城市轨道交通的高质量建设是高水平运营的基础保障

毕湘利

(上海申通地铁集团有限公司董事长,正高级工程师)

中国城市轨道交通五十余年的发展历程,特别是近二十年的高速发展历程证明:高质量建设是城市轨道交通高水平运营的基础和前提。必须从人民群众对美好生活的向往这一需求出发,坚持高起点、高水平,创新机制,突破束缚,构建规划起点高、标准合理适用、过程可靠受控、结果可核查可验证的城市轨道交通系统。

高质量建设重在加强对城市轨道交通关键设施设备的过程管理。城市轨道交通装备市场处于开放竞争的状态,产品质量安全风险最终由运营单位承担。新线试运营基本条件评审由于时间短、覆盖范围有限,难以对城市轨道交通系统功能进行全过程控制和全范围验证,难免遗留一些问题,危害运营安全。因此在城市轨道交通关键设施设备过程管理中要全面引入产品认证和功能验证的管理理念。实施全面产品认证和功能验证是与国际接轨的市场准入方式,也是促进装备产业健康发展的有效措施。全面产品认证和功能验证在确保系统安全、确证系统功能、确立系统品质方面具有不可替代的作用。因此,一要加大力度,完善行业标准体系,优化检验检测规程,促进第三方数据的有效应用;二要强化检测认证力量,提升认证、验证结果质量,推动认证采信应用,切实发挥认证、验证在提高城市轨道交通关键设施设备安全质量水平方面的作用,规范城市轨道交通装备产业市场的良性发展。

高质量建设重在发挥标准的引领作用。没有规划建设源头的高标准,就没有运营服务终端的高质量。要做到既高标准建设,满足功能需求,又兼顾城市轨道交通行业的公益性、经济性和可持续性,就必须处理好标准提升和成本控制之间的平衡关系。因此,在建设实践中,既要坚持标准的引领作用,又要坚持有破有立,统筹兼顾,以充分发挥城市轨道交通系统的整体效能。例如,上海地铁将高速铁路无砟轨道建设中的轨道控制网测量和无砟轨道精调相关技术标准引入城市轨道交通的建设与运营维护中,大大提高了建设阶段轨道铺设的技术水平,实现了轨道铺设的高精度和高平顺,有效提升了列车运行的平稳度和乘客的舒适度,同时也降低了车内外的噪声和振动以及车辆的故障率。又如,旅行速度体现城市轨道交通的运营效率,但由于车辆、信号、轨道、结构等各个专业对速度限制及控制的概念和定义在理解上存在差异,导致实际ATO(列车自动运行)模式下旅行速度低于线路等级速度。上海地铁把各专业的速度限制及控制标准放在一个系统中进行研究,使各专业之间的需求合理衔接,使旅行速度达到了设计要求,实现了线路等级速度。相关标准已作为团体标准发布并在行业内推广应用。再如,对于暗挖车站,从既有工程案例看,日本的多数盾构法施工车站,其盾构段长度均超过100 m,盾构段最长的车站是饭田桥站,达到275 m。但国内地下工程因受消防疏散规范的限制,中间不设开口的盾构暗挖段最长不超过100 m,若考虑疏散路径因素,暗挖段距离更小,极大地限制了暗挖车站施工技术的推广应用。对于该类相关标准,就要有所突破,结合国内外工程案例及相关国际标准完善国内标准,建立符合高质量发展的新标准。

当前是我国城市轨道交通从高速发展转向高质量发展的关键时期。通过做好关键设施设备的产品认证和功能验证,提高装备的安全质量水平;通过有破有立,完善既有标准,建立新标准,发挥标准的引领作用,通过构建高标准工程来全面夯实城市轨道交通高水平运营的保障基础。

Commentary

High-quality Construction as Guaranteed Foundation for Urban Rail Transit High-level Operation

BIXiangli

(Chairman of Shanghai Shentong Metro Group Co., Ltd., Senior Engineer)

The development process of URT (urban rail transit) in China over the past fifty years, especially the rapid development in the last two decades, has proven that high-quality construction is the foundation and prerequisite for URT high-level operation. It is unnegotiable to actuate from the standpoint of people′s aspiration for a better life. By adhering to high starting points and high standards, innovatively devising new mechanisms, and breaking through constraints, an URT system with high planning standards, reasonable and applicable norms, reliable and controllable processes, and verifiable and validated outcomes is constructed.

