新课标、新高考、新教材背景下教育质量检测工具的跨区域研发项目成果展示

黑龙江 王 莹 河北 李 燕

【阅读理解】

Older adults often suffer from mild cognitive impairment（MCI）（轻度认知功能障碍）.It is defined as the stage between cognitive decline that comes naturally with aging and the more serious decline in brain performance（dementia）（痴呆）.MCI affects many aspects of cognition,such as memory,language,judgment and thinking.

Modern treatments for MCI and dementia involve mostly medications that are yet to be proven effective.But there are natural ways for individuals with MCI to improve their condition.Cognitive training,for instance,can help them develop their remaining cognitive skills.Improving their cardiovascular fitness can also lower their risk of further brain damage caused by blockage of blood vessels.

But in a recent study,researchers at RMIT University in Australia found yet another way to boost cognitive function without using modern medications.By evaluating clinical evidence presented by multiple studies,the researchers found that traditional Chinese medicines（TCM）can cause positive changes in the brains of adults with MCI.They reported their findings in an article published in The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine.

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment（MoCA）is a sensitive measure used to evaluate changes in cognitive function.MoCA is often used to test the effects of TCM on people with MCI.The researchers selected a total of 19 studies,16 of which contributed to data analyses.Three studies were placebocontrolled（安慰剂对照）,while nine compared a TCM herb with conventional medication.Three studies combined a TCM with a modern drug,and one study combined a known TCM with cognitive training.In two of the placebo-controlled studies,which lasted for 24 weeks,TCM herbs produced favorable results at the end of treatment.Overall,results suggested that certain TCM formulations can improve MoCA scores by 1.76 to 2.34 points.

Based on these findings,the researchers concluded that TCM herbs,owing to their active components,can improve cognitive function in people with MCI.

1.What’s the main reason why the elderly suffer from MCI?

A.Mental decline. B.Aging.

C.Cancer. D.Hearing loss.

2.Which is the natural way to improve MCI in the elderly?

A.Cognitive training.

B.Traditional Chinese medicines.

C.TCM with cognitive training.

D.The Montreal Cognitive Assessment.

3.What does the author intend to do in Paragraph 4?

A.Describe the function of TCM.

B.Prove the effectiveness of TCM.

C.Point out the importance of TCM.

D.Show the history of TCM.

4.What can be the best title for the text?

A.How to Treat Dementia Effectively

B.Effective Ways to Treat MCI and Dementia

C.TCM Can Improve Memory and Cognition

D.Modern Treatments Can Cure MCI and Dementia

一、答案及解析

【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了中药可以改善轻度认知障碍患者的认知功能。

1.B 细节理解题。

【解题思路】根据第一段第二句“It is defined as the stage between cognitive decline that comes naturally with aging and the more serious decline in brain performance（dementia）（痴呆）.”可知，老龄化是老年人患上轻度认知功能障碍的主要原因。故选B。

2.A 细节理解题。

【解题思路】根据第二段第二、三句“But there are natural ways for individuals with MCI to improve their condition.Cognitive training,for instance,can help them develop their remaining cognitive skills.”可知，认知训练是一种可以改善老年人轻度认知障碍的自然方法。故选A。

3.B 推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据第四段内容尤其是最后一句“Overall,results suggested that certain TCM formulations can improve MoCA scores by 1.76 to 2.34 points.”可知，作者介绍第四段的内容是为了证明中药的有效性。故选B。

4.C 标题概括题。

【解题思路】通读全文尤其是根据最后一段内容可知，本文主要介绍了中药可以改善轻度认知障碍患者的认知功能。故选C。

二、命题依据

【学科型专业依据】本题与2020 年高考英语全国卷Ⅰ阅读理解D 篇的体裁、语篇类型一致，命题角度和考查知识点等接近。说明文阅读为高考英语阅读理解的必考体裁，人与自然的素材话题为高考英语高频话题。

【教育测量学依据】本题以黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市依安县第一中学高三年级学生为测试样本，难度系数为0.6，符合高考英语阅读理解题的难度要求。

【教学经验型依据】

三、命题意图

【考查意图】本语篇的预设难度为中等，出题角度多样，包含2 道细节理解题、1 道推理判断题和1 道标题概括题。主要考查考生通过阅读文章获取某些特定的信息，理解文中具体信息，做出判断和推理，理解主旨要义。本题的设误点为老年人产生轻度认知障碍的具体信息间的互相干扰，如老年人产生轻度认知障碍的原因、改善老年人轻度认知障碍的自然方法及可能有限的药物治疗措施等。

（作者单位：黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市依安县第一中学）

【“七选五”】

Studies have shown that children who grow up in the care and guidance of their fathers are more sympathetic and have greater control over their lives.1 Here are some valuable lessons you,as a father,can teach your son:

Develop the strength to face life.Life won’t always be easy.2 The pressures to succeed at work,support the family,etc.will not be easy to handle without proper guidance.So your son can take all the advice you can offer.Also help your son build self-confidence early in life.Remind him that while it is okay to fail,it is not okay to give up.

