黎茜琳
完形填空是英语高考试卷中最稳定的题型之一,被认为是测试语言综合能力和阅读理解能力的有效方式。经过对近五年高考英语全国Ⅰ卷完形填空的分析,笔者发现有些考点的考查频率很高。在宏观层面,全国Ⅰ卷的完形填空每年都会设置一到两个主旨题,要求考生能够从宏观层面把握文章大意,提取主旨。微观层面上,逻辑关系、动作先后和代词指代是每年都会考查的内容,这要求考生能够分析句内或句间所隐含的逻辑关系,提取动作链,并且关注代词。
一、宏观层面
近五年高考全国Ⅰ卷中,完形填空的篇章均为记叙文或夹叙夹议的文章。作者通过讲述故事来激励、教育或启发考生,反映正确的价值导向。作者都在故事的结尾处抒发感悟或揭示道理,即为通常所说的主旨大意,命题者也在此处设空,如例1、例2和例3。
做主旨题时,考生需关注两个方面:第一,文章首尾两段,通常来说,这是文章主旨句的所在位置。第二,根据不同的文体,关注文章的重要信息,概括文章大意,推断主旨。一般来说,记叙文需关注故事的六要素;说明文关注事物的定义、性质、功能、原理;议论文关注作者的论点、论据和结论。
[例1](2022年全国新高考Ⅰ卷)
My husband, our children and I have had wonderful camping experiences over the past ten years.
…
Now, every year when my husband pulls our camper out of the garage, we are filled with a sense of 54 , wondering what camping fun and 55 we will experience next.
54. A. relief B. duty C. pride D. excitement
55. A. failure B. adventure C. performance D. conflict
分析:本文为记叙文,讲述了一家人的野营趣事与冒险经历。故事大意及作者的情感态度已在文章第一段点明:My husband, our children and I have had wonderful camping experiences over the past ten years。文章最后一段为体现主旨的结论句,主旨题设在最后一段的第54和55题。通读全文之后可知,作者对野营的情感态度应该是欣喜,故“we are filled with a sense of excitement”。作者认为野营给家人带来趣味和冒险,故“wondering what camping fun and adventure we will experience next”。
[例2](2021年全国新高考Ⅰ卷)
...This was harder than it sounds. ...It was all a little more high-pressure than Id expected…
This was the sort of work that made you 55 the dollars you earned and respect those who did the work, he told me.
55. A. withdraw B. donate C. receive D. appreciate
分析:本文为记叙文,讲述了作者一次暑假打工的经历。作者通过这段经历明白了珍惜金钱,尊重工作的道理。第55题为主旨题,由文章大意可知,This was the sort of work that made you appreciate the dollars you earned。
[例3](2019年高考全国Ⅰ卷)
Does Kilimanjaro 60 its reputation as a crowded mountain with lines of tourists ruining the atmosphere of peace? I found the opposite to be true.
60. A. enjoy B. deserve C. save D. acquire
分析:该篇为夹叙夹议的文章,讲述的是作者通過登乞力马扎罗山,解开人们目前对它的误解。由此可知,最后一段中的主旨题应该填Does Kilimanjaro deserve its reputation as a crowded mountain with lines of tourists ruining the atmosphere of peace?
二、微观层面
1. 逻辑关系
通过对近五年高考全国Ⅰ卷完形填空的研究,笔者发现句内或句间逻辑关系也是高频考点之一。考查的形式有两种:第一,选择逻辑词,如例4和例5都是考查表逻辑关系的词instead of。第二,根据逻辑词选择相应词汇,如例6。表1总结了近五年高考全国Ⅰ卷完形填空中考查的逻辑关系词,由表中所总结的词可见,逻辑关系词考查的难度并不大,考生只需要在做题时圈画识别出,并予以关注即可。
[例4](2022年全国新高考Ⅰ卷)
He(our 15-month-old boy)was uncomfortable, and his crying let the whole campground know it. So 45 tying him up, I just kept a close eye on him.
45. A. due to B. instead of C. apart from D. as for
分析:在“kept a close eye on my son”和“tying him up”中,作者選择了前者,故填instead of,表示转折,译为:我只是盯着他,而不是将他束在我身边。
[例5](2020年高考全国Ⅰ卷)
What if later in life they come to a metaphorical door, like an opportunity of some sort, and 55 opening the door and taking the opportunity, they just stare at it and wonder,“What if it isnt a door?”That is,“What if it isnt a real opportunity?”
