杨晓东 彭联明
[摘要] 目的 通過检测氧化应激指标和骨密度(BMD),评价虾青素在2型糖尿病合并骨质疏松症老年患者日常保健中的作用。方法 随机抽取2020年1~6月在宁波市第一医院江北分院接受体检诊断为2型糖尿病合并骨质疏松症的老年患者60例。所有患者采用随机数字表法分为两组,其中研究组患者在正常饮食基础上口服虾青素软胶囊,对照组患者不作特殊处理。分别于服药前(T0)、服药后1个月(T1)、服药后2个月(T2)、服药后3个月(T3),检测患者血浆丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)水平及骨密度。结果 T0时点两组BMD、MDA、SOD水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),T1~T3时点,两组BMD比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),研究组MDA水平明显低于对照组,SOD水平明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与T0时点比较,T1~T3时点,研究组MDA水平明显降低,SOD水平升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),BMD无明显改变,对照组BMD、MDA、SOD水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 虾青素可减轻2型糖尿病合并骨质疏松症老年患者氧化应激损伤,增强机体抗氧化能力,但对骨密度无明显影响。
[关键词] 虾青素;2型糖尿病;氧化应激;骨密度;骨质疏松症
[中图分类号] R587.1;R714.2 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-9701(2022)07-0001-04
Effect of astaxanthin on oxidative stress level and bone mineral density in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes and osteoporosis
YANG Xiaodong PENG Lianming
Department of Traumatology, Ningbo First Hospital Jiangbei Branch, Ningbo Ninth Hospital, Ningbo 315000, China
[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the effect of astaxanthin in the daily health care of elderly patients with type 2 diabetes and osteoporosis by detecting oxidative stress indicators and bone mineral density (BMD). Methods A total of 60 elderly patients who underwent physical examination and were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and osteoporosis in Ningbo First Hospital Jiangbei Branch from January to June 2020 were randomly selected. They were divided into two groups using random number table method. The study group was given astaxanthin soft capsules plus normal diet,and the control group was given no special treatment. The plasma malondialdehyde (MDA),superoxide dismutase (SOD) level and bone mineral density before medicine (T0), and at 1 month(T1), 2 months(T2),and 3 months after medicine (T3) were detected. Results There were no significant differences in BMD,MDA and SOD levels between the two groups at T0(P>0.05). At T1-T3, there was no significant difference in BMD level between the two groups(P>0.05). The MDA level in the study group was significantly lower than that in the control group. The SOD level in the study group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). The MDA levels in the study group at T1-T3 were significantly reduced compared with that at T0(P<0.05). The SOD level was increased(P<0.05). There was no significant change in BMD level. There were no significant changes in BMD,MDA and SOD levels in the control group(P>0.05). Conclusion Astaxanthin can reduce oxidative stress damage in patients with type 2 diabetes and osteoporosis and enhance antioxidant capacity of body. It has no significant effect on bone mineral density.
