樊高罡 潘芳婷 罗粉 王全喜 尤庆敏
摘 要: 泸沽湖是中国第三大深水湖,属典型的高原湖泊,其湖盆形态复杂,多半岛、岛屿与岬湾,生境多样性高,透明度高达12.5 m,水质达国家地表水Ⅰ类标准.对泸沽湖硅藻植物进行了全面调查,共鉴定出111个硅藻分类单位,包括103种8变种,隶属于2纲6目10科51属,其中中国新记录2属2种,分别为:微小暗额藻(Aneumastus minor)、矮小盘状藻(Placoneis humilis).对两个新记录种类的形态特征、生境和分布进行了详细描述.
关键词: 硅藻; 泸沽湖; 中国新记录; 分类学
中图分类号: Q 949 文献标志码: A 文章编号: 1000-5137(2021)01-0028-11
Abstract: Lugu Lake is the third largest deep-water lake in China,the lake basin is complex in its shape,with many peninsulas,islets and bays.It has high habitat diversity and transparency which is up to 12.5 m.The water quality reaches Class I levels according to the Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB 3838—2002).A comprehensive survey of diatoms was made in Lugu Lake.A total of 111 taxa of diatoms were identified,including 103 species and 8 varieties,which belong to 2 classes,6 orders,10 families and 51 genera.And of these taxa 2 genera 2 species were newly recorded from China,namely Aneumastus minor and Placoneis humilis.For the two newly recorded species,the morphological characteristics,habitats and distributions were described in detail in this article.
Key words: diatoms; Lugu Lake; new records in China; taxonomy
0 引 言
泸沽湖(27°41′~27°45′N,100°45′~100°50′E),位于四川省盐源县与云南省宁蒗县交界处,湖面海拔约2 690 m,是一个天然高原淡水湖泊,属金沙江水系,湖泊略呈北西—东南走向,南北长9.5 km,东西宽5.2 km,湖岸线长约44 km,湖泊面积50.1 km2,最大水深105.3 m,水深超过50 m的湖区面积约占全湖的一半,平均水深为40.3 m,是中国第三大深水湖泊[1].泸沽湖湖盆形态复杂,多半岛、岛屿与岬湾,生境多样,湖水湛蓝色,透明度高达12.5 m,水生植被丰茂,水质保持Ⅰ类标准,生态系统基本处于良性循环状态[2].由于泸沽湖自然生态系统的特征和价值,云南省人民政府于1986年3月批准设置泸沽湖自然保护区.
硅藻(diatom)是一类具有高度硅质化细胞壁的单细胞真核藻类,是水体中重要的初级生产者,是鱼类、贝类以及其他水生动物的重要饵料,在水生态系统中具有重要的作用.硅藻最重要的價值就是在环境中释放氧气,据估算地球上40%的氧气都是通过硅藻的光合作用产生的[3].由于硅藻壳体的特殊硅质结构,使得它能够被很好地保存下来,目前已成为地质研究、古环境重建以及环境监测等领域的重要研究对象[4].硅藻种类繁多,数量大,分布广,许多属种对水环境指标(如pH值、盐度、温度、营养盐等)都有特定的最适值及耐受范围,因此能很好地指示水环境的变化,包括湖泊水体酸化和富营养化.欧美国家的一些水环境管理机构已经将硅藻应用于河流、湖泊水质的评价,取得了较好的效果[5-6];但在国内只有零星的研究报道.
有关泸沽湖的硅藻研究很少,李英南等[7]于2000年对泸沽湖的水生生物进行了调查,共观察到浮游植物60种,其中硅藻门15种;董云仙等[8]于2012年对泸沽湖的浮游植物进行了季节调查,共6门146种(含变种),其中硅藻门72种.上述调查并没有提供具体的种类名录或具体的图版说明.本文作者报道了泸沽湖详细的硅藻群落种类组成,并附有具体名录和图版说明,旨在为高原深水湖泊的藻类生物多样性和生态学研究提供资料.
1 材料与方法
2018年10月,对泸沽湖全湖(27°41′~27°45′N,100°45′~100°50′E)进行了硅藻植物标本采集,并对全部标本进行处理和永久封片制作.标本采样点位置如图1所示,标本保存于上海师范大学藻类与环境实验室.
标本收集于50 mL采样瓶中,并用4%(体积分数)甲醛现场固定.在实验室内,利用美国微波消解仪 CEM-MARS对标本进行消解处理,经过蒸馏水数次洗涤后,用95%(体积分数)乙醇保存于1.5 mL的doff管中.取适量已处理样品用Naphrax硅藻封片胶固定,制成永久封片[9].使用日本Olympus BX53光学显微镜对已制作标本进行观察,使用Olympus DP80显微摄影数码相机拍照,使用Photoshop CS6对照片进行编辑处理.种类鉴定参考文献[10-24].