The key to high-quality construction lies in strengthening the process management of URT key facilities and equipment. The URT equipment market is in a state of open competition, and the risks of product quality and safety are ultimately imposed onto operation units. Due to the short duration and limited coverage of new line trial operation basic condition assessment, full-process control and full-coverage verification of URT system functionality can hardly be enacted, which inevitably leaves some issues behind, undermining operational safety. Therefore, the management concept of product certification and functionality verification must be comprehensively introduced into the process management of URT key facilities and equipment. Implementing comprehensive product certification and functionality verification is a market access approach that aligns with international standards as well as an effective measure to promote healthy development for equipment industry. Comprehensive product certification and functionality verification play an irreplaceable role in ensuring system safety, verifying system functionality, and establishing system quality. Consequently, first, efforts should be further exerted on completing industry standard system, optimizing inspection and testing procedures, and promoting the effective application of third-party data; secondly, the purpose of certification and verification in elevating safety and quality level of URT key facilities and equipment should be practically fulfilled, by reinforcing detection and certification capabilities, improving the quality of certification and verification results, advancing the adoption and application of certification and verification, thus regulating the healthy development of URT equipment industry market.

The key to high-quality construction lies in inciting the leading role of standards. Without high standards at the planning and construction stage, high-quality services on operation service end are nowhere to be found. To achieve high-standard construction that both meets functionality requirements and accommodates the public welfare, economy, and sustainability of URT industry, it is essential to strike a balance between standard improvement and cost control. Therefore, in construction practice, it is indispensable to uphold the guiding role of standards while persisting in breaking grounds and extensively considering various aspects to fully leverage the overall efficiency of URT systems. For example, Shanghai Metro has introduced technical standards related to track control network measurement and precision adjustment of ballastless track from high-speed railway construction into URT construction and operation maintenance, which has greatly improved the technical level of track laying during construction phase, achieving high precision and regularity in track laying. It effectively enhances the smoothness of train operation and passenger comfort while reducing noise, vibration, and vehicle failure rates. Another example is about how travel speed reflects URT operational efficiency. However, due to differences in concepts and definitions of speed restrictions and control among various disciplines such as rolling stock, signaling, track, and structures, the actual travel speed in ATO (automatic train operation) mode may be lower than the line grade speed. Shanghai Metro has studied the speed restrictions and control standards of each discipline within a unified system, ensuring reasonable coordination of requirements between disciplines and achieving the designed travel speed, thus meeting the line grade speed requirements. These relevant standards have been published as group standards and promoted within the industry. Additionally, for underground-excavated stations, among the existing engineering cases, many Japanese shield tunneling construction stations have shield segments of length exceeding 100 meters, with the longest being 275 meters at Iidabashi Station. However, in China, due to limitations imposed by fire evacuation regulations, the maximum length of underground-excavated shield segments without openings is not allowed to exceed 100 meters. Considering evacuation path factors, the allowable length becomes even less, greatly restricting the advocate and application of construction techniques for underground-excavated stations. For such related standards, breakthroughs are needed by combining engineering cases in China and abroad as well as relevant international standards to improve domestic standards and establish new standards that align with high-quality development.

China is currently in a critical period of transition from rapid development to high-quality development for URT industry. By conducting product certification and functionality verification of key facilities and equipment, the equipment safety and quality level can be enhanced. Through a process of revising and improving existing standards and establishing new standards, the leading role of standards shall be harnessed. By constructing high-standard projects, the foundation for ensuring URT high-level operation will be comprehensively strengthened.

(TranslatedbyZHANGLiman)