Abstract

MechanismandApproaches:AnalysisontheConsolidationandExpansionofPovertyEliminationAchievements

ZUOTing,LIYing,LIShixiong

AbstractWith China’s poverty alleviation task having been fully completed by 2020 as scheduled,how to consolidate and expand the achievements of poverty alleviation has become an important topic of concern in the theoretical and practical circles in the post-poverty alleviation era. In the course of practice,various localities have developed a series of innovative and efficient measures to consolidate and expand the achievements of poverty alleviation and high-quality poverty alleviation. Based on 117 poverty alleviation cases in 32 provinces across China,this paper first extracts case keywords that can represent the practical behavior elements of each region by text mining method,and clarifies the policy practice direction of each region by analyzing the external characteristics of the keywords. On this basis,the method of grounded theory is used to summarize and improve the behavior elements to construct the six-in-one path of consolidating and expanding the achievements of poverty alleviation,including carrying out the poverty prevention as basis,strengthening the foundation of development as precondition,strengthening intelligence and ambition as a fundamental path,promoting industrial upgrading as the focus of work,building the organic connection between rural revitalization and poverty alleviation.

Keywordspoverty elimination; consolidation of poverty elimination achievements; rural revitalization; mechanism

PovertyAlleviationPoliciesandHigh-QualityAgriculturalEconomicGrowth

JIANGAnyin,YANGZhiliang

AbstractPoverty alleviation policy promoting the high-quality growth of agricultural economy is an important way to manage relative poverty in the post poverty relief era. Based on the released list of counties and cities in concentrated and contiguous poverty-stricken areas in 2012,considering whether they are included in the list as the identification variable of the inclined support policy,the DID method is used to analyze whether pro-poor policies promote high-quality agricultural growth by using the data of 86 counties and cities in Gansu province from 2009 to 2017. The results show that poverty alleviation policy has a significant positive effect on agricultural economic growth in concentrated and contiguous poverty-stricken areas,however,it has no significant impact on agricultural industrial structure and agricultural technical efficiency. The policy performance of the poverty alleviation policies in arid areas and poverty-stricken counties inhabited by ethnic minorities is better than that in humid areas and poverty-stricken counties inhabited by non-ethnic minorities. At the same time,with the continuous implementation of the preferential support policy,the poverty alleviation policy plays an increasingly strong role in promoting the agricultural economy. Overall,poverty alleviation policies have not effectively promoted high-quality agricultural economic growth,and appropriate policy adjustments are needed in the process of relative poverty management.

Keywordshigh-quality growth; relative poverty; agricultural industrial structure; agricultural technical efficiency; DID

IdentificationofRelativePovertyCharacteristicsandPoverty-CausingFactorsofEmigrantsinHydropowerProjects

WANGZhanchen，LIGuoping，LIUFuhua

AbstractBased on the tracking survey data of hydropower project migration in Jinsha River basin from 2014 to 2018,this paper analyzes the relative poverty characteristics of hydropower migrants and the causes of poverty using multi-dimensional poverty measurement method and spatial regression discontinuities. The study found that the relative poverty characteristics of migrants are mainly developmental poverty and consumption-based poverty. First,the production of most immigrant families was seriously damaged by the reservoir construction. Restricted by natural conditions and human capital,immigrant families not only found it difficult to maintain their original livelihood,but also were blocked in the process of livelihood transformation,resulting in difficulties in the construction of family livelihood after immigration,and therefore fell into developmental poverty. Second,the construction of hydropower has increased the market participation of migrant families. After immigration,the increase of per capita living cost up to more than 2000 RMB is very unfavorable to the accumulation of family capital,which aggravates the developmental poverty of the immigrant group and increases the possibility of returning to poverty in the future. Third,these characteristics of poverty are more obvious in part-time working families and families with low to moderate income levels. Policy improvement should focus on the identification and governance of such poverty,effectively alleviating the widening development gap between and within groups,and avoiding new risks brought by policy failure.

