintmeasures an individual or a populations demand forplant-based food and 3)fiber products, livestock andfish products, timber and other forest products, space forurban infrastructure, and forest to absorb its carbon dioxideemissions from 4)fossil fuels.
On the supply side, a city,or nations biocapacity representsits biologically productive land andsea area, including forest lands, grazinglands, cropland, fishing grounds, and builtupland.
The Ecological Footprint can be calculatedfor a single individual, city, country and the entireplanet.
The gap between the Ecological Footprint andbiocapacity is determined by several factors. PersonalEcological Footprint is the product of how much we useand how efficiently this is being produced. The biocapacityper person is determined by how many hectares ofproductive area there is, how productive each hectare is, andhow many people (in a city, country, or the world) share thisbiocapacity.
Many countries are “in the red”, which means they use morenatural resources (Ecological Footprint) than their ecosystemscan regenerate (biocapacity). When a countrys biocapacity isgreater than its populations Ecological Footprint, on the otherhand, the country boasts an “ecological reserve”.
Nations (also cities) can run ecological deficits by liquidatingtheir own resources, such as by overfishing; and emitting morecarbon dioxide into the atmosphere than their own ecosystems canabsorb.
What is Earth Overshoot Day?
When the entire planet is running an ecological deficit, we call it “overshoot”. At the global level, ecologicaldeficits and overshoot are the same, sincethere is no net import of resources to theplanet.
Earth Overshoot Day marks the datewhen humanitys demand for ecologicalresources and services (Ecological Footprint)in a given year exceeds what Earth canregenerate in that year (biocapacity).
Overshoot occurs when:
HUMANITYS ECOLOGICAL
FOOTPRINT > EARTHS BIOCAPACITY
1) consume v. 消耗
2) expenditure n. 經费;支出额
3) fiber n. 纤维
4) fossil n. 化石
人类需要食物、住所和供暖(在某些地方)才能生存。我们地球上的生态资源有助于满足这些需求。但是我们消耗了多少资源?这个问题可以使用“生态足迹”来回答。
正如银行对账单可以计算收入与支出一样,生态足迹衡量的是人口对自然生态系统提供的资源和服务供应的需求。
在需求方面,生态足迹衡量个人或人口对植物性食品和纤维产品、牲畜和鱼类产品、木材和其他林产品、城市基础设施空间以及森林吸收化石燃料产生的二氧化碳排放的需求。
在供应方面,一个城市或国家的生物承载力代表其具有生物生产力的土地和海洋面积,包括林地、牧场、农田、渔场和建成地。生态足迹可以针对个人、城市、国家和整个地球进行计算。
生态足迹和生物承载力之间的差距由几个因素决定。个人生态足迹是指个人的使用量和其生产效率的乘积。人均生物承载力取决于有多少公顷的生产面积、每公顷的生产力以及有多少人(在一个城市、国家或世界上)共享这种生物承载力。
许多国家处于“赤字状态”,这意味着它们使用的自然资源(生态足迹)超过了其生态系统可以再生(生物承载力)的程度。另一方面,当一个国家的生物承载力大于其人口的生态足迹时,该国就拥有“生态盈余”。
国家(城市也一样)“变卖”自己的资源可能会产生生态赤字,例如过度捕捞,向大气中排放超过其自身生态系统吸收能力的二氧化碳。
什么是地球生态超载日?
当整个地球都出现生态赤字时,我们称为“超载”。在全球范围内,生态赤字和超载是相同的,因为地球上没有净进口资源。
地球生态超载日是指人类一年对生态资源和服务的需求(生态足迹)超过地球在该年可以再生的(生物承载力)程度的那一日。
在以下情况下会发生超载:
人类的生态足迹> 地球的生物承载力