庄辉
摘要:丁型肝炎病毒感染是全球重要的公共卫生问题。10余年来,由于广泛的乙型肝炎疫苗免疫和移民,丁型肝炎病毒感染的流行病学发生了显著改变。丁型肝炎病毒感染可表现为联合感染或重叠感染。乙型肝炎病毒与丁型肝炎病毒合并感染的患者发生肝硬化和肝细胞癌的风险远高于乙型肝炎病毒单独感染者。新的治疗丁型肝炎药物已在研发中,部分已进入Ⅲ期临床试验,未来有望取代疗效较低的现行药物。
关键词:丁型肝炎; 病毒学; 流行病学; 体征和症状; 药物疗法
The research on hepatitis D should be taken seriously
ZHUANG Hui. (Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China)
Corresponding author:
ZHUANG Hui, zhuanghuibmu@163.com (ORCID:0000-0001-9119-6325)
Abstract:
Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection is an important health problem around the world. The epidemiology of HDV infection has been changed significantly over the past 10 years due to widespread hepatitis B vaccination and human migration. HDV infection can manifest as co-infection or superinfection. Patients with HBV/HDV co-infection have a significantly higher risk of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma than those with HBV infection alone. Research and development are being conducted for new therapeutic drugs for hepatitis D, some of which have entered phase III clinical trials. These drugs will replace the current therapies with lower efficacy.
Key words:
Hepatitis D; Virology; Epidemiology; Signs and Symptoms; Drug Therapy
1 病毒學
丁型肝炎病毒(hepatitis D virus, HDV)曾被分类为HDV科的唯一病毒属(genus of the deltaviridae family),但最近被分类为卫星核酸核酶病毒域(Ribozyviria realm of satellite nucleic acids)三角病毒科(family of Kolmioviridae),科名源自芬兰语“kolmio”(三角),是参考希腊字母“Δ”[1]。
HDV曾被认为是由类病毒即植物传染性因子进化而来,含有环状基因组,利用核酶的催化活性,经滚环机制复制[2]。最近,从无乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitiss B virus, HBV)或未感染肝DNA病毒的物种,如鱼类、鸟类、两栖类动物和非脊椎动物中,发现了HDV样病毒[3]。同时有研究证明,人类HDV可用不同属病毒如丙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis C virus, HCV)和登革病毒的包膜糖蛋白作为其外膜,提示HDV样病毒在感染人类之前,已有动物感染,并经历了后生动物的整个进化史[3]。
HDV复制的细胞模型也证明,在无HBV蛋白存在下,如用HDV的cDNA结构体、HDV RNA的DNA拷贝和HDV RNA转染培养细胞,HDV也可复制[4-5]。在人体内,HDV复制不需要HBV仅见于肝移植患者,后者用乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白治疗,其肝脏无HBV标志物,但在肝移植后几周至几个月,仍可检测到HDV抗原[6-7]。无HBV的HDV非常值得进一步研究。
2 流行病学
HDV感染呈世界性流行,但至今全球HDV感染人数仍不清楚,已发表的3项荟萃分析[8-10]估计的全球丁型肝炎病例数差异较大,分别为1 200万、4 800万~6 000万和6 200万~7 200万,说明各国缺乏可靠的HDV流行率和疾病负担数据。
