探究2：推理判断题命题解读及备考策略

广东 闫 跃

一、命题解读

推理判断题是指那些针对文章隐含的内容、作者未言明的观点或含蓄表达的立场所设置的问题，主要考查考生概括、归纳、比较、推理等综合能力，要求考生在理解文章字面意思的基础上，解读文章的深层内涵。

主要类型 干扰项主要特点推断隐含意义 颠倒是非：选项内容与推断出的结果相反推断观点态度 文不对题：照搬原文事实细节，不需要推断推断写作意图 推理过度：把文中某些个案绝对化或扩大化推断文章出处 主观臆断：依据个人认知而非文章内容推断

二、解题策略

1. 推断隐含意义

这类题目要求考生在理解原文的表面信息的基础上，通过合乎情理的推断，得出更深层次的隐含意义，从而推断出作者没有提到或没有明说的某一情况。 题干中通常含有infer、imply、indicate、suggest等标志词。 正确选项必须忠实原文，但不能照搬原文，否则就变成了事实细节，而不是经过推断而得出的结论。

【典题链接】（2020·全国甲卷阅读C篇）

Then there's Righteous Fur and its unusual fashions. Model Paige Morgan says, “To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them—I think that's going to be a massive thing, at least here in New York.”

31. What can we infer about wearing fur in New York according to Morgan?

A. It's formal. B. It's risky.

C. It's harmful. D. It's traditional.

【点石成金】B 根据选文可知，摩根（Morgan）提到，让人们穿上毛皮服装而不被泼油漆将是一件要解决的大事， 至少在纽约是这样。由此可知，在纽约穿这种服装会面临被人泼漆的风险。

【典题链接】（2020·全国丙卷阅读B篇）

In some cases, it's not so much the treatment of the animals on set in the studio that has activists worried; it's the off-set training and living conditions that are raising concerns. And there are questions about the films made outside the States, which sometimes are not monitored as closely as productions filmed in the States.

27. What can we infer from the last paragraph about animal actors?

A. They may be badly treated.

B. They should take further training.

C. They could be traded illegally.

D. They would lose popularity.

【点石成金】A 选文提到了两个方面的问题：一是动物演员的受训条件与生存环境令人担忧，二是美国以外的地方拍摄动物电影没有被密切监控。 由此可以推断，动物演员有可能受到不好的对待。

【典题链接】（2017·全国丙卷阅读B篇）

Last week some city officials suggested the city might be interested in turning the old theater into a museum and public meeting place.However, these plans were abandoned because of financial problems. Bradford sold the building and land to a local development firm, which plans to build a shopping complex on the land where the theater is located.

26. What will probably happen to the building?

A. It will be repaired.

B. It will be turned into a museum.

C. It will be knocked down.

D. It will be sold to the city government.

【点石成金】C 根据选文可知，剧院老板布拉德福德（Bradford）把剧院卖给了当地的一家开发公司，该公司计划在剧院所在地建造一个购物中心。 由此可以推断，原来的建筑物将会被拆掉以便给新商场的建造腾出地方。

2. 推断观点态度

这类题目询问的是文本字里行间隐藏的态度或情感，也可能询问作者或文中人物对某一事物或现象的看法。 题干中通常含有attitude、feel、sound、think等标志词。选项大多是形容词或以形容词为语义中心的短句。多数情况下，正确选项根据文章的某一段落即可得出，但少数时候需要依靠全文。

【典题链接】（2019·全国乙卷阅读D篇）

During the rosy years of elementary school(小学), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes,which allowed me to keep my high social status.I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.

32. What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?

A. Unkind. B. Lonely.

C. Generous. D. Cool.

【点石成金】C 选文提到， 作者在小学时期早些时候喜欢与人分享玩具，也喜欢给别人讲笑话， 这让她在校园里拥有很高的社交地位。 作者并未直接对自己作出评价，但结合文中列举的事例可以推断出作者是个慷慨大方的女孩子。

【典题链接】（2018·全国乙卷阅读D篇）

We may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices (装置) well after they go out of style. That's bad news for the environment—and our wallets—as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.

32. What does the author think of new devices?

A. They are environment-friendly.

B. They are no better than the old.

C. They cost more to use at home.

D. They go out of style quickly.

【点石成金】A 根据选文可知，与作用相同的新装置相比，旧装置消耗的能量要多得多，这不利于保护环境。 由此可以推断，作者认为新装置更加节能和环保。

【典题链接】（2017·全国丙卷阅读C篇）

...Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone.Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down,while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.

