谢春梅
定语从句是高中语法填空题型中的常考点,也是高考的热门考点。根据2016年至2023年高考全国卷中语法填空题含定语从句考点的统计表(如下表1),八年高考中所含全国卷总份数为29份,含定语从句考点的卷数为17份,占比586%, 当中关系代词考了15处,关系副词考了3处。而且,在平时的模拟题中定语从句的出现率更高。但是,很多考生不管做了多少道定语从句题型,依旧容易出错,句子简单一点的正确率就高点,稍微复杂一点的句子就不会分析和判断关系词了。针对考生的分析句子和判断关系词的问题,我们从定语从句的句型结构入手,将定语从句公式化,通过公式判断答案,将会大大降低分析句子和判别答案的难度,从而提高准确率。
按照上面“看从句缺哪种成分”的方法判断定语从句关系词,对于大部分考生来说是很有效的,如果再将句子简化,能明显看出缺哪种成分,会更方便考生分析。笔者通过分析定语从句常见的结构特点,将其句子公式化,进而能较清晰看出句子结构。具体公式如下 (as句式单独讲解):
公式1:…先行词(人/物)+谓语…
该公式答案可能为:who、which或that。根据公式,空格后紧跟着从句谓语,也就说明从句缺少主语,或者说先行词在从句中充当主语,作主语的只能填关系代词中的who、which或that,然后只需辨別空格前面的先行词是人还是物就行了。如以下真题:
[例1] (2023年全国乙卷) But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place welcomes the fastpaced development of modern life, ….
[例2] (2022年新高考Ⅰ卷) The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species live within the Giant Panda Range and …
[例3] (2021年全国新高考Ⅱ卷) I decided that if I learned of a companyused a lot of plastic, Id send…
[例4] (2020年新高考全国Ⅰ卷) The 80000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, formed the core collection of the British Museum opened in 1759.
[例5] (2020年新高考全国Ⅱ卷) The Digital World is a set of volumes aim to describe how…
[例6] (2019年全国Ⅲ卷) They were well trained by their masters had great experience with caring for these animals.
[例7] (2018年全国Ⅰ卷) Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 showed a mere 5 to 10 minutes…
[例8] (2018年全国Ⅱ卷) …when the government started a soiltesting program gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers …
答案:that/which; that; that/which; that/which; that/which; that/who; that/which; that/which.
这种句式在高考中是最常考的,在含定语从句考点的17份卷中占了8份,而且这是定语从句中最常见的句式。空格后面都是从句谓语(加黑词),考生稍微辨别一下空格后的是否为从句谓语,再辨别先行词为人或物,最后留意是否有上面的三大注意(只能用不能用)的情况,如[例2] ,先行词species前有all修饰,所以只能用that而不用which。
公式2:…先行词(人/物),+谓语…
该公式答案可能为:who或which。和公式1相似,只是有逗号隔开,变成了非限制性定语从句,因此不能用that。考生只需辨别逗号前面的先行词是人还是物,如果先行词是指整个句子,就用which(如[例4])。
[例1] (2022年全国甲卷) On the 1100kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities….
[例2] (2017年全国Ⅲ卷) But Sarah, has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.
[例3] (2016年全国Ⅲ卷) Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, lived from roughly 551 to 479B.C., influenced the development of chopsticks.
[例4] (2017年全國Ⅰ卷) Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, is not good for the health.
答案:who; who; who; which.
公式3: …先行词 +主语+谓语…
该公式答案可能为:who、which、that (先行词在从句中作宾语)或者when、where (先行词在从句中作状语)。从句中有主语,这就需要考生辨别从句缺宾语还是缺状语,或先行词在从句中是作宾语还是作状语。如例1,先行词为spot,横线后定语从句中主语为it,谓语为could send,宾语为signals,从句不缺宾语,根据句意先行词spot 在从句中作地点状语,译为:在一个它可以向宇宙飞船和地球发送信号的点上。
[例1] (2020年全国Ⅰ卷)…,China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spotit could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.
答案:where;
当然,有时候看先行词如果指人,就可确定是作宾语的,因为作状语的先行词只能是时间、地点的名词,或者先行词很明显就是表示时间和地点。但是,如果先行词不是指人,如school,village等既可指物也可指地点和day等既可指物也可指时间的这些词,就需要辨别先行词在从句中是作宾语还是作状语了。如下例2、例3,例2第一句从句中有主语my father和谓语visited,且visited是及物动词,先行词the factory在从句中作谓语visited的宾语,所以填 that/which。例2第二句有主语my father和谓语worked,worked是不及物动词,不能直接加宾语,根据句意是worked in the factory,所以先行词the factory在从句中作状语,填where。同理,例3第一句从句中有主语we和谓语spent,且spent是及物动词,先行词 the day在从句中作谓语spent的宾语,所以填 that/which。例3第二句谓语went是不及物动词,后面跟着介词to和宾语Beijing,所以不缺宾语,根据句意是on the day,所以先行词the day在从句中作状语,填when。
[例2] This is the factory my father visited.
