例谈开展读写结合教学的几个途径

2023-06-22 22:30傅陈燕
语数外学习·高中版上旬 2023年3期
关键词:铺垫文本文章

傅陈燕

叶圣陶先生说:“阅读是吸收,写作是倾吐,倾吐能否合乎于法度,显然与吸收有密切的联系。”可见阅读是理解吸收,写作是理解表达,充分吸收有助于表达。如果没有大量有效的阅读活动,不把英语阅读材料中的语言知识、篇章知识、文化知识等信息输入自己的“资料库”并不断把其内化的话,学生是不可能写出内容详实感人、意义连贯、结构完整的英语作文的。

一、对读写结合教学概念的解读

读写结合教学就是教师在教学中抓住阅读和写作之间的内在联系,构建相应的互动模式,以读带写,以写促读,引导学生把学到的语言知识,悟得的谋篇布局方式、激发的情感自觉地应用到寫作中去,达到学以致用的目的。

二、优化读写结合教学的策略

笔者基于对人教版普通高中教科书英语必修第一册Unit 4 Reading and thinking多层次、多维度的深层解读,根据学生的认知水平和已有的英语知识与能力,从文本结构、文本语言、文本思想三个角度来谈谈大同“小异”的读写结合课。同——同一文本,同一导人,同一阅读学案;异——从结构、语言、思想三个不同角度来呈现读写结合的“写”。文章将用三节课开展读写结合教学。

【教学背景】

Unit4 Reading and thinking描述了1976年河北唐山的一场地震,文章涉及震前征兆、震中破坏以及地震后救援与恢复。该文章框架结构清晰,语言丰富,是一篇学生可借鉴的优秀范文。

读写结合实践——同课“异”构之“同”

【课例片段】

Step l:Warming up( about 3 minutes)

T:Please read the news and get the informationfrom it.

S:An earthquake happened in Japan and peoplesearched the survivors and helped them.

T: Well done. And what do you think of the earth-quake?

S:It is a kind of disaster which will destroy thebuildings,peoples'lives and all the things around.

T: It is terrible and destructive. Now, let's watch avideo, from which we can learn that earthquake is a natu-ral disaster which has a lot of damage.

导人部分,教师用与地震有关的新闻报道导人,引起学生共鸣的同时把学生的注意力引导到本课的主题“地震”。同时通过播放视频短片,让学生在视觉上切实感受了唐山地震的危害,产生了想进一步了解唐山地震的好奇心,为接下来的阅读教学作好铺垫。

Step 2:Fast reading(about 4 minutes)

T: Now let's read for the structures first. Read thepassage and finish the taskl on your learning sheets.3minutes later...

S: The first part is paragraph l.It's about the signsbefore the earthquake.

T: Good. what about the second part?

S: Paragraph28c3 is part 2.It's about the damagecause

y the earthquake.

T:Perfect. what about the last part?

S: The last part is paragraph 4&5. It's about the res-cue work and recovery after the earthquake.

T: Well-done. Now let's read the passage again andget more details to fill in the tables.

本文是按照事情发展顺序来写的,具有较清晰的文章脉络。本文共四段,教师要求学生将文章分为三个部分,搞清楚每部分的主要内容。这锻炼了学生的对全文的理解能力和总结概括能力,也增强了学习兴趣。同时,教师也是有意引导学生分析全文的框架结构,为后续输出作一定的铺垫。

(二)读写结合实践——同课“异”构之“异”

1.文本结构

文本结构是行文思路的具体体现,是文章的“骨架”。教师引导学生把握文本的结构,能帮助学生更好地理解文章。在教学过程中,教师可基于文本结构开展具体的教学活动,并在最后的输出环节教师结合上课内容和文本结构,设计输出活动。这里的写作的过程,对学习者而言,就是从模仿到熟练,再到创新的过程。

【课例片段】

Step 3:Detail reading(about 15 minutes)

T: Let's read these paragraphs again and try to findmore details about the earthquake and please finish Task1—3…

T: OK, let's check your answers.