Keywordsreservoir resettlement；relative poverty; multidimensional poverty；regression discontinuities design

FamilyBurden,GenderDivisionofLaborandEmploymentofPoorLabor

——Based on the Investigation of Relocated Households in J County,Hubei

ZHANGCuie,CHENZixuan

AbstractBased on the data of the labor force of relocation households in J County,Hubei Province,binary Logit regression model is used to explore the impact of different types of family burdens on poor labor force and the gender differences of this impact. The results show that overall,different types of family burdens have different impacts on the employment of the poor labor force,among which,the burden of support for the elderly promotes the employment of the poor labor force,and the burden of disease hinders the employment of the poor labor force. In terms of gender,there are gender differences in the impact of family burdens on the employment of the poor labor force. Women are more likely to be affected by family burdens than men. Therefore,the research points out that the rural public service construction should be improved to reduce the impact of family burden on employment. And the opportunities of home employment should be increased to reduce the conflict between employment and family and promote the full employment of the poor labor force.

Keywordsfamily burden; gender division of labor; employment of poor labor; relocated households

EffectsofFarmers’CognitiononBehavioralResponseinRuralGreenDevelopment

YANGWenjie,GONGQianwen

AbstractRural green development is an inevitable choice and driving force for rural revitalization. The effective participation of farmers is the internal driving force for green development. Based on an extended theory of planned behavior model and 592 survey data collected from respondents in 26 administrative villages of Zhejiang and Henan Province,the structural equation model and the Bootstrap method were used to investigate the multiple mediating roles of farmers’ behavior willingness and cultural identity between cognition and behavior response in rural green development. The results showed that:1) attitudes toward the behavior,subjective norms and behavior control of the farmer households jointly acted on the behavioral willingness and cultural identity,which were in turn translated into behavioral response. Compared with behavioral willingness,cultural identity showed a stronger specific mediating effect; 2) farmers’ behavioral willingness and cultural identity played a chain mediating role in the relationship between cognition and behavioral response,but there was a certain shadowing effect; 3) subjective norms had the strongest positive effect on cultural identity and behavioral willingness,while behavioral control had a negative effect on behavioral willingness. In order to guide farmers to actively participate in rural green development,we should focus on strengthening the implementation of policies to form a demonstration role while focusing on enhancing the publicity effect,guiding rural collective members to regain a sense of security and belonging in a diverse social context,and improving the behavioral conditions of farmers’ participation in rural green development,so as to reduce the restrictiveness of behavioral ability.

Keywordsrural green development; farmers’ cognition; behavior response; the theory of planned behavior; mediating effects

Farmers’WillingnesstoParticipateinEnvironmentalManagement

——From the Perspective of Experience-dependent Decision

CHANGHuayi,HEKe,ZHANGJunbiao

AbstractBy constructing a theoretical framework of large-scale farmers’ willingness to participate in environmental management based on a psychology hypothesis of decision from the experiment,we systematically studied the formation mechanism of large-scale farmers’ environmental governance participation willingness and its path differences under different environmental governance models. Firstly,we constructed the path framework of farmers’ environmental governance participation decision-making mechanism from the perspective of empirical dependence and proposed a research hypothesis based on the perceived differences of different governance scenarios. Then,we used the survey data of 2017 in Hubei province to test the hypothesis using PSM. The results show that the farmers who have experience of recycling pig manure are more willing to participate in environmental management. In the mandatory environmental governance scenario,the willingness of environmental management participating is always expanded under a weaker perception of governance management. While,in induced environmental governance scenario,the willingness of environmental management participating is always expanded under a more profound perception of social interaction. This provides a possibility to coordinate the “top-down” coercive environmental governance model with the “bottom-up” induced environmental governance model in rural areas.

Keywordsenvironmental management; large-scale farmers; experience of resources recycling; governance management; social interaction.