55. A. by comparison with B. in addition to
C. regardless of D. instead of
分析:如果未来孩子们遇到的一扇门代表的是机遇,那么他们只会盯着这扇门,而不是打开它,抓住机遇。结合句意,该空格处应该表示转折,故选择逻辑词instead of。
注意:以上两题中都有一个just与instead of连用,即“只是……而不是……”。
[例6](2019年高考全国Ⅰ卷)
I find a clean mountain, with toilets at camps and along the paths. The environmental challenges are 48 but the efforts made by the Tanzania National Park Authority seem to be 49 .
48. A. new B. special C. significant D. necessary
49. A. paying off B. spreading out
C. blowing up D. fading away
分析:句中有转折词but,所以前后两句构成转折关系,故应为“环境挑战是巨大的(significant),但是坦桑尼亚国家公园管理局的努力却似乎正在得到回报(pay off)”。
2. 动作先后
近五年高考全国Ⅰ卷中的完形填空,有些空格需要根据动作先后,选择设空位置的相应动词,这也是完形填空的一个高频考点。从近五年的考题看,这些动作要么是用句子串联,如例7,要么是用and连接,如例8和例9。
[例7](2021年全国新高考Ⅰ卷)
Our roles in the factory were simple: Place cakes on a moving belt. Attach icing(糖霜)ears. Apply icing eyes and nose. 49 bunny from the belt.
49. A. Save B. Keep C. Stop D. Remove
分析:该处在描述我们在工厂的角色和任务,包括:将蛋糕放在传送带上,用霜糖镶嵌耳朵,再镶嵌眼睛和鼻子,最后“ 49 bunny from the belt”。place, attach, apply 及空格处的动作应该是连续的,构成动作链,故最后一个动作是把兔子蛋糕从传送带上拿下来。
[例8](2019年高考全国Ⅰ卷)
I hate lying to the kids. One day theyll 47 and discover that everything theyve always known about windows is a lie.
47. A. win out B. give up C. wake up D. stand out
分析:由and可知,空格处的动作和discover构成动作的先后,故孩子们是先醒悟(wake up),再发现他们所了解的一切都是谎言。
[例9](2018年高考全国Ⅰ卷)
“The absolute most important skill that you learn when you play chess is how to make good decisions. On every single move you have to 58 a situation, process what your opponent is doing and 59 the best move from among all your options.”
58. A. analyze B. describe C. rebuild D. control
59. A. announce B. signal C. block D. evaluate
分析:由第59空前的and可知,第58空,process和第59空这三个动作构成动作链,根据常识推断,应是在下每一步棋时,先要“分析(analyze)情形”,再“推断你的对手要做什么”,最后“从你所有的选择中评估(evaluate)最好的一步”。
3. 代词指代
代词是篇章衔接的重要手段,是近五年高考全国Ⅰ卷中完形填空的高频考点之一。目前已考查到的代词包括指示代词、人称代词、物主代词、关系代词。考生需要在阅读过程中弄清楚代词的指代,才能选择出正确的词语,与之匹配。
[例10](2022年全国新高考Ⅰ卷)
Another time, we rented a boat in Vallecito Lake. The sky was clear when we headed off, but storms move in fast in the mountains, and this one quickly 48 our peaceful morning trip.
48. A. arranged B. interrupted C. completed D. recorded
分析:空格所在句中的this one指代的是storm,意为“这次风暴打断(interrupt)了我们平静的清晨旅行”。
[例11](2021年全国新高考Ⅰ卷)
My best friend Betsys father was a manager at Hough Bakeries... It happened that the plant downtown needed eight kids for temporary help during our spring break, for which I had no 44 beyond listening to my favorite records. Id earn minimum wage. Id see how a factory worked. My parents thought all of this was a grand idea and called Betsys dad with their 47 .
44. A. plans B. problems C. excuses D. hobbies
47. A. ambition B. permission
C. experience D. invitation
分析:第44题所在的句子中,关系代词which指代的是our spring break,即and I had no _______ for our spring break beyond...(除了听喜欢的唱片外,对春节假期我没有计划(plan)”。第47题所在句子中,their指代的是前文提到的my parents,能和my parents搭配的应是permission,意为“我的父母同意了我的计划,给Betsy的父亲打了电话”。
[例12] (2019年高考全国Ⅰ卷)
The best of a Kilimanjaro experience, in my opinion, isnt reaching the top. Mountains are regarded as spiritual places by many cultures. This 52 is especially evident on Kilimanjaro as climbers go through five ecosystems(生態系统)in the space of a few kilometers.
52. A. view B. quality C. reason D. purpose
分析:空格所在句中的this指代前文的“Mountains are regarded as spiritual places by many cultures”,这是一个观点,故选择view。
责任编辑 蒋小青