由于乙型肝炎疫苗免疫,全球HDV感染流行率呈持续下降趋势[11-12]。高收入国家于20世纪90年代即实施乙型肝炎疫苗免疫,并同时开展良好的乙型肝炎预防控制计划,其HDV感染流行率显著下降,但由于来自HDV高地方性流行国家的移民,HDV流行率又有所上升,表现为HDV感染的流行率本国居民低、移民高的特征。如意大利,近年来移民显著增加,2019年HBsAg携带者的抗-HD流行率为9.9%;意大利本地患者的抗-HD流行率仅为6.45%,而移民患者为26.4%[13]。在原是中度地方性流行国家,稍晚于高收入国家开展乙型肝炎疫苗免疫,其HDV感染流行率也有明显下降,已由高地方性流行降至低地方性流行水平。但在许多非洲和中亚国家,HDV感染的流行率仍处于高地方性流行水平[14]。
Roggenbach等[15]收集了我国11个省市自治区的3 065例HBsAg阳性患者的血清,对HDV感染流行情况进行分析,结果显示,内蒙古自治区和新疆维吾尔自治区HDV感染流行率较高,分别为13.9%和3.9%,其余9个省市未检出抗-HD阳性标本。王彦[16]对我国7个省市自治区的3 000例慢性乙型肝炎患者进行HDV感染流行情况调查,发现慢性乙型肝炎患者HDV感染的流行率为0.85%,HIV/HBV合并感染者的HDV感染流行率为7.91%,四川省和广西壮族自治区HDV感染的流行率较高,分别为13.9%和5.3%,这与纳入研究人群的HIV/HBV合并感染者比例高有关。笔者研究团队[17]对来自全国10个省市自治区的3 131例慢性HBV感染者进行HDV感染情况调查,发现内蒙古自治区、北京市、湖南省和新疆维吾尔自治区慢性HBV感染者的抗-HD阳性率分别为1.81%(16/886)、0.28%(2/708)、1.00%(2/200)和0.88%(2/226),其余地区未检出,总的抗-HD阳性率为0.70%(22/3 131)。
因此,目前关于全球和我国HDV感染的流行病学资料不全、疾病负担不清,应进一步深入研究。
3 临床特征
HDV感染呈地方性流行的所有临床研究均表明,HDV呈高致病性,极易导致肝病进展[18],与其他型肝炎病毒感染比较,HDV感染进展更快,约70%丁型肝炎患者于5~10年内发展为肝硬化,15%的患者仅需1~2年即可进展为肝硬化[19]。HDV/HBV合并感染者发生肝硬化的风险较HBV单独感染者高3倍[20];HDV/HBV合并感染者发生肝硬化的平均年龄较单独HBV感染者小10岁。近年的研究[21-23]报告,HDV/HBV合并感染较HBV单独感染发生肝细胞癌风险约高2倍。
由HDV/HBV同时联合感染所致的急性肝炎常为自限性,可自发清除HDV和HBV,但HDV和HBV联合感染很少见。Stroffolini等[24]报告,意大利1987年HDV和HBV联合感染的发病率为3.2/100萬,2019年降至0.04/100万。
HBsAg携带者重叠感染HDV,由于已有的HBsAg可“救援”(rescues)HDV复制,因此,易发生HDV感染。黑猩猩实验[25]也证明,少量病毒(即1 mL经10~11倍稀释HBV/HDV联合感染的黑猩猩血清)即可使携带HBsAg的黑猩猩感染HDV。
重叠感染在维持HDV地方性流行中起重要作用,它可使HDV由感染者持续传播至未感染的HBsAg携带者。由于这些患者为HBV持续感染,HDV感染易发展成慢性。对于慢性乙型肝炎、乙型肝炎相关肝硬化和肝细胞癌患者,感染HDV的风险分别是无症状HBsAg携带者的3.56倍、6.75倍和5.61倍[9]。
慢性丁型肝炎患者的特点是:HBsAg阳性,同时血清抗-HD和HDV RNA阳性,HBV DNA检测不到或低水平,ALT水平较高,肝脏炎症显著。Terrault等[26]等建议,对HBsAg阳性者筛查抗-HD,对抗-HD阳性者检测HDV RNA,确定是否为活动性HDV感染。
目前,我国为HBV中度流行国家,约有7 000万例慢性HBV感染者,其中慢性乙型肝炎患者为2 000万~3 000万,HBV相关肝硬化和肝细胞癌患者分别为100万和30万[27]。因此,有必要对HBV感染者进行HDV筛查。刘慧敏等[28]报告,近10年间,我国西南医院HBsAg阳性患者的HDV筛查率仅为1.6%(13 585/832 144),建议加大筛查力度,提高丁型肝炎的筛查率和诊断率。
4 新药研发
应用干扰素α(interferon alpha, IFNα)治疗慢性丁型肝炎已有30余年历史[29]。慢性丁型肝炎的治疗终点是HBsAg消失,但很难达到,可行的治疗终点是HDV RNA清除[29]。
IFNα治疗慢性丁型肝炎总的疗效欠佳,联合抗HBV药物如恩替卡韦或替诺福韦酯治疗无效[30]。聚乙二醇干扰素α(pegylated IFNα, PEG-IFNα)治疗丁型肝炎的持续病毒学应答率为25%~30%[31],但停药后复发率较高。HIDIT-Ⅱ试验[32]随访14例已获得持续病毒学应答患者10年,停药后9年,8例(57%)病毒学复发。
目前正在评价的治疗丁型肝炎新药主要有以下4种。
