概要写作

山东 李全忠

➢题型概述

概要写作是在准确理解原文的前提下，确定文章要点，去除文章中次要的内容，只留文章框架的写作，词数60 左右，应涵盖文章全部要点，并使用自己的语言进行表述。

概要写作必须忠实于原文，既不能遗漏任何要点，也不能随意添加内容。根据篇章结构划分文章的自然段，意义段的数量对应的就是要点的数量。一个自然段不一定是一个要点：有时几个自然段说明一个要点，有时一个自然段包含数个要点。

➢写作步骤

第1步 明确主旨和结构

在进行概要写作之前，一定要先通读原文，在准确理解原文的前提下把握文章的主旨和整体结构，再根据文章的体裁特点来决定内容的取舍。

第2步 提炼各段要点

明确文章主题和篇章结构后，先找出各段的主旨句，同时标注与主旨相关的关键词，最后利用这些关键词，用自己的语言重组段落要点。归纳的要点往往是这些词句的同义转述，原文描述性的语言、细节性的信息等不需要出现在要点中。

第3步 转换词语和句式

利用同义词、近义词或反义词转换关键词，并将提炼出的要点利用相似句型转换、语态转换（主动句转换为被动句或被动句转换为主动句），利用非谓语动词或介词短语对句子进行简化或者利用定语从句、状语从句或主语从句合并句子，将原文要点转换为自己的语言。

第4步 恰当衔接过渡

在概要写作中，可以利用语法衔接和过渡词衔接等手段，使各要点之间过渡合理，衔接连贯。

➢写作微技能

一、概要写作句式

1.记叙文

点明写作目的类：

The writer tells us...(主题)by showing us an example of...,who/which...(故事情节)

作者经历类：

In the passage,the writer mainly tells us his experience of doing...,which...

他人经历类：

This passage is mainly about sb's experience of doing...

2.议论文

The article gives the view that...should/shouldn't...(主题)...(补充论据)

The passage highlights the importance of...

The author argues that...

3.说明文

现象解释类：

This article points out the common phenomenon...(主题),which...(补充解释)

利弊对比类：

The article compares the disadvantages/benefits of A and B.

The passage discusses the impact of...On the positive side...,but it may also...

研究显示类：

The study reveals that...

The purpose of the report is to show that...

二、定位主题句的常用方法

主题句是指能够概括全文或者整个段落的关键句。一篇文章通常由若干个自然段组成。段落首句或段落末句常为主题句，当然也有一些主题句出现在自然段的中间。

1.关注表顺序及举例类的标志词【例1】

To put it frankly, early adoption is a bad investment. First, the earliest versions of devices are quite expensive. Plus, electronics hardly ever become more expensive because intense competition in the industry puts downward pressure on prices over time... Further,electronics rapidly depreciate because they become obsolete(废弃的)so quickly.

该段的第一句提出应避免投资仍处于前期研发阶段的科技产品，接着列举三点来论证其弊端。first、plus、further等表示顺序的连接词表明此段的构段方式为总分关系，首句是主题句，其他句子是支撑句。

在英文中，大部分段落的首句是主题句，其他句子是支撑句。除了关注上文提及的first、plus、further 等表示顺序的标志词，还可以关注for example、for instance、take...as an example等表示举例类的标志词，这些词的上文很可能是主题句。

2.关注总结类的标志词

【例2】

Working quickly will bring about more material benefits to make our society more advanced. Yet, much stress can't bring enjoyment, friends and health, which are much more important than money and other material advantages. Therefore, take your time and live your life at a slower pace.

该段第一、二句是具体、细节性的表达。第三句用Therefore 引出结论：别着急，放慢生活节奏。所以，该段的末句是主题句。

主题句也常位于段中或段末，通常对前面所述内容起总结作用，段落前面几句则是具体、细节性的表达，这是写作中的一种归纳方法。同时还可以关注so、therefore、thus、as a result、in a word、to conclude 等标志词，这些词后往往接对前文内容的总结，很可能是主题句。

3.关注转折类的标志词

【例3】

Some parents are kind, but not firm. Others are firm, but not kind. Many parents go from one extreme to the other, either being too kind until they can't stand their children or being too firm until they can't stand themselves.However,the trick of effective parenting is to find the sweet spot by being kind and firm at the same time.

该段第一句指出有些父母友善但不严格，第二句指出还有些父母严格但不友善，第三句指出很多父母在教养子女上会走极端，第四句出现转折词However，笔锋一转，提出有效的养育技巧是找到友善和严格的“甜区”。显然，第四句是该段的主题句。

关注转折类的标志词，例如but、however、yet、anyhow、nevertheless、on the contrary等，通常这些词的前后大多是段落的主题句。先给出话题，然后通过转折类连接词切入作者的观点，也就是主题句。

4.关注问答处

【例4】

So what can people do to help avoid food shocks? Making agriculture efficient is one choice.But one of the most effective ways to fight against food shocks might be to cut down on food waste.“If we could cut food waste in half,”said Seth Cook,a British environmental scientist,“we could feed an extra billion people.”

该段的第一句提出问题：如何避免食物冲击？第二、三句做出回答，提高农业生产效率和减少食物浪费可以解决这个问题；第四句是引语部分，可以忽略，故该段的主题句是第一、二、三句。

作者提出问题，并做出相应的回答，问题和回答即是段落的要点。

三、概要写作句子改写

1.同义替换法

Tom thought of an idea.

→An idea occurred to Tom.

2.正话反说法

I think wealth is less important than health.

→I don't think wealth is more important than health.

3.词性转换法

Your suggestions are super valuable.

→Your suggestions are of great value.

4.利用介词短语法

We are sure to finish it in time because so many people are helping us.

→With so many people helping us,we are sure to finish it in time.

