英文内容提要

The Turghuts’Eastward Return Is Historical Heritage of Rich Connotation for Strengthening the Chinese National Community Consciousness

XU Jianying（003）

In the early 1770s，the Eastward Return of Turghuts to the motherland reflected their high recognition of the motherland and its culture，which was highly valued and properly placed by the Qing government.After return，Turghuts played an important role in guarding the borderland，defending the borderland，building the borderland，inheriting excellent Chinese culture，and promoting the exchange and integration of various ethnic groups in Xinjiang.From the perspective of historical development，the eastward return of the Turghuts and their subsequent activities have accumulated precious historical and cultural heritage，which has important value in strengthening the sense of Chinese national community today.

How Did Danjin，the Commander of Left Wing Banner of Köke Qota Tümed，Become the Head of Ulaγančab League

Dalizhabu（012）

Danjin was the Commander（Gūsa i janggi）of left wing Köke Qota Tümed Banner，he had been appointed as head of Ulaγančab League，from the tenth year of Yongzheng to the first year of Qianlong，after Arabdandorǰi，the head of Ulaγačab League，went on expedition when the war between Qing and Jungar during the Yongzheng years.There was no other example than this in history of Qing dynasty that an official outside the league was nominated to league head.Danjin was the Commander of the left wing banner of Köke Qota Tümed，but he also belonged to Whole White Banner of eight Banners of Mongol，which was one of upper three Banners，directly subordinate to the Emperor. He was so trusted by the Emperor that he was put in such an important position as Banner Commander and head of Ulaγančab Leager.

The Re-discussion of the Military Government System in Qing Dynasty

FENG Hui MA Lan（017）

The academic research on the governance of Xinjiang in Qing Dynasty is centered on the military government system，but it has long followed the Qing scholars’viewpoint and has not discussed many issues of the Xinjiang military government.Based on Manchu and Chinese archives from Qing Dynasty，this paper further investigates the evolution of the Xinjiang military government system，compares its similarities and differences，summarizes its gains and losses，and deeply expounds the elements，characteristics，significance and limitations of the Xinjiang military government system and the Xinjiang governance system in Qing Dynasty.

The Jungarian Envoys to Beijing in the Seventh Year of Qianlong

SUN Qi（029）

As the sixth year of Qianlong，Jungar failed to enter Tibet to boil tea，the Galdantseren sent envoys to Beijing in the seventh month of the seventh year of Qianlong，in the name of pilgrimages，actually requested Qianlong Emperor permission to go to Tibet to boil tea. Although Emperor Qianlong showed a tolerant attitude and granted the request of Jungar under the pleas of Choinamka and the others，in view of the lesson that the Jungar envoys had returned for no reason before，he was very careful in the formulation of the number，time and route of the envoys to go into Tibet to boil tea，and took adequate measures to deal with it.

TheProcessoftheMongolianPrinces’WithdrawalfromMongol-GoryeoInteraction:Reconsideration of the Death of Zhuguyu

MA Hairuo（041）

It is generally believed that the death of Zhuguyu，a Mongolian ambassador，in 1224 was the direct cause of the Mongolian Khan Ögedei’s attack on Goryeo in 1231. But materials show that there were other reasons for Mongolian expedition. Zhuguyu is the envoy of Genghis Khan’s brother，Otchigin. The princes represented by Otchigin had once negotiated with Koryeo in parallel with the Mongolian Great Khan. After 1231，the power of the left wing princes gradually withdrew from Mongol-Goryeo interaction，and up to the time of Kublai Khan，the Mongolian Khan completely controlled Mongol-Goryeo interaction.

The Mongolian Language and the Qing Dynasty’s Relations with Central Asia

Yingkaer Bahezhuli（056）

Qing Dynasty actively took advantage of Mongolian language with its standing and function to become highly important tool of communicating，during the process of unifying Xinjiang and building relations with Central Asia.The role of Mongolian language in communicating Qing and Central Asia，presents the contact and communication of Qing dynasty with surrounding peoples.This essay is to make an outline of the historical background of the edict of Qing emperors to the Central Asian rulers，and discuss the role of the Mongolian language in the process of ruling Xinjiang and managing the relations with Central Asia.

Character Portrayal of County Officials in Qusibei Inscriptions in Yuan Dynasty

GAO Baoyu（065）

The main subject of the qusibei inscriptions was county-level officials，and its content mostly praises the political achievements of the ruling activities of county-level officials.The use of qusibei inscriptions can help us understand the responsibilities of county-level officials in the Yuan Dynasty.During the Yuan Dynasty，the qusibei inscriptions not only portrayed county-level officials，but also served as a process of emotional communication among all parties involved in the monument. Shaping the image of officials is a reflection of the value of qusibei inscriptions in the local society of the Yuan Dynasty，and it is also a cultural choice of nomadic civilization in the world of agricultural civilization.