CapitalEndowment,EnvironmentalChangePerceptionandFarmers’WillingnesstoPayfortheEnvironmentalAttributesofGreenManure

——A Choice Experiment of Smallholders’ Wheat-legume Green Manure Intercropping

LITan,WANGXin,SONGYanping

AbstractBased on the choice experiment survey from 1058 wheat-smallholders in four provinces of Henan,Hebei,Anhui and Shandong,the smallholders’ payment preferences on green manure’s environmental attributes were analyzed. Meanwhile,random parameter logit models were used to analyze the heterogeneity of smallholders’ capital endowments and perception of environmental changes and explore the marginal willingness to pay for different environmental attributes of green manure. The results show that among the endowment of smallholders,the number of family agricultural labor,per capita income level,frequency of communication with relatives and friends,and education level have a positive impact on the willingness of smallholders to pay for the environmental attributes of green manure; in terms of the perception of environmental changes,smallholders who are concerned that wheat production will be affected by environmental degradation are more willing to pay; under the influence of capital endowments and environmental change perception factors,farmers’ willingness to pay for the environmental attributes of leguminous green manure has increased significantly with highest willingness to pay for cultivated land quality and fertility improvement attributes and lowest willingness to pay for attributes of slightly improved land quality and fertility.

Keywordssmallholder; green manure; capital endowment; environmental change perception; choice experiment method

CanSubsidiesforWeakLinksofAgriculturalProductionTrusteeshipImprovestheFarmers’WillingnessofWhole-processTrusteeship?

——A Case Study on Agricultural Pest Control Subsidy

HANQing,LIUQilin,MENGTing

AbstractOne of the objectives of agricultural production trusteeship subsidy is to make up for the limitation in agricultural production trust by subsidizing small farmers to purchase trust services for key and weak links in crop production and guide farmers to change their production mode from single-link trusteeship and multi-link trusteeship to whole-process trusteeship. Based on the field survey data of the pilot areas of agricultural pest control subsidy in Jiaxing city of Zhejiang province,Changde city of Hunan province and Suzhou city of Anhui province,the article analyzes the impact of subsidies for weak links of agricultural production trusteeship on farmers’ willingness of whole-process trusteeship and also screens the differences in the impact of subsidies on farmers with different degrees of household land size and old age. The results show that the weak link of agricultural production trusteeship subsidy has a positive effect on farmers’ willingness of whole-process trusteeship against the background of a high proportion of trusteeship in labor-intensive production links such as cultivation and harvesting. The higher level of cognition toward benefit of weak link trusteeship and farmers’ education,the higher level of farmers’ willingness of whole-process trusteeship. The part-time farmers have higher willingness of whole-process trusteeship than pure farmers. With the moderating effect of farmers owning agricultural machinery,the positive effect of large-scale of agricultural land on farmers’ willingness of whole-process trusteeship is gradually weakened. The subsidy has significant impact on farmers’ whole-process trusteeship,which is mainly reflected in the high-scale group of agricultural land and high-age group. Therefore,the government should expand the coverage of subsidies for the weak link of agricultural production trusteeship and especially focus on the farmers’ families which have higher land scale and higher degree of aging. The government should standardize services and lower the service price,in order to shift farmers’ agricultural operation from labor-intensive trusteeship and technology-intensive trusteeship to whole-process trusteeship.

Keywordsweak links of agricultural production trusteeship; trusteeship subsidy; whole-process trusteeship; agricultural pest control; policy effect

EffectfromExclusionofAgriculturalInsuranceonFarmers’IncomeinChina：aHeterogeneityAnalysisBasedonPSMMethod

GUOJun，JIAn，PENGChao

AbstractThere is a serious agricultural insurance exclusion in China,which has a certain impact on farmers’ income. Based on crop insurance data from twelve counties of six northern provinces in 2015-2016，we adopted the Propensity Score Matching method to correct the possible sample selectivity bias and systematically examine the impact of agricultural insurance exclusion on farmers’ income. Empirical result shows that agricultural insurance exclusion has a significant negative impact on farmers’ income,and the difference in agricultural income between excluded farmers and non-excluded farmers is 6%. The results of heterogeneity analysis indicate that the increase of agricultural income of non-excluded young farmers and expanded non-excluded farmers is significant. In addition,compared with the farmers with higher risk of disaster,low affected farmers who are not excluded have a low probability of being affected and getting compensation. So agricultural premiums become additional agricultural costs and reduce their income. Therefore,the government should promote policy-based agricultural insurance by increasing compensation level,expanding scope and designing more insurance plans. By reducing the exclusion,agricultural insurance would play more significant role in promoting income of farmers.