5.句式变化法

（1）语态变换

It is widely accepted that more people use computers in the world today.

→Computers are widely used in the world today.

（2）简单句变复合句

The weather turned out to be very good.This was more than we could expect.

→The weather turned out to be very good,which was more than we could expect.

（3）连词衔接

He insisted on staying.He was not willing to go.

→He insisted on staying rather than going.

（4）词序改变

Professor White,Professor Smith and many other guests were present at the meeting.

→Present at the meeting were Professor White,Professor Smith and many other guests.

（5）利用特殊句式

Jim wants to go boating and his parents want to go boating,too.

→Jim wants to go boating and so do his parents.

四、过渡衔接词

表并列顺承：moreover、besides、in addition、on the one hand...on the other hand、for one thing...for another(thing)、firstly、secondly等。

表转折：however、instead、on the contrary、yet等。

表因果关系：because、therefore、so、as a result、thus等。

表总结：in short、to conclude、in conclusion、all in all、to sum up、in a word等。

表举例：for example、for instance等。

➢案例导学

阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Not setting homework can be impossible in certain situations. There are many arguments for homework, and most teachers would agree with many of the following: homework is a perfect opportunity to review what was done with the teacher, and rethink and develop that initial input; homework offers a moment for students to work as individuals and develop self-governance outside the classroom; students and parents expect homework to be set and graded.Nevertheless,the drawbacks homework may have are often overlooked.

There are two key issues which need to be raised when dealing with the concept of homework. Firstly, there is the question of home. Often, homework is not done at home at all,but at a friend's house,on the way back home or to class.Additionally,for it to be done effectively at home, homework often requires adults' involvement. Parents aren't always available,for some very valid reasons,and a tutor's ability to aid and guide may be limited in many ways.

If the idea of“home”can be problematic, so can the concept of“work”. Very often there is so much for students to do.Demand on their time means homework is usually something to get out of the way as fast as possible. It is not always seen as useful time spent strengthening what is done in class, but rather as something quickly finished. It might be correct or not, copied from a friend or from the Internet. But the important thing is that a teacher sees the exercise completed and, as a result, the task achieved: How much effort went into that result is not always appreciated or easy to evaluate, even when work clearly falls below standard. Teachers and students are happy because everyone has officially fulfilled their commitment.

The ideal that students go home, review what they have learned from their teachers and use the great resources to put everything they have learned in class into practice,doesn't often happen with some students.All in all,the desired effects of homework cannot be guaranteed.

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

➢写作导引

第1步 明确主旨和结构

体裁话题时态人称议论文家庭作业有优点，也有不可忽视的缺点一般现在时第三人称

第2步 提炼各段要点

1. There are many arguments for homework, and most teachers would agree with many of the advantages that homework brings about.2.Nevertheless,the drawbacks homework may have are often overlooked.3. Firstly, there is the question of home. Often, homework is not done at home at all,but at a friend's house,on the way back home or to class.4. Additionally, for it to be done effectively at home, homework often requires adults' involvement. Parents aren't always available and a tutor's ability to aid and guide may be limited in many ways.5. But the important thing is that a teacher sees the exercise completed and, as a result,the task achieved:How much effort went into that result is not always appreciated or easy to evaluate,even when work clearly falls below standard.6.All in all,the desired effects of homework cannot be guaranteed.Paragraph 1 Paragraph 2 Paragraph 3 Paragraph 4

第3步 转换词语和句式

要点1、2构成转折关系，要点3、4、5构成并列关系，分别陈述家庭作业的不同缺点，要点6 进行总结。以下是各要点的句式转换：

√要点1、2 可转换为Though many argue homework is necessary, its disadvantages may be neglected.

√要点3、4、5 可转换为Homework is often done outside home and without guidance,and it can't be done effectively. The efforts put into homework are rarely appreciated or easy to assess,so everybody is happy when seeing it finished,regardless of the quality.

√要点6可转换为The e xpected effects of homework are rarely achieved.

第4步 恰当衔接过渡

Though many argue homework is necessary, its disadvantages may be neglected. (要点1) First, homework is often done outside home and without guidance, it can't be done effectively.(要点2)Besides,the efforts put into homework are rarely appreciated or easy to assess, so everybody is happy when seeing it finished, regardless of the quality. (要点3)Therefore,the expected effects of homework are rarely achieved.(要点4)

➢小试牛刀

阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Nowadays, the business of fast food is developing at a rapid speed. Have you ever thought twice before deciding to eat fast food?Even if it is easy to buy and cheap,the risks outweigh (超过) the five minutes of satisfaction that fast food brings. There are many risks when it comes to eating fast food that is made in just a few seconds.

What you eat can affect your health. People who are addicted to fast food are more likely to suffer from various life-threatening diseases. Obesity (肥胖) can come when fast food is bought often. Fast food is made from a lot of fats and high calories. If it isn't removed, then you can grow to become obese. Even a small quantity of fast food contains many calories.People are fooled by its appearance and they tend to eat more.Thus,without knowing the truth, they consume a lot of calories. What's worse, obesity isn't the only risk.Heart disease is also a danger.The more fats,sugar and salt you eat,the weaker your heart can grow.

Another concern for most consumers is that they can't keep track of the sources of the food supplies in fast food restaurants. They never know about the living conditions of the animals killed for meat in those restaurants, like cows, pigs and chickens. A recent study has suggested that bacteria have been found in about 38% fast food. Even some soft drinks are now infected by food-borne illnesses that usually come from meals.

Although fast food is one of the easiest and cheapest ways of eating, the health risks aren't worth your life, and risking your life for something that isn't good for you could cost thousands of dollars in hospital bills.It is important to eat healthily and make good choices when deciding what to put in your body. Don't be lazy and pick up fast food on your way home from work.

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________