王剑舒 毛涛 李晓宇 田字彬
[摘要]内镜黏膜下剥离术已经被广泛地应用于早期胃癌的临床治疗。然而,有相当数量的病人在治疗后未达根治性切除。选择合适的后续管理方式对改善非根治性切除病人的预后具有重要意义。本文着重对早期胃癌非根治性内镜黏膜下剥离术的后续管理方式及其选择进行综述。
[关键词]胃肿瘤;内窥镜黏膜切除术;疾病管理;淋巴转移;综述
[中图分类号]R735.2[文献标志码]A[文章编号]2096-5532(2022)02-0309-05
doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2022.58.023[开放科学(资源服务)标识码(OSID)]
[网络出版]https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/37.1517.R.20220218.1020.001.html;2022-02-1815:13:26
RESEARCH ADVANCES IN THE SUBSEQUENT MANAGEMENT OF NON-CURATIVE ENDOSCOPIC SUBMUCOSAL DISSECTION FOR EARLY-STAGE GASTRIC CANCER WANG Jianshu, MAO Tao, LI Xiaoyu, TIAN Zibin (Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China)
[ABSTRACT]Endoscopic submucosal dissection has been widely used in the clinical treatment of early-stage gastric cancer; however, a considerable number of patients fail to achieve curative resection after such treatment. Selection of an appropriate subsequent management method is of great significance for improving the prognosis of these patients after non-curative resection. This article reviews the subsequent management methods and its selection after non-curative endoscopic submucosal dissection for early-stage gastric cancer.
[KEY WORDS]stomach neoplasms; endoscopic mucosal resection; disease management; lymphatic metastasis; review
病變局限于黏膜层或黏膜下层而不论有无淋巴结转移的胃癌被定义为早期胃癌(EGC)[1]。近年来,随着内镜技术的发展,内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)被广泛地应用于EGC的治疗。然而,相关的研究发现,ESD的根治性切除率仅为78.6%~86.8%,而非根治性切除的病人占有一定比例[2-4]。根据日本胃癌治疗指南,非根治性ESD病人的后续标准治疗是追加外科手术[5]。然而,追加手术对其中一些病人而言可能为过度治疗从而降低其生活质量,许多研究对追加手术的必要性存在争议。因此,为改善非根治性ESD病人的预后,本文结合最新研究进展,围绕非根治性ESD病人的后续管理展开综述。
1EGC内镜根治度的判定
EGC内镜根治度的判定主要是依据日本胃癌治疗指南[5]。最新版的日本胃癌治疗指南将内镜根治度划分为3级:内镜根治度A级(eCuraA)、内镜根治度B级(eCuraB)和内镜根治度C级(eCuraC),分别代表根治性切除、扩大指征的根治性切除与非根治性切除。eCuraA是指癌灶在满足整块切除、切缘阴性、没有脉管浸润的前提下合并以下2条标准之一:①分化型癌为主、局限于黏膜层、没有溃疡;②分化型癌为主、局限于黏膜层、有溃疡、直径≤3 cm。eCuraB是指癌灶在满足整块切除、切缘阴性、没有脉管浸润的前提下合并以下2条标准之一:①以未分化型癌为主、局限于黏膜层、没有溃疡、直径<2 cm;②以分化型癌为主、侵犯黏膜下层<500 μm、直径2~3 cm。不符合上述分类标准的皆为eCuraC。eCuraC又分为eCuraC-1和eCuraC-2。eCuraC-1指分化型癌仅因水平切缘阳性或分段切除导致的非根治性切除,eCuraC-2则是指剩余其他情况下的非根治性切除。需要指出的是,对于病理类型为混合型的癌灶,eCuraA标准①中未分化成分>2 cm与eCuraB标准②中未分化成分侵入黏膜下层皆归为eCuraC-2。
2非根治性ESD病人的后续管理方式
2.1追加外科手术
