李文东
随着新中考改革的不断深入,初中英语教学正在发生质的变化:在教学方法上,由原来课堂“以教师教为中心”转向“以学生学为中心”;在学习方法上,由“侧重知识的记忆和积累”转向“侧重听说讀写译能力的发展”;在学习内容上,由“侧重基础单词和语法”转向“侧重阅读和写作”;在教学方式上,由“死记硬背、刷题得分”转向“素养导向、能力立意”。可以概括为方法指导为根本,语篇阅读为重点,核心素养为导向,能力养成为目标。那么,在英语课堂教学中,如何诠释上述变化并实现育人目标呢?经过实践,笔者研发的“SMART英语翻转课堂教学法”可以有效解决这一问题。(见图1)
翻转课堂是对学生的学习过程进行重构的教与学相统一的课堂教学模式。翻转课堂英文表达为“Flipped Classroom”或“Inverted Classroom”,其本质是将课内外学习时间重新调整,由原来“老师课上讲授、学生课后复习”改为“学生课前学习,老师课上点拨”,学习的决定权由教师转移给学生。在这种教学模式下,教师不再占用课堂的时间来讲授知识,学生可以在课前通过观看教师录制的微视频自主完成,从而实现自主规划学习内容、学习方式的目标。
“SMART英语翻转课堂教学法”以培养学生自主学习能力为出发点,以培养学生英语学科核心素养为教学导向,其核心思想是以学生学为中心,包括五个部分,即学案导学、微课辅学、分组研学、阅读优学、教材自学。SMART取自学案(Study plan)、微课(Micro-lecture)、分组(Ability grouping)、阅读(Reading)、教材(Textbook)的英文首字母。这五部分内容既彼此独立,又相互关联。
一、学案导学
学案导学是以学案为学习提纲,以学生自学、自研、互研、教师导学、释疑为手段进行的教学活动。学案的本质是学生的学习地图。学案的设计应给学生以明确的思维导向,让学生最大限度参与到课前、课上、课后学习的完整过程之中。
学案设计要遵循三个原则。第一是全景化原则,即学习内容完备,知识结构体系完整。第二是具体化原则,即每一个重难点问题的设计,都要围绕学生的学而展开,要做到分层次、列提纲、设问题,使静态学习转变为动态学习。第三是个性化原则,即最大限度地满足学生的个性化需求,帮助学生节省时间,因为时间是学生学习的最大成本。
以外研版八年级(下)Module 1 Feeling and Impressions为例,在实际教学中,本模块共设计五课时学案,第一课时词汇+短语,第二课时句型+语法,第三课时听力+口语,第四课时阅读+完形,第五课时翻译+写作。每个学案包括预习导学模块、课堂研学模块、课堂拓学模块、课堂测学模块、作业固学模块五部分。
二、微课辅学
微课是指为使学生自主学习获得最佳效果,经过精心的信息化教学设计,以流媒体形式展示的,围绕某个知识点或教学环节开展的简短、完整的教学活动。因此,微课制作要从学生的角度出发,要体现以学生自主学习为本的教学思想,以便学生利用课前碎片化时间实现对重难点知识的个性化学习。
微课辅学在“SMART英语翻转课堂教学法”中起到至关重要的作用。微课视频内容为每个学案的预习导学模块内容讲解。通常每个Module制作五个微课视频,每个微课视频的时长通常在5到8分钟,视频力求主题突出、精简明确。
通过制作PPT,用录屏软件录制好老师的讲解过程并在课前发给学生,学生就可以通过结合老师的视频讲解自主学习本课时的重点句型和语法知识,把原来在课上学习的内容前置到课前完成。
三、分组研学
分组研学是指在同一班级内,根据学生学习成绩的变化,将他们分成学习内容深浅不同或进度各异的小组。分组研学的目的是对学生进行因材施教、分层测试、分层评价,使不同层次的学生都能建立信心,看到希望,主动学习,形成自我发展的能力,以实现优等生“吃得饱”、中等生“吃得好”、学困生“吃得了”的教学要求,从而大面积提高班级各层次学生的学习成绩。
例如,外研版八年级(下)Module 1 Feeling and Impressions第一课时词汇+短语学案中的课堂研学模块内容设计如下:
A组:用所给词的适当形式填空
1. He seemed (friendly)at first, but now I realize he’s warm and kind.
2. The weather today becomes even(bad).Why not take a raincoat with you?
3. I like listening to light music. It can make me feel(relax).
4. Thanks for (tell)me about this.
5. I like all kinds of fruits, (especial)apples.
6. We are so excited about(win)the football match.
7. We get on well with the local people. They are(friend)to us.
8. She couldn’t wait(open)the present that she received.
9. Sally(meet)Lingling in a few days.
10. These melons look and sell .(good)
B组:用所给词的适当形式填空
lovely soft sour strong sugar sweet
1. I bought a large chocolate cake, because I lovefood.
2. Dried fish has ataste. You don’t need much of it in the dish.
3. She does not putin tea because she does not like sweet tea.
4. The milk has goneovernight, so we cannot drink it.
5. The bed feelsand comfortable.
C组:用所给词的适当形式填空
a few be afraid of can’t wait each other
as well in a few days
1.There arestudents in the classroom.