4.1 病毒进入抑制剂——Myrcludex B HDV通过L-HBsAg的前S1区与肝细胞膜上的钠离子-牛磺胆酸共转运蛋白(sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide, NTCP)受体结合进入肝细胞。Myrcludex B(MyrB)现称Bulevirtide(商品名为Hepcludex),是一种人工合成的十八烷基化脂肽,包含L-HBsAg的前S1区的47个氨基酸,其可以抑制HDV的HBsAg与NTCP结合,防止未被感染的肝细胞感染HDV,并通过未被感染的肝细胞不断增殖,消除已感染的肝细胞。Ⅱ期临床试验MYR203结果表明,Bulevirtide 2 mg联合PEG-IFNα-2a治疗48周,停药后随访24周,联合治疗组患者血清HDV RNA检测不到率为53.3%,PEG-IFNα-2a单药治疗组为0%;ALT复常者多见于联合治疗组(53.8%);联合治疗组的血清HBsAg降至检测不到率为40%(6/15),PEG-IFNα-2a单药治疗组为0[33-34]。该药每天皮下注射2 mg,耐受性良好[35]。2020年7月31日获得欧洲药品管理局有条件批准上市[36]。现正进行Ⅲ期和Ⅳ期临床试验[37]。
4.2 病毒组装抑制剂——Lonafarnib(LNF) LNF是法呢酰基转移酶抑制剂,能特异性地抑制L-HDAg的异戊烯化,干扰HDV组装[38]。Koh等[39]报告LNF Ⅱ期临床试验LOWR HDV-3研究结果,21例患者在已经接受核苷(酸)类似物治疗的基础上,每日口服1次不同剂量的LNF+利托那韦,治疗12周时,患者的HDV RNA水平与基线相比,分别下降1.60 log IU/mL(LNF 50 mg)、1.33 log IU/mL(LNF 75 mg)和0.83 log IU/mL(LNF 100 mg);47%的患者治疗结束时ALT恢复正常。治疗期间部分患者有轻度或中度不良事件发生,但均未因此而停止治疗。
Wedemeyer等[40]报告 Ⅱ 期临床试验LOWR HDV-4研究结果,发现逐步提高LNF用药剂量可克服患者不良反应的发生,从而使患者能接受更长时间的LNF治疗。但上述临床试验未报道LNF治疗结束后,患者的持续病毒学应答情况。该药已进入 Ⅲ 期临床试验[41]。
4.3 HBsAg分泌抑制剂——核酸多聚物(nucleic acid polymer, NAP) NAP是一种硫代磷酸寡核苷酸,对多种病毒具有广谱抗病毒活性。NAP可抑制HBsAg的分泌,抑制HBV亚病毒颗粒的释放,降低循环HBsAg水平,还可通过与L-HDAg和S-HDAg相互作用,影响HDV的复制[42-43]。
REP 2139是进入Ⅱ期临床试验的NAP抗HDV新药[44-45],可以抑制HBV亚病毒颗粒的组装和分泌。REP 301研究表明,应用REP 2139联合PEG-IFNα-2a治疗HBV/HDV合并感染者,HDV RNA和HBsAg消失/血清转换率高。REP 301-LTF研究報告,随访3.5年,64%(7/11)的患者达到HDV功能性治愈(HDV RNA检测不到,ALT正常);36%(4/11)的患者达到HBV功能性治愈(HBV DNA检测不到,HBsAg<0.05 IU/mL,ALT正常)。这两项研究均未发现与REP 2139相关的严重不良事件[41,44-45]。
4.4 PEG-IFNλ PEG-IFNλ属于Ⅲ型干扰素,通过与PEG-IFNα相同的JAK-STAT通路进行细胞内信号传导。PEG-IFNλ的结合受体是Ⅲ型IFN受体,该受体只在包括肝细胞在内的特定类型的细胞表面表达,因此不良反应较轻[46]。
PEG-IFNλ Ⅱ期临床试验[47-48]结果表明,26例慢性丁型肝炎患者每周皮下注射1次180 μg PEG-IFNλ,并每日口服LNF(50 mg)和利托那韦(100 mg)2次,持续24周,治疗结束时,77%(17/22)的患者HDV RNA下降超过2 log,50%(11/22)的患者HDV RNA低于检测下限,治疗结束后随访至24周,23%(5/22)的患者HDV RNA低于检测下限。治疗过程中,4例患者因出现轻度或中度不良反应而退出研究,3例降低用药剂量。该药现已进入Ⅲ期临床试验[49-50]。
上述抗HDV新药已取得与PEG-IFNα可比的,甚至更优的治疗效果和安全性,但还需更多的临床研究证实。目前评价新药的治疗应答差别较大,部分以HDV RNA下降2 log(有或无HDV RNA检测不到)作为病毒学应答指标;部分要求联合ALT复常作为生化学应答;最近美国食品药品管理局指南[51]要求,对慢性丁型肝炎治疗药物,应有长期临床获益的评价指标,包括降低肝硬化、肝脏失代偿、肝细胞癌、肝移植和死亡风险等。因此,评价新药最佳的治疗终点尚未解决,仍需要进一步研究。
利益冲突声明:作者声明不存在利益冲突。
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收稿日期:
2023-02-01;錄用日期:2023-03-06
本文编辑:葛俊