S1-5:略

T: Good, anything else? ~Vhat happened before theearthquake?

S6: People saw bright lights.

T: Yes9 bright lights could be seen in the sky. ~Vhatabout the damage of the earthquake during the earth-quake?(为Post-reading——Before the Typhoon铺垫)

T&S:…;Two-thirds of them died or…;the numberof people who were killed or seriously injured reachedmore than 400,000; 75070 0f its factories and buildingsand 90%) of its homes were gone....;lt seemed as if theword was coming to an end.(为Post- reading-Dur-ing the Typhoon铺垫)

T: Yes, you did a good job. So "The data show thedamage cause

y the earthquake and how terrible theearthquake was. It seemed as if the world was at an end.”(Read it together) But all hope was not lost, why?

S: Because the army sent soldiers to Tangshan tohelp the rescue workers. Besides, the army organizedteams to dig out those who were trapped and to bury thedead.(Write the Key rwords 071lthe blackboardfor fwriting)(为Post-reading-—一After the typhoon铺垫)

T:Well-done, and anything else?

S:Miners ….Workers built shelters for survlvorswhose homes had been destroyed. Fresh water was takento the city by train, truck and plane. (为Post- read—ing—一After the typhoon鋪垫)

T: Yes, with others' help, the city began to breatheagain.So‘the last part is about the rescue work and therecovery after the earthquake.”

在教学过程中,教师以学案的形式呈现阅读任务,同时在阅读的过程中,教师有意识地引导学生关注地震前的特殊迹象,地震中的一些具体数据表述,地震后的动作描写,有侧重、有选择、有意识地突出部分词汇和句式,为读后写作台风前、台风中和台风后作语言表达上的准备。教师期待学生能将阅读中积累的词、词块、句子运用到后续的语言输出活动中,使输出任务在篇章结构内容完整的基础上更有语言的高度。

Step 4:Writing(about 18 minutes)

T: Just like the earthquake in the passage, they arenatural disasters which are common in our daily life,such as typhoon and flood. Do you still remember the ty—phoon called“Nian Yu" that hit Zhejiang Province inSeptember?

在这部分的教学活动中,教师将课文话题过渡到新的写作主题。布置的写作任务可以模仿阅读文本的篇章结构,使结构清晰明了。写作内容“似曾相识”,在阅读过程中和教师有意识引导、预热、铺垫下,学生对于这样的写作任务也是信手拈来,驾轻就熟。

Step 5:Presentation and homework about 5 min—utes)

T: Now let's present your writings. You can makecomments on the writing in the following ways.

T: Check your passages again and hand them in af-ter you have improved it.

此环节的目的在于让学生能够感悟如何评价语篇,在欣赏评价其他同学作文的同时,能取其长处为自己所用,也能更加清楚自己的作文存在什么问题。通过相互评价不仅多角度巩固了文本词汇与句型,更是在另一层面提高了学生的写作能力,为读写结合课画上一个圆满的句号。课后写作要求修改后上交作业,既促使学生及时查漏与补足,又有助于教师及时了解学情,反思教学中存在的不足。 2.文本语言 文本是语言的载体,任何阅读文本的内容、思想都是通过语言表现出来的,只有把语言与内容、思想进行有机的结合,我们才能充分理解它。根据认知发展规律,学生首先是感知语言,了解其应用方法,然后才是模仿应用。感知语言、了解其应用方法是输入,模仿与应用是输出。只有充分有效的输人才能保证最后高质量的输出。所以,在阅读教学的语言处理过程中,学生需要在信息的提取中感知语言,在文本的评价中欣赏语言,在思维的提升中运用语言。

【课例片段】

Step 3:Detail reading(about 15 minutes)

T:Task 1—3…

T: OK, now let's check your answers.

SI-5:略

T: Good.What about Task 27 Now please read thesentences for us, one student one sentence.

S1: In 15 terrible seconds a large city lay in ruins.

S2: Two-thirds of them died or were injured duringthe earthquake。

S3: Thousands of families were killed...