31. What is the author's attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project?

A. Doubtful. B. Positive.

C. Disapproving. D. Uncaring.

【点石成金】B 选文提到，灰狼的引入改善了黄石国家公园的生态，作者又在选文末尾指出，这一举措是一次很有价值的试验，可以为生物学家提供参考，帮助他们决定是否将灰狼引入其他地方。 由此可知，作者对黄石国家公园引入灰狼的做法是持肯定态度的。

3. 推断写作意图

这类题目要求考生对某一段落或整篇文章的写作目的进行推断。 题干中通常含有purpose、(in order) to、intend等标志词。 写作目的大致有以下三种：to entertain readers （让读者感到愉悦，比如故事性的记叙文），to persuade readers（说服读者接受某种观点，比如议论文），to inform readers（告知读者某些信息，比如科技类的说明文）。当然，选项的表述会更加细致和具体。

【典题链接】（2018·全国乙卷阅读B篇）

The eight-part series (系列节目), Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV's Save Money: Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.

26. What does the author intend to do in paragraph 4?

A. Summarize the previous paragraphs.

B. Provide some advice for the readers.

C. Add some background information.

D. Introduce a new topic for discussion.

【点石成金】C 根据选文可知，Save Money: Good Food这个节目模仿了ITV出品的Save Money: Good Health这一节目。 由此可知，作者在这一段主要是想介绍Save Money: Good Food这个节目的一些背景内容。

【典题链接】（2017·全国乙卷阅读A篇）

Today, Pacific Science Center serves more than 1.3 million people a year and brings inquirybased science education to classrooms and community events all over Washington State. It's an amazing accomplishment and one we cannot achieve without generous support from individuals, corporations, and other social organizations.Visit pacificsciencecenter.org to find various ways you can support Pacific Science Center.

23. What is the purpose of the last part of the text?

A. To encourage donations.

B. To advertise coming events.

C. To introduce special exhibits.

D. To tell about the Center's history.

【点石成金】A 这一部分先是介绍了太平洋科学中心（Pacific Science Center）的惊人成就，后面又提到这些成绩的取得离不开各界人士、各种团体的帮助，最后提供了一个网址，人们可以借此找到提供帮助的各种途径。由此可以推断，这一段落的主要目的是为太平洋科学中心寻求公众的捐助。

【典题链接】（2016·全国丙卷阅读C篇）

If you are a fruit grower—or would like to become one—take advantage of Apple Day to see what's around. It's called Apple Day but in practice it's more like Apple Month...

...

Apple Days are being held at all sorts of places with an interest in fruit, including stately gardens and commercial orchards (果园). If you want to have a real orchard experience, try visiting the National Fruit Collection at Brogdale,near Faversham in Kent.

11. What is the author's purpose in writing the text?

A. To show how to grow apples.

B. To introduce an apple festival.

C. To help people select apples.

D. To promote apple research.

【点石成金】B 根据选文可知，作者向读者反复提到了一个节日——Apple Day，具体信息包括建议哪类人参加、每年何时举办、可以去何地参加等。 由此可知，这篇文章是对一个节日的介绍。

4. 推断文章出处

这类题目要求读者根据文章的中心话题判断其来源（诸如日记、小说、报纸、杂志等）。题干中通常含有be taken from、most probably appear in、most likely a part of等标志词。 一般而言，解答这类题目不能只着眼于局部，而需要依赖整篇文章所讲的内容才能做出准确判断。

【典题链接】（2019·全国乙卷阅读C篇）

Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device (装置)that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard.This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence (节奏) with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user's typing and the time between key presses.

31. Where is this text most likely from?

A. A diary. B. A guidebook.

C. A novel. D. A magazine.

【点石成金】D 本文是一篇说明文， 介绍了一种防止个人身份与数据在电子空间被盗的智能键盘（选文是对这款键盘特点的具体介绍）。 由此可以推断这篇文章最有可能出现在科学杂志上。

【典题链接】（2019·全国丙卷阅读D篇）

Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.

A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward.The researchers then tested how the monkeys combined—or added—the symbols to get the reward.

35. In which section of a newspaper may this text appear?

A. Entertainment. B. Health.

C. Education. D. Science.

【点石成金】D 本文介绍的是科学家对恒河猴进行的有关数字的实验。 文章开头（即选文开头）首先给出了“猴子似乎很善于处理数字”这一结论，后文讲的则是实验的具体流程与相关发现。由此可以推断本文应该出现在报纸的科学专栏中。

【典题链接】（2018·全国甲卷阅读B篇）

Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein(蛋白质), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein). Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物质)...

When combined with berries or slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat“ice cream”. For this purpose, select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter.Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze.

27. From which is the text probably taken?

A. A biology textbook.

B. A health magazine.

C. A research paper.

D. A travel brochure.

【点石成金】B 本文主要介绍各种浆果包含的营养成分和冰冻香蕉的搭配食用方法。营养、水果这些都与健康、养生相关。由此可以推断，这篇文章可能出自一本健康杂志。

三、总结

解答推理判断题要注意两点： 一是推理，二是判断，两者密不可分。推理是为了判断，判断依赖于推理。 推理判断时务必要忠于原文，以原文为基础， 在文章中寻找用于推理的依据，切忌主观臆断，把自己的看法当成作者的观点。