Keywordsagricultural insurance; agricultural insurance exclusion; Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition; propensity score matching

PathofTechnologicalChangeandFoodSecurityinChina

——Simulation Based on GTAP Model

LEIZekui,TUTaotao,LIXia

AbstractBased on GTAP model,the impact of directed technological change on China’s food security is examined with grain output and nutrient supply per capita as food security indicators. The result shows that the direction of agricultural technological change is crucial to ensuring food security. In terms of agricultural production,all directed technological changes are favorable to the increase of agricultural outputs,among which the effect of land-augmenting and unskilled labor-augmenting technological change is the most significant. Further classification of unskilled labor shows that farming and other unskilled labor-augmenting technological change has the most significant effect on increasing agricultural output. In terms of changes in nutrient supply per capita,the impact of directed technological change in agricultural sectors on nutritional supply is different. The land-augmenting and unskilled labor-augmenting technological change has the most significant impact on the per capita nutrition supply,while the impact of water-augmenting technological progress on per capita nutrient supply is insignificant. In the scenario of subdividing unskilled labor,among the three types of unskilled labor-augmenting technological change,the farming and other unskilled labor-augmenting technological change has the most significant impact on the per capita nutrition supply. Therefore,to ensure food security in China,technological change in agriculture should be directed towards improving the productivity of land and unskilled labor.

Keywordspath of technological change; food security; nutritional indicators; GTAP model；agricultural output

AnalysisofPriceSupportPolicy’sInfluenceMechanismonSoybeanTotalFactorProductivity

ZHOUYang，SHAOXiwu

AbstractBased on the Super-efficiency DEA model,the double difference model was used to analyze the net effect of price support policy on soybean TFP in the period of price and the specific impact path. The results show that the implementation of price support policy inhibits the effective improvement of soybean TFP,but there are structural differences and market reforms which help to improve soybean TFP while the suppressive effect of price support policy on soybean TFP is not strong and persistent. The price support policy produces the “negative productivity effect” because it does not bring effective income incentive,and the low level of wealth and market distortion restrain the enthusiasm of soybean farmers to improve the production factor allocation. Considering the fact that the gap with corn yield per unit area cannot be narrowed in the short term,the effect of current soybean producer subsidy policy on improving TFP should not be overestimated if it fails to provide stable income expectation for farmers. Therefore,in the process of adjusting and revising the soybean producer subsidy policy,we should strengthen the strategic design of the system,and shift from the single subsidy incentive to the diversified policy support.

Keywordsprice support policy; soybean TFP; producer subsidy policy; super-efficiency DEA model; difference in differences

GameResearchonRiskAllocationinRuralInfrastructurePublic-PrivatePartnershipProject

AOHui,ZHUYujie

AbstractThe static game theory is introduced to establish risk-sharing and unilateral risk analysis model based on multi-party win-win rural infrastructure PPP project,thus the initial risk sharing plan for rural infrastructure PPP projects is determined. Based on dynamic game theory,a decision-making model for rural infrastructure PPP projects’ optimal risk sharing ratio is established to find the optimal Nash equilibrium solution of the model and determine the optimal risk sharing ratio. The research shows that in the static game of risk sharing in rural infrastructure PPP projects,the risk appetite and risk control capabilities of the participants determine the initial risk sharing plan; while in the dynamic game of risk sharing of rural infrastructure PPP projects with priority bids by the private party,the size of the negotiation loss coefficient of the public and private parties,the unequal status of the two parties and the degree of information asymmetry directly affect the size of the optimal risk sharing ratio.