2 结果与讨论
2.1 泸沽湖硅藻的种类组成及特点
通过对泸沽湖的硅藻植物进行观察,共鉴定硅藻10科51属103种8变种,共计111个分类单位(表1,图2~6).其中双壳缝目最多,为24属58种,占总种类数的52.3%;其次为无壳缝目8属18种,占16.2%;管壳缝目7属15种,占13.5%;单壳缝目5属11种,占9.9%;中心目6属8种,占7.2%;最少为短壳缝目,仅1属1种,占0.9%.
2.2.2 矮小盘状藻(图版V:20)
Placoneis humilis Metzeltin,Lange-Bertalot & García-Rodríguez.2005.Diatoms of Uruguay:compared with other taxa from South America and elsewhere.Iconographia Diatomologica 15,p.182,pl.74:11-19.
壳面椭圆形到宽披针形,末端尖圆形.中轴区窄、线形,中央区小,线纹辐射排列.细胞长17 μm,宽8 μm.10 μm内有12条线纹.
生境:湖泊,水草附着.水温:17.2 ℃,pH=8.7.
采样位点:情人滩.标本号:HDS1810-095.
国外分布:南美洲.
讨论:本研究中观察到的P.humilis与P.gracilis Metzeltin,Lange-Bertalot & García-Rodríguez相似.两者相比,P.humilis末端的条纹密度更小,在10 μm内有12条线纹;而P.gracilis在10 μm内有20条线纹[24].
参考文献:
[1] 万晔.泸沽湖自然生态系统结构研究 [J].地理与地理信息科学,1998(1):51-54.
WAN Y.Study on the structure of the natural ecosystem of Lugu Lake [J].Geography and Geo-Information Science,1998(1):51-54.
[2] 王志芸.泸沽湖流域水环境承载力研究 [J].环境科学导刊,2010,29(2):39-44.
WANG Z Y.Research on water environmental load capacity of Lugu Lake Basin [J].Environmental Science Survey,2010,29(2):39-44.
[3] FALKOWSKI P,SCHOLES R J,BOYLE E E A,et al.The global carbon cycle:a test of our knowledge of earth as a system [J].Science,2000,290(5490):291-296.
[4] KOCIOLEK J P.Diatoms:unique eukaryotic extremophiles providing insights into planetary change [J].Instruments,Methods,and Missions for Astrobiology X,2007,6694:66940S.
[5] CATTANEO A,KALFF J.Periphytic in lakes of different trophy [J].Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,1987,44:296-303.
[6] TORN?S E,SABATER S.The use of diatoms to assess the ecological status in Catalan rivers:application of the WFD and lessons learned from the European intercalibration exercise [J].Clinical Neurophysiology Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology,2015,126(1):1-16.
[7] 李英南,赵晟,王忠泽.泸沽湖特有水生生物的保护初探 [J].云南环境科学,2000(2):39-41.
LI Y N,ZHAO S,WANG Z Z.Preliminary study of unique aquatic life in Lugu Lake [J].Yunnan Environmental Science,2000(2):39-41.
[8] 董云仙,譚志卫,郭艳英.泸沽湖浮游植物的初步研究 [J].水生态学杂志,2012,33(3):46-52.
DONG Y X,TAN Z W,GUO Y Y.The preliminary study on phytoplankton in Lugu Lake [J].Journal of Hydroecology,2012,33(3):46-52.
[9] 朱蕙忠,陈嘉佑.中国西藏硅藻 [M].北京:科学出版社,2000:321-353
ZHU H Z,CHEN J Y.Diatoms in Tibet,China [M].Beijing:Science Press,2000:321-353
[10] 刘妍,尤庆敏,王全喜.福建金门岛的淡水硅藻初报 [J].武汉植物学研究,2006,24(1):38-46.
LIU Y,YOU Q M,WANG Q X. Freshwater diatoms from Kinmen Island in Fujian,China [J].Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research,2006,24(1):38-46.
[11] 齐雨藻,朱蕙忠,李家英,等,中国淡水藻志:第四卷,硅藻门,中心纲 [M].北京:科学出版社,1995:87-100.
QI Y Z,ZHU H Z,LI J Y,et al.Flora Algarum Sinicarum Aquae Dulcis:Volume 4,Bacillariophyta,Centricae [M].Beijing:Science Press,1995:87-100.
[12] 施之新.中国淡水藻志:异极藻科 [M].北京:科学出版社,2004:98-123.
SHI Z X.Flora Algarum Sinicarum Aquae Dulcis:Gomphonemaceae [M].Beijing:Science Press,2004:98-123.
[13] 尤庆敏,李海玲,王全喜.新疆喀纳斯地区硅藻初报 [J].武汉植物学研究,2005(3):247-256.
YOU Q M,LI H L,WANG Q X.Preliminary studies on diatoms from Kanasi in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region [J].Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research,2005,23(3):247-256.
