焦云 房聪玲 柴春燕
摘 要:甬早梅2號是从荸荠种杨梅种植区发现的优良变异单株选育而成的杨梅早熟新品种,完全成熟时果面呈乌紫色,肉柱圆钝,平均单果质量12.76 g,可食率92.83%;可溶性固性物含量(w,后同)12.20%,可滴定酸含量1.09%,柠檬酸含量1.04%,维生素C含量89.56 μg·g-1,果实风味酸甜。树势中庸,分枝密度较稀,树冠透风透光性好;叶色深绿,叶片倒披针形、先端为渐尖形,叶缘全缘无缺刻;以中、短果枝结果为主,结果均匀,成熟后果柄与果实难分离,大小年结果现象不明显。早熟性好,在浙江宁波地区6月7日果实成熟,比荸荠种提早5~7 d。
关键词:杨梅;新品种;甬早梅2号;早熟
中图分类号:S667.6 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1009-9980(2024)03-0558-04
A new early-ripening Chinese bayberry (Myrica rubra) variety Yongzao No. 2
JIAO Yun1, 2, FANG Congling3, CHAI Chunyan3
(1Institute of Forestry, Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Science, Ningbo 315040, Zhejiang, China; 2Ningbo Key Laboratory of Characteristic Horticultural Crops in Quality Adjustment and Resistance Breeding, Ningbo 315040, Zhejiang, China; 3Cixi Forestry Technology Extension Center, Ningbo 315300, Zhejiang, China)
Abstract: Yongzao No. 2 is a new early-maturing Chinese bayberry variety selected from a single variant found in the growing orchard of Chinese bayberry Biqizhong. When fully mature, the flesh column was round and blunt, the average fruit weight was 12.76 g, the fruit hardness was 3.8N, the fruit was freestone and the edible rate was 92.83%. The soluble solid content was 12.20%, the titrable acid content was 1.09%, the fruit tasted sweet and sour. The tree growing potential was medium, the branch density was sparse, and the crown had good wind and light transmittance. The fruits were mainly set on medium and short branches, and the fruit setting rate was 15%-20%. The fruit ripening stage was consistent, the fruit distribution was uniform, and the biennale bearing phenomenon was not obvious. The fruit ripened on June 6 in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 5-7 days earlier than that of Biqizhong cultivar. The variety had no strict soil requirements and would be suitable for planting in mountainous and hilly areas, and more resistant to anthrax and brown spot. Generally, after 7 to 9 years for top grafting, the trees would enter stable production period, and the output was relatively stable, and the average yield was 500 kg per 666.7 m2. The genetic diversity of 17 variety samples were evaluated using 12 pairs of genomic SSR markers developed earlier, the clustering results showed that all the samples were divided into two groups. The Yongzao No. 2 was located in Group Ⅰ, the same group with Biqizhong, one of the four best varieties of Chinese bayberry in China, and the genetic distance with Biqizhong was 0.22.