[Key words] Astaxanthin; Type 2 diabetes; Oxidative stress; Bone mineral density; Osteoporosis
骨质疏松症是以骨量减少、骨质量受损、骨强度降低,导致骨脆性增加,易发生骨折为特征的一种全身系统性骨骼疾病[1]。骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)即骨骼礦物质密度,是骨骼强度的一个重要指标,基于双能X线吸收检测法(dualenergy X-ray absorptiometry,DXA)的BMD检测是临床诊断骨质疏松症及预测骨折风险的金标准[2]。据世界卫生组织估计,全世界约有4.15亿人患有糖尿病,在北美超过25%的老年人患有2型糖尿病,由于慢性高血糖,晚期糖基化终产物和氧化损伤,导致糖尿病性骨质疏松症发生率逐年升高[3]。虾青素是自然界中抗氧化能力最强的抗氧化剂,目前主要用于抗衰老,食用虾青素可减少皮肤皱纹,减轻皮肤老化[4]。在40岁以上志愿者的研究中发现,连续摄入虾青素4周,血液中氧自由基在第15天开始逐渐下降,皮肤样本分析显示,角质层脱皮减少,皮肤呈现年轻方向改变[5]。虾青素的抗氧化损伤作用可能对2型糖尿病合并骨质疏松症老年患者的辅助治疗有一定帮助,但目前仍未见相关报道。本研究旨在通过检测氧化应激水平及BMD,评价虾青素在2型糖尿病合并骨质疏松症老年患者日常保健中的作用,现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1一般资料
随机抽取2020年1—6月在宁波市第一医院江北分院接受退休职工年度体检,被诊断为2型糖尿病合并骨质疏松症的老年患者60例,其中男12例,女48例,年龄60~75岁,体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)17~26 kg/m2,所有患者均为2型糖尿病,病程3~17年。纳入标准:(1)根据《中国老年糖尿病诊疗指南(2021年版)》[6],所有2型糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白<7.5%;(2)初次诊断的骨质疏松症未经专科治疗。排除标准:(1)由于基于DXA的骨密度检测需要检测腰椎骨密度,为避免外伤和手术对检测结果的干扰,需排除腰椎骨折病史[7];(2)不能正常饮食;(3)对鸡蛋、牛奶、豆制品过敏;(4)恶性肿瘤病史;(5)自身免疫性疾病病史。入选后若研究过程中对虾青素过敏也将自动退出研究。本研究经医院医学伦理委员会批准(伦理审查批件号:2019LIK03),所有患者或家属签署知情同意书。采用随机数字表法将患者分为研究组和对照组,每组各30例。两组患者的性别、年龄、BMI、2型糖尿病病程等一般资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。见表1。
1.2方法
虾青素本身就可以辅助治疗2型糖尿病,连续8周每天午餐后口服8 mg虾青素可改善患者糖代谢,降低血压,降低内脏脂肪含量,降低血清果糖胺水平,且无任何不良反应[8]。根据文献[8]的方法,研究组患者在正常饮食基础上口服艾诗特R虾青素软胶囊(湖北雅仕达生物技术有限公司,国食健字G20120275,批号:20190312)每日1次,每次2粒(0.6 g/粒),在午餐后服用,以确保虾青素吸收效果,连续服用3个月。对照组患者仅正常饮食,不作特殊处理。
1.3观察指标
1.3.1氧化应激水平 分别于服药前(T0)、服药后1个月(T1)、服药后2个月(T2)、服药后3个月(T3)抽取患者外周静脉血5 ml,离心机(德国Eppe-ndorf,型号:eppendorf centrifuge 5810)3000转/min离心15 min,取上清液,保存在-80℃冰箱中备用,待所有患者的血液样本均采集完毕后,常温解冻样本。采用硫代巴比妥酸比色法测定血浆丙二醛(malonal-dehyde,MDA)水平,采用黄嘌呤氧化酶法测定血浆超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)水平,试剂盒均购自武汉优尔生商贸有限公司,严格按照试剂盒说明书操作。
1.3.2 BMD 分别于T0~T3各时点,采用双能X射线骨密度检测仪(美国GE,型号:LUNAR Prodigy Primo)检测患者腰椎L1~L4 BMD。患者取平卧位,初次腰椎扫描后,根据患者腰椎实际位置,手动标定X线扫描范围为L1~L4,再次行双能X线扫描,系统自动显示患者L1~L4的BMD值。
1.4统计学处理