[14] 齐雨藻,李家英 中国淡水藻志:第十卷,硅藻门,羽纹纲(无壳缝目拟壳缝目) [M].北京:科学出版社,2004.
QI Y Z,LI J Y.Flora Algarum Sinicarum Aquae Dulcis:Volume 10,Bacillariophyta,Pennatae (Araphidiales,Raphidionales) [M].Beijing:Science Press,2004.
[15] 李家英,齐雨藻.中国淡水藻志:第十二卷,硅藻门,舟形藻科 [M].北京:科学出版社,2010:114-138.
LI J Y,QI Y Z.Flora Algarum Sinicarum Aquae Dulcis:Volume 12,Bacilariophyta,Naviculaceae [M].Beijing:Science Press,2010:114-138.
[16] 裴國凤,刘国祥,胡征宇.云南高原湖泊沿岸带底栖藻类群落的分布 [J].武汉植物学研究,2008,26(4):373-378.
PEI G F,LIU G X,HU Z Y.Benthic algae communities distribution in the littoral zone of Yunnan plateau lakes [J].Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research,2008,26(4):373-378.
[17] LOWE R,KOCIOLEK J P,YOU Q,et al.Diversity of the diatom genus Humidophila in karst areas of Guizhou,China [J].Phytotaxa,2017,305(4):269-284.
[18] KOCIOLEK J P,THERIOT E C,WILLIAMS D M,et al.Centric and Araphid diatoms [M]//Freshwater Algae of North America.San Diego:Academic Press,2015:653-708.
[19] LANGE-BERTALOT H.Navicula sensu stricto,10 genera separated from Navicula sensu lato [M]//Frustulia Diatoms of Europe 2.San Diego:Academic Press,2001:493-510.
[20] KRAMMER K.Die Cymbelloiden Diatomeen.Eine Monographie der weltweit bekannten Taxa.Teil 2.Encyonema part.,Encyonopsis and Cymbellopsis [J].Bibliotheca Diatomologica,1997,37:451-460
[21] LANGE-BERTALOT H,HOFMANN G,WERUM M,et al.Freshwater benthic diatoms of central Europe [M].K?nigstein:Koeltz Botanial Books,2017:155-190.
[22] LANGE-BERTALOT H.Diatoms of Europe:Diatoms of the European Inland Waters and Comparable Habitats [M]//LANGE-BERTALOT H.Iconographia Diatomologica.K?nigstein:Koeltz Scientific Books 2011:172-173.
[23] LANGE-BERTALOT H.85 neue taxa und über 100 weitere neu definierte taxa erg?nzend zur Süsswasserflora von Mitteleuropa [J].Bibliotheca Diatomologica,1993,27:26-27.
[24] METZELTIN D,LANGE-BERTALOT H,GARCIA-RODRIGUEZ F.Diatoms of Uruguay:compared with other taxa from South America and elsewhere [M]//LANGE-BERTALOT H.Iconographia Diatomologica.K?nigstein:Koeltz Botanial Books,2005,15:182-183.
[25] 李蕊,陈光杰,康文刚,等.抚仙湖硅藻群落的时空变化特征及其与水环境的关系 [J].环境科学,2018,39(7):3168-3178.
LI R,CHEN G J,KANG W G,et al.Spatio-temporal variations of diatom community and their relationship with water environment in Fuxian Lake [J].Environmental Science,2018,39(7):3168-3178.
[26] 張梅,李原,王若南.滇池浮游植物种类的动态变化 [J].云南大学学报(自然科学版),2006(1):73-77.
ZHANG M,LI Y,WANG R N.Dynamic changes of phytoplankton species in Dianchi Lake [J].Journal of Yunnan University (Natural Science Edition),2006(1):73-77.
[27] 邢冰伟,徐季雄,曹玥,等.九寨沟国家级自然保护区长海夏季浮游植物群落结构及生态评价 [J].湖泊科学,2020,32(4):1088-1099.
XING B W,XU J X,CAO Y,et al.Phytoplankton community structure and ecological evaluation in summar,Lake Changhai of Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve [J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2020,32(4):1088-1099.
[28] 于潘.综合硅藻指数(CDI)的建立及在湖泊富营养化评价中的应用 [D].上海:上海师范大学,2019.
YU P.The establishment of comprehensive diatom index (CDI) and its application in lake eutrophication assessment [D].Shanghai:Shanghai Normal University,2019.
[29] 念宇,韩耀宗,杨再福.不同基质上着生生物群落生态学特性比较研究 [J].环境科技,2009,22(5):14-17.
NIAN Y,HAN Y Z,YANG Z F.Ecological characteristics of periphyton communities on different kinds of substrates and comparison [J].Environmental Science and Technology,2009,22(5):14-17.
[30] MILOSLAV K,ALOISIE P.Littoral diatoms as indicators for the eutrophication of shallow lakes [J].Hydrobiologia,2003,506:519-524.
(责任编辑:顾浩然)