非根治性ESD病人的后续标准治疗是追加外科手术[5],并且许多研究表明追加手术的病人具有更高的生存率[6-10]。然而这种结果可能是选择偏倚所致,即追加手术组病人在年龄、合并疾病等基线资料方面优于未追加手术组病人。为平衡基线资料、降低选择偏倚以明确追加手术所带来的生存获益,SUZUKI等[11]采用倾向性分数匹配的方法将非根治性ESD后追加与未追加手术的病人进行配对,结果显示,追加手术组病人的5年总生存率与5年肿瘤特异生存率均显著高于未追加手术组(5年总生存率分别为91.0%与75.5%;5年肿瘤特异生存率则分别为99.0%与96.8%)。EOM等[12]在其研究中将127例追加手术的病人和67例未追加手术的病人分别与初始治疗即为手术的病人1∶1配对,结果显示,总病死率和胃癌复发率在追加手术的病人与初始治疗即为手术的病人中没有明显差异,而未追加手术病人的总病死率显著高于初始治疗即为手术的病人(5年总病死率分别为26.0%与14.5%),复发率亦然(5年复发率分别为17.0%与0)。上述两项研究均消除了追加与未追加手术组病人在基线资料方面的差异,有力地证明了追加手术对于改善非根治性ESD病人预后的作用。
2.2单纯密切随访
尽管追加手术可带来明确的生存获益,但仍有相当数量的病人在非根治性ESD后选择单纯随访[6,9,13-21]。事实上,对年龄较大或合并疾病较严重的病人而言,随访而非手术或许更容易被接受。ESAKI等[22]将病人分为非高龄组(<70岁)、高龄组(70~79岁)和超高龄组(≥80岁),调查各组病人对追加手术的意愿,结果显示,年龄与手术选择率呈负相关,超高龄组的手术选择率显著低于非高龄组(手术选择率分别为20.1%与70.0%)。此外,生存曲线分析显示,在非高龄组与高龄组中追加手术病人的总生存率均显著高于单纯随访病人,在超高龄组中却不存在这种差异,而3组病人的肿瘤特异生存率均无明显差异。在YAMANOUCHI等[23]的研究中,79例非根治性ESD病人中只有28例选择追加手术,其余51例选择单纯随访,单纯随访组病人年龄更大、合并疾病更严重;在长期结局方面,尽管追加手术组的5年总生存率显著高于单纯随访组(5年总生存率分别为91.7%与75.3%),但单纯随访组死亡的病人中只有1例死于胃癌,两组的5年肿瘤特异生存率并无明显差异(5年肿瘤特异生存率分别为100.0%与97.8%)。在病人的长期结局方面,许多其他研究也发现手术组与随访组的肿瘤特异生存率无明显差异[7-8,18-19,24],一些研究甚至发现两组的总生存率也无明显差异[17-18,24]。事实上,这些研究往往存在样本量较小、随访时间较短、手术组癌灶恶性程度更高等特点。而ESAKI等[22]报道的超高龄组病人不论手术与否其总生存率均无明显差异的原因则不能仅以此来解释,这种结果可能是研究人群年龄偏大所致。追加手术在一定程度上改变了消化道解剖结构,从而降低了病人生存质量,而这种影响对年龄偏大的病人尤为严重,因此这些病人的总生存率便在一定程度上降低了。关于非根治性ESD后随访的频率,日本胃癌治疗指南尚未推荐。然而,对于eCuraC-1的病人,日本胃肠内镜学会指南建议每6个月随访一次[25];对于eCuraC-2的病人,HATTA等[16]建议以不超过6个月为度。
2.3追加内镜治疗
根据日本胃癌治疗指南,经ESD eCuraC-1切除的EGC病人淋巴结转移可能性较低,可在签署知情同意书的前提下追加内镜治疗[5]。后续内镜治疗措施主要包括再次ESD与氩离子凝固术。相比于后者,再次ESD能够获得病理标本以再次评估内镜根治度,其安全性与有效性已在一定程度上得到了证实[26-32]。关于再次ESD的指征,两项研究建议对水平阳性切缘长度>6 mm的病人实施再次ESD [33-34];关于再次ESD的时间,一项来自韩国的研究建议以不超过初次ESD后3个月为度[27]。再次ESD保留了胃的解剖结构,对病人的生活质量影响较小。然而,由于初次ESD时造成的黏膜下层纤维化及瘢痕,再次ESD在技术上较难实施,对内镜医师的水平提出了考验。
2.4联合前哨淋巴结示踪术或化疗
前哨淋巴结是原发肿瘤部位淋巴引流的第一站淋巴结,先通过放射性核素或染料对其进行标记,然后将标记的部位切除,如果术后病理没有检出肿瘤细胞,那么原发肿瘤的切除及其引流淋巴结的清扫即可最小化。ESD联合前哨淋巴结示踪术可协助临床医生评估癌灶的淋巴结转移情况,目前已有研究对这一方式的可行性進行了探讨[35-37]。然而,作为一项新事物,ESD联合前哨淋巴结示踪术在临床普及前尚需更多的验证。
追加化疗是另外一种新兴的非根治性ESD后管理方式。尽管目前尚无可靠的胃癌ESD联合化疗的研究,但已有研究报道了内镜切除术联合化疗治疗食管鳞状细胞癌取得良好效果[38]。因此,对于不能追加手术却又担心复发的非根治性ESD病人而言,追加化疗不失为一种可尝试的后续管理方式。然而,这一方式在推广前亦需更多安全性与有效性的验证。
3如何选择非根治性ESD病人的后续管理方式