Keywordsrural infrastructure；PPP project；risk allocation；static game; dynamic game

DoubleAnalysisoftheChangeofBetrothalGiftsinRuralAreas:GenderRatioStructureandInter-generationalResponsibility

HEQianqian

AbstractThe large-scale migration of urban and rural population broke the traditional marriage circle in rural areas,and farmers completed marriage in the open marriage market. The outflow of women in some areas leads to the structural imbalance in gender ratio creating local marriage competition and driving up the standard of bride price. Marital pressure is the external condition of the change of the bride price,while inter-generational responsibility is the internal basis of the payment of the bride price,and the change of bride price is the result of the change of external marriage situation and family ethics. The different structure of gender ratio and inter-generational responsibility in different regions caused the differences of bride price in different rural areas which can be explained from two dimensions:gender ratio structure and inter-generational responsibility.

Keywordsmarriage market; gender ratio structure; inter-generational responsibility; bride price changes

StudiesontheEffectofEmploymentQualityandSocialTrustonMigrantWorkers’SubjectiveWell-being

ZHANGJingwei，CHENZhi，DINGShijun

AbstractImproving the subjective well-being of migrant workers has a boosting effect on building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way. Based on the CGSS data in 2015,this paper constructs an o-logit model to investigate the main effect and interaction effect of migrant workers’ employment quality and social trust on subjective well-being,and uses the instrumental variable method to eliminate the possible endogenous problems. The results are as follows:1) The employment qualities of migrant workers have a significant effect on subjective well-being among which high work reward,short working hours,free working environment,clear job security and stable working state contribute greatly to migrant workers’ happiness. 2) Migrant workers with higher social trust have higher subjective well-being and the social trust of migrant workers has a differential order pattern. 3) There are interactive effects between migrant workers’ work reward,working hours and their trust in neighbors,relatives and people who participate in amateur activities together. The results show that migrant workers’ trust in neighbors and relatives can enhance the positive impact of income on subjective well-being and trust in neighbors and people who participate in amateur activities can alleviate the negative impact of working hours on subjective well-being. Therefore,the government should increase the maintenance of migrant workers’ income and social security and enrich the spiritual life of migrant workers and other aspects to improve the happiness of migrant workers.

Keywordsmigrant workers; subjective well-being; employment quality; social trust

TheInnerStructureandOrganizationPracticeofFarmerCooperationundertheBackgroundofReturningCapital

——A Case Study on the Construction of Beautiful Village in Lin Village,Central Hubei Province

ZENGJianfeng

AbstractHow to promote the connection and cooperation among farmers is a key issue in rural development and governance. Based on the theory of collective action,regarding the cooperation among farmers as a kind of collective action,this paper discusses the specific process of farmers’ self-organization and cooperation through investigating the practice of the construction of beautiful village,and analyzes the mechanism and behavior logic of the cooperation. It is found that the cost-sharing of key groups,the establishment of trust network and the action ethics within the community jointly shape the cooperation farmers’ willingness and cooperation ability and ultimately promote cooperation. Specifically,the return of economic elites solves the problem of resource supply to start cooperation and provides a prerequisite for cooperation; the return of capital and governance of capable people cultivate the trust structure and institutional strength to maintain cooperation,which provides guarantee for and constraint on cooperation; the action ethics and emotional morality of village members shape a unique cost-benefit distribution and provide an important support for cooperation. Therefore,in the process of construction of beautiful villages,attention should also be paid to the construction of internal self-organization forces in order to ensure the sustainable impetus for village development and revitalization.