Key words: Chinese bayberry; New variety; Yongzao No. 2; Early-ripening
杨梅(Myrica rubar Sieb. et Zucc.)是中国传统的特产果树,属于杨梅科(Myricaceae)杨梅属(Myrica Lour.)[1]。杨梅果实风味独特,为初夏时令水果,深受消费者喜爱,在国际市场上极具竞争力。然而,当前杨梅主栽品种以中晚熟为主,上市周期极短,集中上市造成市场饱和及价格下降,并且其成熟期恰逢梅雨季节,雨水过多造成商品果率降低,产业发展受到限制。目前,推广早熟杨梅品种和设施促早栽培技术可显著提早成熟期、延长采收期和提高杨梅生产经济效益[2-3]。因此,选育早熟优质的杨梅新品种是当前育种工作的重点之一。2001年在宁波市慈溪荸荠种种植区调查发现成熟期早的变异株,经过多年生物学特性、果实经济性状的稳定性及一致性观察鉴定,并于2023年9月获国家林业和草原局植物新品种权证书(品种权号:20230580),品种定名为甬早梅2号(图1)。
1 选育过程
甬早梅2号是2001年在宁波市慈溪匡堰镇发现的早熟杨梅变异单株。通过采集其枝条进行全株嫁接繁育及生物学特性和果实经济性状多年观测,其成熟期比荸荠种提早成熟5~7 d,果实成熟时为乌紫色,成熟期一致,采前落果少。
2 主要性状
2.1 果实主要经济性状
果实圆形,果梗长度短,无果蒂凸环,完全成熟时果梗与果实难分离,果面呈乌紫色,肉柱先端为圆钝形,缝合线浅。果形小,平均单果质量12.76 g,果实硬度3.8 N,离核,可食率92.83%;可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)12.20%,可滴定酸含量1.09%,柠檬酸含量1.04%,维生素C含量89.56 μg·g-1,黄酮含量2.17 mg·g-1,多酚含量1.11 mg·g-1,果实口味酸甜(表1)。
2.2 植物学特征及物候期
植株树势中庸,树形为半开张自然圆头形,以中、短果枝结果为主。叶片长8.80 cm、宽3.08 cm、厚0.27 cm;叶柄长9.95 mm,叶片形状呈倒披针形,基部为楔形,先端为渐尖形状,叶色较深,叶脉在叶片上表面凸出,叶片边缘全缘无缺刻。花序鳞片为淡黄褐色,花序长0.9 cm、粗0.3 cm,开放后花柱呈“V”形。在浙东地区,甬早梅2号杨梅每年抽梢2~3次,即春梢、夏梢或秋梢,春梢始于4月上旬,长度4.5 cm;夏梢始于6月下旬,长度4.0 cm。初花期在3月中旬,盛花期在3月下旬,终花期在4月上旬。果实成熟始于6月初,比荸荠种提早5~7 d。
2.3 生长结果习性、抗性与产量
以中、短果枝结果为主,坐果率为15%~20%;果实成熟期较为一致,结果分布均匀,大小年结果现象不明显。该品种对土壤要求不严格,适宜在山地、丘陵地种植;适应性广,丰产,稳产;较抗炭疽病与褐斑病,其他抗性与荸荠种无明显差异。一般高接后7~9 a(年)即进入稳产期,产量较为稳定,平均每666.7 m2产量可达500 kg。
2.4 分子标记鉴定
以前期开发的12对基因组SSR分子标记[4]对17份试材晚稻杨梅、早色、甬早梅2号、荸荠种、甬选56号、迟色、粉红种、水晶种、大浮小叶细蒂、早荠蜜梅、纽扣杨梅、东魁、黑瑞林、晚荠蜜梅、丁岙梅、荔枝种、木叶梅进行遗传多样性评价。聚类结果证实甬早梅2号与其他品种不存在同物异名现象(图2)。聚类树中17份杨梅材料分为2个分组,甬早梅2号位于第Ⅰ组,与国内杨梅四大良种之一的荸荠种属于同一分组,两者之间的遗传距离约为0.22。
3 栽培技术要点
3.1 园地选择
楊梅园地适宜在海拔300 m以下山坡地栽培,以北坡和东北坡朝向为好,有利于其生长发育。土壤适宜栽培在酸性或者微酸性的红壤或黄壤土中,以排水良好、土质疏松且富含石砾的砂质壤土为佳。园地土壤管理宜用自然生草法,保温保湿,每年在果实采收前割一次生草,将有助于提升土壤有机质含量和增进果实品质。
3.2 种植技术
通过嫁接繁殖,选择在健壮、无病虫害的成年杨梅甬早梅2号树上采集接穗,随采随接为好;砧木以野生杨梅实生苗为宜。采用长穗、马蹄形切接法,用薄膜包扎接穗及嫁接口。于每年3—4月,选择直径3~6 cm的侧枝进行高接,保留适量的辅养枝,接芽在树冠内分布需要均匀。通常在嫁接3~5 a进入始果期。
3.3 整形修剪及花果管理
该品种修剪总体原则为“控高疏密,通风透光”,疏除病虫枯枝与过密枝[5]。因该品种自身枝梢及坐果分布稀疏,无需实施过多的人工疏花疏果,降低了劳动强度及成本。
3.4 肥水管理
幼年树施肥每年2~3次,即在每次新梢萌芽前,株施三元复合肥0.05~0.10 kg,随着树冠的扩大,施肥量适当增加[6]。进入成年期后,每年施肥2~3次,即每年11月至翌年2月份,每株施入腐熟的饼肥或生物有机肥10~15 kg;4月下旬至5月初施入壮果肥,每株施入纯硫酸钾0.5~1.0 kg;果实采后肥,每株施入草木灰10~15 kg。此外,在果实发育期也可增施叶面肥2~3次,以喷施富含锌、钙、镁等微量元素的全价营养液为主。长江以南地区降雨较多,一般可满足杨梅日常水分需要。在雨季前应修整沟渠,保证水流畅通。7月份进入伏旱季,应及时进行灌溉,保持土壤湿润,防止干旱导致杨梅花芽分化受阻。灌水时,水分要以浸透根系分布层为度,切忌只灌水于土壤表层。
3.5 病虫害等综合防治
目前在荸荠种杨梅产区多发杨梅癌肿病,应高度重视日常修剪,做到早发现早防治,及时切除病瘤,注意修剪工具消毒,可有效抑制其蔓延。剪锯口削平后涂布波尔多液等保护剂,保持园地树体通风透光,及时扫除病虫残枝,冬季做好清园工作。加强日常栽培管理,重视灾害性天气防御,保持中庸树势。果实采收后,割草覆盖,减少土壤水分散发,保湿抗旱。台风大雨天气过后应及时做好开沟排水工作,扶直树体,必要时进行少量修剪,促进根系恢复。
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