S4: The number of people who were killed or serl-ously injured reached more than 400,000.

S5:75% 0f its factories and buildings and 90% 0fits homes were gone.

S6: Two dams fell and most of the bridges...

S7: Tens of thousands of cows would never give milkagain.

S8:Half a million pigs and millions of chickenswere ea

T: Yes, you did a good job.So“the data show thedamage cause by the earthquake and how terrible theearthquake was. It seemed as if the world was at an end."(Read it together) Can you imagine people's feelings atthat time?

S: Frightened and shocked.

T: Yes,I think maybe they were very helpless andhopeless.

T: Although the earthquake caused a lot of losses, itseemed as if the world was at an end,(Write it on theblaclcboard) but all hope was not lost, why?

S: Because the army sent 150,000 soldiers to Tang-shan to help the rescue workers.

T: Yes, that is,soldiers are sent to help the rescueworkers. What about the army?

S: The army organized teams to dig out those whowere trapped and to bury the dead.

T: Mrell-done, what about the miners?

S: Most of the 10,000 miners were rescued from thecoal mines there.

T: Yes, good. What about the workers and fresh wa-ter?

S: Workers built shelters for survivors. Fresh waterwas taken to the city by train, truck and plane.

T: Yes, with others'help, the city became betterand it began to breathe again.So people were very hope-ful and grateful, do you think so?

此教學环节让学生细读文本,填写表格旨在让学生关注文本语言特点的基础上,帮助学生深度理解文本,实现对文章理解的升华。阅读过程是让学生理清文章细节的同时充分理解文本的内容,品味语言的“色香味”,让阅读成为一种享受,使学生能更好地吸收文本的中“营养”,并真正内化成自己的语言。

Step 4:Post reading( about 3+5+15 minutes)

T: Now, please look at Step 4 Post-rea ing Task l.Please read group Q)first.

T: By reading you can feel that the use of numbercan make the language more convincing. What aboutgroup ② ?

S: Attributive clause can make the sentence morebeautiful and complex.

T: Very good.What about group②?The suitableverbs

S: The suitable verbs can make the description vivid.

T: Perfect. So when you are describing something,you'd better use suitable verbs and attributive clauses aswell as some numbers to make your writing better. Now,please retell the earthquake with the given information,volunteers?

S:(/Retell the earthquake/)

T:Well- done.We have learned some informationabout earthquake, now you can rewrite the text with someclues.about 100 words.

写乍任务是建立在学生对文章理解和对文本语言理解并内化的基础上的。先对佳句进行欣赏,突出文本语言的“色香味”,再结合上面文本阅读的细节处理,让学生在语言上为此处的读后语言输出作准备。这里的读后输出活动,旨在让学生体会并内化文本的遣词造句方法,希望学生能灵活使用恰当的词汇和句式来复述地震前的现象和地震后的惨象与救援。读后活动先复述,再到课后改写,降低写作输出难度,同时,由口头转笔头,既锻炼了口头表达能力,又是帮助学生复现阅读课中的“经典台词”,更进一步内化文本语言为自己的语言。

Step 5:Self-assessment and homework

T: Please assess your own composition in the follow—ing ways. Check your passages again and hand them in af-ter you have improved it.

读写结合教学课堂节奏更快,能合理安排时间进行有效阅读并高效输出,但是有时未必有时间当堂点评学生的笔头输出,所以多形式的评价形式是读写结合教学必要的辅助手段。其在认可学生学习成果的同时,反馈学生的学情,更是让学生学会反思学习过程和学习成果,激发学习兴趣与动机。

3.文本思想

阅读作为写作的铺垫和支架,应该是多维度、多层面的。支架可以是语言,也可以是情景、信息或知识,甚至是涉及学习策略和情感等方面。所以,要完成写作任务,仅仅依靠掌握语言和结构是不够的,教师还要根据单元主题意义,关注读写结合过程中思维品质的提升,帮助学生在会阅读的基础上提高写作能力,得到心灵的滋养种情感的积淀。

【课例片段】

Step 3:Detail reading(about 12 minutes)

T:同上Taskl-3…

T: Now, let's check your answers. First, deal withthe strange things before the earthquake.