2.The boy doesn’t want to cross the bridge, because hefalling off it.
3.Ito go on holiday with my family.
4.At first, they hated, but they ended up being good friends.
5.Tong Liya is a famous actress, and she is a good dancer.
分组研学的实施,主要发生在课堂上,其目标是发展优等生、提高中等生、帮助学困生;其原则是有利于教师课上组织教学,调动不同层次学生的学习积极性和主动性;其模式包括分组研讨、分组练习、分组考试、分组评价、分组辅导。分组不是固定不变,可以随着学生情况的改变而改变。
四、阅读优学
阅读优学是指教师帮助学生优选来自英文报刊上有时代感的、与学生水平相当的、优质地道的英文材料,优先学习、优化学习。其目的是通过原汁原味的英语短文的学习,提高学生的英语阅读能力。
要提高学生的阅读能力,有两个必要条件。一是必须扩大词汇量,同时阅读本身就是学习词汇、扩大词汇量的最佳途径,因为多阅读,接触的生词自然就会增多。二是必须掌握大量的语法知识,因为在阅读材料中包含许多语法现象,学生有了牢固的语法知识,可以促进阅读的顺利进行,提高阅读的速度和效率。而语法知识的学习又不能和阅读割裂开来,阅读和语法学习应同时进行。也就是说,一定要让词汇和语法的学习发生在阅读中。
例如,外研版八年级(下)Module 1 Feeling and Impressions第四课时阅读+完形学案中的作业固学模块内容设计如下:
阅读理解(表格型)
Many kinds of birds live in the United States, but the number of the birds is becoming smaller every year. One of the leading reasons is the growing number of pet cats. By keeping your pet cats in your home, you can help give birds a better possible chance to live.
Of the 90 million pet cats in this country, about two—thirds are allowed to go outside. It is said that these cats kill hundreds of millions of birds each year, as well as billions of small animals such as rabbits and field mice. They can also bring illness to the animals that live in people's yard (院子), further weakening the health of the natural populations.
Allowing pet cats to go outside is not just bad for birds and wildlife, it's also bad for the cats themselves. Outdoor cats can get sick very easily. They are in danger from traffic and attacks (攻擊)from other animals. In fact, outdoor cats usually don't live past the age of five, while indoor cats often live to be 17 or older. Keep your pet cat inside! If you raise a young cat, it's your duty to let it play inside.
完形填空(单选型)
Are you shy?If you are, you are not alone. In fact, nearly 50% of people are shy, and almost 80% feel shy at some point in their lives. Why are people 1?It is found that family size might 2people to be shy. Children with no brothers and sisters may be shy. Growing up 3, they often play by themselves. They are not able to develop the same social skills as children from big 4. Another cause of shyness could be 5. As more and more people use the Internet, they 6less time outside, talking to people. As a result, they lose practice at conversation. 7to new people face to face can make them feel nervous. For shy people, it can be 8to make friends, speak in class, and even get a good job. But scientists say you can 9your shyness. They suggest trying 10things and practicing conversation. Anyway, don't be afraid of shyness—you are valued for what you are.
通過上述阅读文章的精准选编以及课后学生对文章中生词和语法的积累,学生的英语阅读能力短期内便有大幅提高,而英语阅读能力的提高是发展其他语言技能的基础和前提。英语阅读不仅能增长知识、提高学生学习英语的兴趣,还能培养和增强学生学习英语的语感,促使学生提高英语写作水平,可谓一举多得。
五、教材自学
教材自学的形式是指导学生自主学习教材内容,其目的是培养学生终身受用的自主学习能力。教材的知识体系完备,难易程度符合学生成长规律,尤其是各种详解、注释、辅导材料配套齐全,是最适合学生自主学习的优质资源。
新时代的正确学习方式是碎片化学习、跨界学习和终身学习,而这三种学习方式的基础便是自主学习。因此,培养学生自主学习能力,不仅是时代的需要,更是教师义不容辞的职责。
“SMART英语翻转课堂教学法”体现了初中英语教学“以人为本”的教学宗旨,贯彻了“以学定教,先学后教,以教促学,教学相长”的教学思想,培养了学生自主、合作、探究的学习能力,提高了学生英语学习的效率,形成了有效的学习策略和个性化的学习风格。
(责任编辑:李晶)