采用SPSS 22.0统计学软件进行数据分析,符合正态分布的计量资料以(x±s)表示,组内不同时点MDA、SOD、BMD比较采用单因素方差分析,两组比较采取独立样本t检验;计数资料以[n(%)]表示,采用χ2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组氧化应激指标比较
与T0比较,T1、T2、T3时点,研究组MDA水平明显降低,SOD水平升高(P<0.05);对照组MDA、SOD水平均无明显改变(P>0.05)。T0时点,两组MDA、SOD水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),T1、T2、T3时点,研究组MDA水平明显低于对照组,SOD水平明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。见表2~3。
2.2 两组BMD比较
T0~T3时点,两组BMD比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),与T0时点比较,T1、T2、T3时点两组BMD比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表4。
3 讨论
氧化应激是2型糖尿病发生和发展最关键的因素,转录和代谢途径脂质过氧化是导致2型糖尿病患者微血管和大血管并发症的主要原因[9]。微血管病变导致成骨细胞发育受阻及代谢障碍,骨周转率降低,骨骼微观结构和物质特性发生变化,微骨折的积累促使骨密度、骨强度降低,临床表现为2型糖尿病的患者骨折发生率比非2型糖尿病患者高70%[10]。不但是2型糖尿病,氧化应激损伤还会诱发骨髓间充质干细胞的功能障碍,导致全身性骨生成减少,BMD降低,进一步加重骨质疏松症[11]。近十年以来,为了找到治疗糖尿病性骨质疏松症的有效药物,进行大量的临床及基础探索,但由于糖尿病诱导骨质疏松症的机制非常复杂,并未发现预防或改变2型糖尿病合并骨质疏松症患者骨折结局的特效药,有效控制高血糖、保护骨骼健康反而是比较现实的方法[12]。
作为自然界中效能最强的抗氧化剂,虾青素可减轻体内活性氧簇诱导的氧化应激损伤,增强SOD活性,具有多种生物学功能,使虾青素具有预防骨质疏松症的潜在功能[13]。虾青素可增加海马SOD水平,降低MDA、白细胞介素-1β和白细胞介素-6水平,上调海马核因子红细胞-2相关因子2和血红素加氧酶-1的表达,抑制核转录因子-κB 的激活,大鼠海马神经元损伤减轻,逃避潜伏期明显缩短,表明虾青素具有改善2型糖尿病相关认知功能障碍的作用[14-15]。虾青素的抗氧化作用还可以降低醛糖还原酶活性,用于预防和治疗2型糖尿病视网膜病变[16]。虾青素可显著降低2型糖尿病大鼠血清氧化低密度脂蛋白和主动脉MDA水平,减弱内皮依赖性血管内皮细胞对乙酰胆碱的反应,上调eNOS表达,降低凝集素样oxLDL受体-1(LOX-1)表达,通过抑制ox-LDL-LOX-1-eNOS通路改善糖尿病内皮功能障碍,虾青素治疗与内皮功能障碍相关的糖尿病并发症在临床上可能是有用的[17]。由于氧化应激损伤及血管内皮损伤导致的微循环障碍均是骨质疏松症的诱发因素,因此,研究者在2型糖尿病合并骨质疏松症老年患者日常生活保健中采用虾青素,希望提高机体抗氧化能力,缓解微循环障碍,改善骨骼健康。
生物体内,自由基作用于膜脂发生过氧化反应,氧化终产物为MDA,会引起蛋白质、核酸等交联聚合,具有细胞毒性,SOD是一种抗氧化金属酶,它能催化超氧阴离子自由基歧化为氧和过氧化氢,在机体氧化与抗氧化平衡中起到至关重要的作用,MDA和SOD是临床反映机体氧化应激损伤的常用指标[18-19]。BMD即骨骼矿物质密度,反映了骨骼强度或骨质疏松程度,是临床预测骨折危险性的重要依据[20]。因此,本研究采用MDA、SOD及BMD作为虾青素用于2型糖尿病合并骨质疏松症老年患者日常保健的评价指标。结果表明,连续服用虾青素1个月后,患者即开始出现血浆MDA水平降低,SOD水平升高,3个月时BMD可以有轻微改善,但并不显著。大量研究均表明,口服虾青素后3周甚至更快即可出现MDA降低、SOD升高,具有明显的抗氧化应激损伤作用,与本研究结果基本一致[21-22]。虽然抗氧化应激损伤可保护成骨细胞代谢,但由于骨质疏松症本身是一种慢性病,其病程漫长的特点决定了可能需要更加持久的临床干预才能显著提高骨密度[23],本研究只观察了患者3个月的BMD变化,故没有显著差异,这是本研究的不足之处,应继续作更长时间的临床研究加以探讨。
综上所述,连续口服虾青素3个月,可减轻2型糖尿病合并骨质疏松症患者氧化应激损伤,增强机体抗氧化能力,但对提高骨密度并无明显效果,仍需要繼续观察。
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(收稿日期:2021-02-07)