Ss:(略)

(这里的教学过程:教师根据课堂学案,引导学生阅读文本,了解地震前的奇怪征兆、地震中的惨状和地震后的救援与灾后重建)

T:In short,with the joint efforts, the city started torevive itself and get back up on its feet. But how didTangshan revive itself? And what lessons can we learnfrom the city?

Ss: With strong support from the government andthe tireless efforts of the city's people, the city started torevive. And Tangshan city has proved to China and therest of the world that in times of disaster, people mustunify and show the wisdom to stay positive and rebuildfor a brighter future。

T: Yes, they proved to Chinese that“In unity thereis strengthl" That is,though the disaster caused severedamage to people's life, it couldn't destroy the love andcare among people.

本文篇章結构非常清楚,而且学生有地震方面的常识,对文本的掌握并不难,教师需要做的是在阅读的同时,帮助学生提升思维品质,所以这里要重点突出的文本思想应该是唐山精神,团结就是力量。

Step 4:Post-reading( about 8+15 minutes)

T: As we all know, the natural disasters can not beavoided.When we are facing such natural disasters, whatcan we do to protect ourselves better? Now, please thinkabout it and discuss with your partners. Please writedown your opinions.(Students discuss it in groups/)

T: Now, please look at Task2 and complete the writ—ing according to your discussion and context.

本 元的主题是了解地震的基本知识,并学会在灾难到来时如何白助与助人,所以本环节的设计是以阅读文本为基础,设计活动让学生通过讨论了解在灾难中如何自救和他救。

Step 5: Presentation and homework (about 3minutes)

T: Now let's present your writings. You can makecomments on the writing in the following ways.

T: Check your passages again and hand them in af-ter you have improved。

最后的评价是读写结合教学必要的延续。它反馈学生的客观学情,便于教师及时反思教学过程中的不足,促使读写结合更有成效;便于学生反思自己的课堂听课效率,激发学习动力。

三、课后总结与反思

以上同课异构的三堂课,从文本结构、文本语言、文本思想把阅读和写作整合在一起。阅读是语言的输入,是意义的理解过程,而写作是语言的输出,是意义的创作输出过程。这样的读写结合课,改变以往读写分开或者重读轻写的传统课型,其目的是探索一种新课型,拓宽高中英语课堂授课途径,整合教材内容与教学手段,引导教师研究课堂教学,处理好英语知识输入与输出的关系,利用手中的教学资源培养学生阅读与写作能力。

如何把阅读教学与写作训练更好地结合起来,笔者认为英语教学过程中教师必须把握以下原则:

1.“读”——恰到好处

读写结合,阅读是为写作作铺垫的,教师一定要根据学生的具体学情,根据具体阅读文本的特点确定写作方向,逆向设计,精心备课,设计相应的教学活动,合理安排教学时间与教学步骤,无论在语言方面、信息方面还是情感态度方面都为写作输出层层铺垫,输出只是深化主题内容,巩固所学语言,落实核心语言知识,才能真正做到语言输入和输出的一致性。

2.“写”——水到渠成

读写结合,写是“读”的指挥棒,这里的写需根据文本的特点有选择、有目的地写,这里的写需写得有依据,写得有意义,写得有思想。通过教师有目的地“诱导”,学生丰富了词汇句型,存儲了句法知识,学习了遣词造句、谋篇布局的方法,培养了构建语篇和模仿写作的能力,可谓“厚积薄发”,水到渠成。

3.“评”——人木三分

读写结合的点睛之笔是作文的点评,无论是课堂内还是课堂外,无论是典型作文共评还是小组互评,是学生评还是教师评,“评”还是不可缺少的。让学生及时了解自己写作中存在的不足,同时可以学习他人写作中的长处,对别的文章进行“取其精华”的学习,从而激发学习兴趣,培养他们的自我评价能力。

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