Keywordscapital back to countryside; hierarchy structure; trust network; cost-benefit distribution; farmers’ cooperation

NormativeStructureofProtectionofFarmers’VarietiesfromthePerspectiveofIntellectualProperty

WANZhiqian，ZHANGWenfei

AbstractFarmers’ varieties with collective，territorial and inherited attributes are cultivated by farmers through collective innovation in certain areas for a long time and are proved to be of special quality. The value of farmers’ varieties is the genetic information they contain which can be properly protected by intellectual property systems that takes information as the object of protection，but the application should be different from intellectual property systems protecting private innovation. The acquisition of farmers’ varieties should meet comparatively low requirement of identifiability and be subject to registration procedures. The protection modes of farmers’ varieties mainly consist of active protection in the form of sui generis right and defensive protection. Under protection of sui generis right，subject of farmers’ varieties right is divided into two levels，i.e. static right of farmers’ varieties attributed to the state，and dynamic right of farmers’ varieties exercised by the farmer collective of specific community. Farmers’ varieties right with collective attribute shall not be transferable. But obligee could enjoy the rights of informed consent and benefit sharing based on permission. Some restrictive systems of rational use，compulsory license and duration of protection should be set up at the same time，in order to achieve the balance of interests，and promote innovations in the field of plant breeding.

Keywordsfarmers’ variety；collective innovation；intellectual property；sui generis right；informed consent；benefit sharing

HowPoliticalConnectionsCanAffectLong-termInvestmentinFarmland

LIXingguang,XUEWen,HUOXuexi

AbstractIn the process of economic transformation,the government usually controls the use and allocation of various production factors which influence the accessibility and size of the returns of long-term investment in farmland and consequently,determine long-term investment in farmland. Therefore,this paper uses the survey data of 762 farmers to empirically test the influences of political connections on long-term investment in farmland. The results showed that closer political connections could significantly boost long-term investment in farmland. In terms of influencing mechanism,on the one hand,closer political connections could significantly increase the level of contract formalization and promote the participation of third parties in the farmland transfer,which improved the expectation of the risk of farmland property rights. On the other hand,closer political connections could improve significantly the availability of production factors such as land,loans,agricultural subsidies and agricultural insurance and thus promote long-term investment in farmland. It is concluded that during the period of economic transition,the closer political ties are conducive to improving the stability of land ownership and the availability of production factors,which can promote long-term investment in farmland. But the closer political ties lead to the problem of “elite capture” in the use and allocation of production factors,which results in unfair income distribution and the losses of social welfare. Therefore,it is suggested that the relevant farmland confirmation and registration should be perfected,and farmland rental contracts should be formal and standardized in accordance with the law; meanwhile rural factor markets should be developed,and the role of price mechanism should be given full play.

Keywordslong-term investment in farmland; political connections; tenure security; factor input；the investment of farmyard manure

TemporalandSpatialEffectsofLandValueIncrementofUrbanRailTransitandInvestmentPriority——From the Perspective of Government Land Value Capture

WANGYing，ZHANGAnlu

AbstractUrban rail transit construction will have spillover effects on the land along the lines. Based on sample of land transfer data and the city POI data in Wuhan,this paper makes use of the hedonic price models to explore the scope and density of impact of rail transit premium among overall-suburban-urban areas and different types of land. Furthermore,this article studies when the government can obtain the maximum premium for selling land plots in the area under the influence of rail transit,and provides planning strategies and ideas for land supply under the government’s land value capture policy. The results are as follows:1) Spatially,the impact of rail transit on suburban land values is greater than that on the urban area,moreover the increment of residential land value is more sensitive to the change of distances from rail transit than that of commercial land. 2) Temporally,the accessibility of urban rail transit will have the largest impact on land value 5-10 years after the opening of rail transit. The increase of residential land value is flatter than that of commercial land in the process of capitalization. 3) The commercial land,residential land and mix land have positive spillover effects while industrial land has a negative impact on land value. It is concluded that the government should extend the rail transit to the suburbs,which can not only save marginal cost and alleviate the traffic congestion in the urban area,but also strengthen the interaction and economic connection between the urban center and the periphery and promote the integrated development of urban and rural areas and improve the efficiency of government investment. Moreover,the government can capture the land value to the greatest extent as well as recover the public investment of subway by reserving land 5-10 years before the opening of rail transit. In addition,the government’s rail transit planning should give priority to the commercial and residential functional areas with dense population and active economic activities.

Keywordsland value increment; land value capture; temporal and spatial effects; hedonic price model; investment priority