On the Evolution of the Ölet Battalion in Ili in Qing Dynasty

Khasaghbai Buyanbatu（072）

After the unification of Xinjiang，Qing Court made up a defense system to strengthen northwest defense.The Ölet Battalion in Ili was a component of the Xinjiang Garrison Eight Banners. The establishment of the Ölet Battalion began in the 25th year of the Qianlong reign（1760）and finished in the 36th year of the Qianlong reign（1771）. Over a period of eleven years，the Ölet Battalion in Ili established the organization of Niru（or Sum），composed the Anggi，finally divided the left and right wings of the Anggi，and in the end established the Eight Banners system. During this process，it gradually developed and took shape，changing its emblem three times.

On Sheng Shicai’s Ruling Policy to Mongols in Xinjiang

GUO Ruipeng（078）

Jin Shuren implemented the policy of ethnic discrimination，which led him to withdraw from the historical stage of Xinjiang only five years after he was in power（July of 1928 to April of 1933）.In view of the lessons learned from his predecessor，Sheng Shicai implemented six major policies，namely，anti imperialism，pro Soviet，equality，peace，honesty，and construction.The north and south of Tianshan Mountain gradually became stable，and Mongols also ushered in a short spring of political，economic，cultural and educational development. With the consolidation of the political position，Sheng Shicai gradually lifted the veil of democracy，followed the anti Communist，anti Soviet and anti people line，and pursued the policy of ethnic oppression. Mongols has fallen into a state of living in dire condition. On the whole，Sheng Shicai’s local regime implemented a policy of ethnic oppression in disguise of democracy against Mongols in Xinjiang.Through this article，we should not only see the dawn of modernization of Mongols in Xinjiang during this period，but also see the real face of Sheng Shicai as reactionary.

The Image of the China’s Northern Borderland in Foreign Image Documents

LIU Chunzi（088）

The understanding of the culture of the northern region by outsiders is based on their own cultural background and perspectives. When observing the culture of China’s northern region and culture，they focus on practical purposes while also trying to avoid the influence of stereotypes. The values of respecting faith and righteousness in the China’s northern borderland have deeply influenced outsiders who are deep in the cultural circle. At the same time，through wars and exhibitions，the culture of the northern borderland was either actively or passively spread to the Eurasian heterogeneous civilization zone.

Localization of Tibetan Buddhism in Hulunbuir Region and Frontier Society

CHEN Huawei（093）

Hulunbuir Grassland was not only a beautiful pasture for Mongolian people，but also an important carrier of Mongolian culture.During the Ming and Qing dynasties，they brought Tibetan Buddhism to Hulun Buir with the migration of Ölet，Khalkha，Buryat Mongols and Khorchin and Durbert Mongols.Tibetan Buddhism gradually localized in Hulunbuir in the struggle with shamanism and coexistence of other religious beliefs，and actively adapted to the status of Hulunbuir environment and folk customs to form a distinctive temple building. After the Zhaomiao Temple was established，it maintained the trade relationship between Chinese and foreign merchants economically，which made the temple fair centered on Zhaomiao Temple have the significance of national defense and security. Tibetan Buddhism had played an important role in maintaining the stability of the frontier situation and the development of the frontier society.

An Analysis of the Mongolian Word“Zhuo-wo-si”in Yuan Dynasty

HAN Yuan（107）

The word“Zhuo-wo-si”is found in the Chinese translation books of Mongolian such as Huayi Translation and Tatar Translation compiled in the Ming Dynasty. The editors translated the word into Chinese as qian，which is how modern Mongolian jogos was pronounced in the late Yuan and early Ming dynasties.However，it is rarely recorded in Chinese，Persian and other historical materials related to the early history of Mongolia before the Yuan Dynasty，and all kinds of currencies in circulation at that time have their own exclusive names.After entering the Yuan，as the Yuan government issued and advocated the circulation of various kinds of“chao”（banknote），the term“chao”gradually became the most widely used name for banknotes，even currencies，at that time，both officially and privately. From the perspective of Mongolian borrowing habits，phonology and Chinese historical records，the emergence of the word“Zhuo-wo-si”is directly related to the abbreviation of“chao”，and the emergence of the word can also reflect the reality of multi-ethnic language and culture in the Yuan Dynasty to a certain extent.

Equine Colors in Epic Jangar and the Cultural Connotations of the Colors

Bat（114）

The descriptions of the horse colors in the epic Jangar can reflect the traditional Mongolian cultural thinking and play an important role in shaping the image of the hero in the epic. In this article, combined with the unique thinking of the Mongolian people in real life,the role and temperament of the steed in the epic Jangar are discussed,as well as the assistant role played by the horses in defeating the enemy and its implications.

Biographical Research of Jangar Singers in Xinjiang and Existing Problems

Ochirjav Taivan（120）

This paper summarizes research accomplishments on the Xinjiang Jangar Singers，points out some issues and provides relevant solutions.