Teach him what is right.Sometimes the wrong path looks profitable but can lead you to the bottom quickly.So teach yourson to choose the right path no matter how hard things get.Model for him the power of honesty and share your personal experiences.3

Teach him the importance of family.If you have always put your family first,and are consistently there for them,you are teaching your son the importance of family.4 Teach him the importance of spending quality time with family.

5 Your son could face several dilemmas in life.So teach him not to be afraid to take the road less traveled.For example,you could be a baseball player,and your son might be into the arts.Rather than forcing him to do something you like,give your support and encourage him to pursue his passion.

A.Confirm his choices.

B.Provide your choices.

C.There are challenges boys have to face when they grow up.

D.They also tend to do better in school and have more motivation.

E.Make sure to offer encouragement when he makes correct decisions.

F.He will learn to respect the women and build his healthy future family.

G.Your son will adopt many of your attitudes about how to lead a family.

一、答案及解析

【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了父子关系的重要性以及父亲可以教给儿子的一些宝贵的人生经验。

1.D 逻辑关系题。

【解题思路】本题考查考生理解上下文，建立段内连贯语义的能力。空格前提到“研究表明，在父亲的关爱和指导下长大的孩子更富有同情心，对生活的掌控力更强”，是在说明父亲参与孩子的成长的好处，D 选项“他们往往在学校也表现得更好，并且更有动力”能够承接此句。故选D。

2.C 逻辑关系题。

【解题思路】本题考查考生理解段落主旨和识别句间关键信息的能力。本段的主旨是培养面对生活的勇气，段落结构是先列出困难，后提出建议。本空设在第二段第三句，应该起承上启下的作用。空格前一句说生活不易，后一句列出了孩子长大后所面临的事业和家庭等方面的压力，C 选项“男孩长大后会面对诸多挑战”符合此处语境。故选C。

3.E 逻辑关系题。

【解题思路】本题考查考生理解段落主题和支撑主题的具体信息的能力。本段的主题是教会他判断什么是对的，强调无论遇到多少困难，父亲都要教儿子选择正确的道路。本空设在段尾，应承接主题，E 项中的correct（正确的）一词和主题句中的right 为同义词复现，且E 选项“务必在他做出正确的决定时给予鼓励”为前文提供了信息的支撑。故选E。

4.G 逻辑关系题。

【解题思路】本题考查考生理解段落主旨和识别句间关键信息的能力。本段的主旨是教导他家庭的重要性，强调如果父亲一直将家庭放在首位，那么他就是正在教导儿子家庭的重要性。G 选项“您的儿子如何领导家庭会受到父亲许多态度方面的影响”符合本段主旨，且G 项中的family 为原词复现，是解题的关键词。故选G。

5.A 主旨大意题。

【解题思路】本题考查考生概括段落大意和把握段内衔接关系的能力。本空设在段首句的位置，考查本段 的主旨大意。根据上文段首句的格式可知，本题答案会在A 项和B 项中产生。后文提到“您的儿子在生活中可能会面临一些难题。因此，教导他不要害怕走少有人走的路。例如，您可能是棒球选手，而您的儿子可能是艺术爱好者。与其强迫他做您喜欢的事情，不如鼓励、支持他追求自己的热衷之事”。所以，A 选项“认可他的选择”符合题意。故选A。

二、命题依据

【学科型专业依据】本题与2020 年7 月高考英语浙江卷“七选五”的题材一致，体裁和语篇类型与2020 年新高考Ⅰ卷（供山东省使用）“七选五”一致，命题角度和考查能力等也基本与这两套试卷接近。本语篇的主题语境为“人与自我”，家庭教育中的亲子关系也是历年高考英语的热点话题。

文本词数248，选项词数66，总共314 词，基本符合高考英语“七选五”300 左右词汇的要求。

【教育测量学依据】本题以河北省张家口东方中学高三年级学生为测试样本，难度系数为0.63，符合高考英语“七选五”题型的难度要求。

【教学经验型依据】

三、命题意图

【考查意图】本语篇的预设难度为中等，出题角度多样，其中包括考查段首句一处，段中句三处，段尾句一处。主要考查考生对语篇内容和结构的整体理解能力、对上下文逻辑关系的把握能力和对话语标记建立连贯性语篇的识别能力。这对考生的语篇理解能力提出了更高层次的要求，即考生在保证阅读速度的前提下，要快速地对所读文章的主旨和逻辑关系有所了解，尤其要注意文章的语义连贯性，并使用各种阅读策略将锁定的选项回填到文本中，准确地选出答案。本题的设误点为识别句子强调的重点不同和句间逻辑的互相干扰，如是“认可儿子的选择”还是“提供父亲自己的选择”，以及“父亲教导儿子家庭的重要性”和“儿子受父亲对家庭的态度的影响”等具体信息之间的互相干扰。