This is the factory my father worked.
[例3] Do you still remember the daywe spent together?
Do you still remember the day we first went to Beijing?
答案:that/which,where; that/which,when.
因此,定语从句中相对难但又是最重要的一个点是:怎样判断从句缺宾语还是状语?宾语有两种:动词宾语和介词宾语。定语从句是否缺宾语主要看从句中谓语动词是否是及物动词且该及物动词后面是否有宾语,或着从句中介词后面是否有宾语。若缺宾语,则用能够作宾语的关系代词。若从句中谓语动词为不及物动词或从句中介词后面已有宾语,则用能够作状语的关系副词。
公式4: …先行词,+主语+谓语…
该公式答案可能为:whom、which (先行词在从句中作宾语)或者when、where (先行词在从句中作状语)。和公式3相似,只是有逗号隔开,变成了非限制性定语从句,因此不能用that,先行词指人时也只用whom而不用who来代替(有些语法书指出who也可以在非限制性定语从句中作宾语)
[例1] (2019全国Ⅱ卷) Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am. to 5 pm. daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield,she opened with her late husband Les.
[例2] (2016全国Ⅰ卷) But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid1980s, I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to …
答案:which;when
公式5:…先行词, …介词++谓语 …
该公式答案可能为:whom或which。这种“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句,先行词指人时用whom,指物时用which。因为该种定语从句容易辨别,答案也简单,在高考真题中还没出现过,在平时的练习中就经常有。
公式6: …先行词(,)名词+(主語)+谓语…
该公式答案为:whose。公式中空格后有一个名词,而该名词与前面先行词有所属关系,表达“……的”意思时,用关系代词whose,在从句中作定语,whose既可以指代人,也可以指代物,既可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句,即有无逗号都可以。公式中该名词作从句主语时,就没有主语,即“名词+谓语…”若作宾语,则用“名词+主语+谓语…”。如例1,先行词为artist,空格后paintings与先行词artist 有所属关系,指这位画家的画作,引导定语从句并在从句中作定语,故填whose。
[例1] (2020年全国Ⅲ卷) In ancient China lived an artist paintings were almost lifelike.
答案:whose。
As是一个“不合群”的关系代词,在定语从句中较少出现,也少考。as可以引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。as引导限制性定语从句时主要与such,the same连用,指代人或物,句式为 such+先行词+as…(像……一样的,像……之类的),the same+先行词+as…(和……同样的)。as引导非限制性定语从句可位于主句前或后,有时也可插在主句中间,意为“正如/像”,有固定的句式,如 as is often the case(通常如此),as is well known to all(众所周知),as has been said above(如上所述),as we had expected(正如我们所料),as was expected(正如预料的那样),as is often the case(这是常有的情形)等。
[例1] He is such a good boy as everyone likes. 他是个人人都喜欢的好男孩。
[例2] This is the same pen as I used yesterday. 这是和我昨天用的一样的钢笔。
[例3] As is known to all, China is a developing country. 众所周知,中国是个发展中国家。
[例4] He is late, as is often the case. 他迟到了,这是经常的事。
需要提醒考生的一個点是,在做定语从句题型时要找准先行词。定语从句通常紧跟在先行词之后,所以先行词经常就是空格前面的名词或代词,但在具体运用中,往往也出现定语从句和先行词被分隔的现象,这增加了找先行词的难度,考生如果没找准先行词就很容易答错。如[例1]和[例2],考生看到空格前面有时间名词“2014”和地点名词“Macclesfield”,就仓促写下答案:when和where,而通过分析句子得知先行词为“study”和“pet shop”,而且按照上面公式1和公式4,先行词在从句中分别作主语和宾语的,不能填when和where。
[例1] (2018年全国Ⅰ卷)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 showed a mere 5 to 10 minutes…
[例2] (2019全国Ⅱ卷) Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am. to 5 pm. daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, she opened with her late husband Les.
高考中定语从句其实考得不难,虽然是常考点,按照公式,将句子简约化进行分析,快速找准先行词,判断定语从句中所缺的成分,注意一些特别的关系词使用情况,然后选择正确的关系词。考生在平时学习时需要将定语从句的语法点进行归纳,将句子结构公式化,掌握做题技巧,方能完全攻克定语从句。
责任编辑吴昊雷