非根治性ESD病人的预后在很大程度上取决于有无淋巴结转移。在排除尚未广泛应用于临床的ESD联合前哨淋巴结示踪术或化疗,以及仅适用于eCuraC-1病人的再次内镜治疗后,非根治性ESD病人的后续管理方式主要包括追加外科手术与单纯密切随访两种。日本胃癌治疗指南建议外科手术作为后续标准治疗方式,原因是外科手术不仅能进一步切除原发癌灶,还能清扫引流淋巴结。然而,手术后经病理证实的淋巴结转移率仅为5.1%~9.3%[6-8,13,39-40],这意味着大部分追加手术的病人可能被过度治疗。而单纯随访虽然可避免手术带来的风险,但病人却丧失了早期根治的机会,之后一旦出现肿瘤复发,预后往往不良[41]。
3.1按照淋巴结转移风险因素评估手术的必要性
许多研究结合追加手术的利弊建议对具有淋巴结转移风险因素ESD病人追加手术[6,9,14-15,17-19,24,39-40,42]。SUZUKI等[7]的研究纳入569例非根治性ESD病人,其中356例追加手术,18例于术后标本中检出淋巴结转移,脉管浸润、垂直切缘阳性是独立风险因素;212例单纯随访,8例于随访过程中复发,脉管浸润是独立风险因素。由此,作者建议对ESD病理提示脉管浸润、垂直切缘阳性的病人追加手术治疗。KAWATA等[8]对506例非根治性ESD病人进行分析,其中323例追加手术,其余单纯随访,术后病理提示30例存在淋巴结转移,脉管浸润为独立风险因素,作者亦建议对存在脉管浸润的病人追加手术。
毫无疑问,相比于武断地追加手术或单纯随访,按照淋巴结转移风险因素指导非根治性ESD病人的后续管理在一定程度上均衡了追加手术与否的利弊。但由于研究人群或者方法的不同,相关研究在结果上存在一定的差异,例如,尽管脉管浸润或垂直切缘阳性被大多数研究报道为淋巴结转移独立风险因素[14-15,18-19,24,39-40,42-45],但癌灶位于胃窦部、肉眼类型为隆起型、病理类型为未分化型在一些研究中也被提及[15,39,42]。因此,若对具有上述因素的病人一概追加手术,则必将陷入选择偏倚的误区,进而导致过度治疗;而若仅重视单个因素,则会忽略其他因素对淋巴结转移的影响,仍不利于改善病人的预后。
3.2根據淋巴结转移风险评分系统进行后续管理
HATTA等[46]建立了eCura评分系统。作者首先分析了1 101例非根治性ESD病人的淋巴结转移风险因素并将其按回归系数赋值:淋巴管浸润3分,血管浸润、黏膜下层侵犯≥500 μm、垂直切缘阳性与肿瘤>3 cm皆为1分;接着,作者计算每例病人的总分并将病人分为低危组(0~1分)、中危组(2~4分)和高危组(5~7分),统计每组的淋巴结转移率;最后,eCura评分系统被应用于905例非根治性ESD后单纯随访的病人中进行验证,结果显示,低危组、中危组与高危组的淋巴结转移率分别为2.5%、6.7%与22.7%,5年肿瘤特异生存率分别为99.6%、96.0%与90.1%,差异具有显著性。在后来的研究中发现,基于该评分系统的高危组病人若选择单纯随访,肿瘤复发率显著高于同组追加手术的病人,肿瘤特异死亡率亦有增高的倾向,而低危组的病人不论后续选择随访还是手术,肿瘤特异生存率皆无明显差异(两组肿瘤特异生存率分别为99.6%与99.7%)[16]。因此,作者建议低危组的病人可单纯随访而非追加手术。
另一个评分系统来自于JUNG等[47]的研究。该研究纳入321例非根治性ESD后追加手术的病人,分析淋巴结转移风险因素并赋值:脉管浸润2分,垂直切缘阳性和女性均为1分;验证发现,低风险组(<2分)的淋巴结转移率为1.2%,高风险组(≥2分)的淋巴结转移率为14.0%,特别是低风险组中总分为0的病人均无淋巴结转移。由此,作者推荐总分为0分(淋巴结转移率0)的病人可以仅单纯随访或追加内镜治疗,总分为1分(淋巴结转移率1.9%)的病人可考虑追加手术,总分≥2分(淋巴结转移率14.0%)的病人追加手术。
上述两个评分系统均在非根治性ESD病人淋巴结转移风险因素的基础上进行延伸与量化,使得临床医生能够基于个体淋巴结转移概率而选择后续管理方式。相比于第二个评分系统,eCura评分系统纳入的样本量更多,研究对象更具代表性,并且其适用性也已被外部验证[48]。然而eCura评分系统仍有需要进一步完善之处。例如,即便是eCura评分系统中高危组的病人,其追加手术后的淋巴结转移率也仅为22.7%,追加手术对于高危组的大多数病人而言仍为过度治疗;再者,该评分系统中未分化癌病人的构成比(14.8%)显著低于以手术作为初始治疗研究中未分化癌病人的构成比(35.9%~40.4%),这意味着很多未分化癌病人可能在初始治疗时即选择了手术而非ESD,因而该评分系统在应用于未分化癌时需格外谨慎[16,49-51]。
4小结
综上,随着ESD在EGC治疗中的广泛开展,非根治性ESD病人的后续管理显得愈加重要。我国广泛应用的后续管理方式主要为追加手术与单纯随访,二者各有利弊。建议对非根治性ESD病人按照eCura评分系统进行评估,并在结合年龄、合并疾病以及对手术意愿的前提下谨慎地做出选择。然而,eCura评分系统也有其局限性,不能被过度地依赖。因此,能否在现有研究基础上寻找新的证据指导非根治性ESD病人的后续管理,尚需更加广泛和深入的探讨,这也是未来研究的方向。
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(本文編辑马伟平)