作物地膜覆盖技术适宜性及其在东北春玉米上的应用

高海河，刘宏金，高维常，刘 勤，钱春荣，靳 拓，严昌荣

作物地膜覆盖技术适宜性及其在东北春玉米上的应用

高海河1,2，刘宏金3，高维常4，刘 勤1,2，钱春荣5，靳 拓6，严昌荣1,2※

（1. 中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所，北京 100081；2. 农业农村部农膜污染防控重点实验室，北京 100081；3. 内蒙古自治区农牧业生态与资源保护中心，呼和浩特 010010；4. 贵州省烟草科学研究院，贵州 550081；5. 黑龙江省农业科学院耕作栽培研究所，哈尔滨 150086；6. 农业农村部农业生态与农业资源保护总站，北京 100125）

为从源头解决地膜覆盖技术泛用、滥用问题，提高作物地膜覆盖技术的合理利用性。研究提出作物地膜覆盖适宜性的概念，将其定义为“地膜覆盖技术对作物自身环境要素需求与所在地提供环境要素差异的补偿程度”。该研究以东北春玉米为例，构建春玉米地膜覆盖适宜性的评价体系，通过数据检索的方式收集东北地区田间试验中春玉米地膜覆盖功能数据，明确作物地膜覆盖与不覆盖农田土壤温度和水分、经济产量相关关系，量化作物地膜覆盖的增温保墒、增产功效，筛选春玉米地膜覆盖技术适宜性评价指标，并计算地膜覆盖技术适宜指数，参照作物需求阈值标准和经济效益，明确东北不同熟期春玉米地膜覆盖种植范围，形成春玉米地膜覆盖综合适宜性区划。东北地区春玉米不同生育阶段地膜覆盖耕作层土壤温度（土壤含水率）与裸地土壤温度（土壤含水率）及产量与≥10 ℃积温存在良好的线性关系（< 0.01）。基于春玉米地膜覆盖适宜性的评价体系，计算了地膜覆盖适宜指数，并将东北地区不同熟期春玉米地膜覆盖综合适宜性分为高适宜区、中适宜区、不适宜区。作物地膜覆盖适宜性相关研究可为中国地膜投入量零增长和地膜污染综合防控提供可靠技术支撑。

作物；土壤；温度；地膜覆盖；适宜性概念；评价方法

0 引 言

全球约41%的旱地面积贡献了44%的粮食产量[1-2]。中国农业生产安全正面临着城市化扩张、农业用地减少、气温升高和水资源日益短缺的威胁，因此，农艺技术的发展面临重大挑战[3]。例如，在中国的东北地区，其季风气候显著，春季低温且少雨、夏季降水集中，易发生冷害、旱害、涝害等气象灾害，限制了作物产量和品质的提高[4]。地膜覆盖技术由于具有提高土壤温度，减少土壤氮挥发和水蒸发[5]，改善土壤的水热条件[6]，抑制杂草生长的功能正好弥补了作物不适宜的生长环境。

地膜覆盖是提高作物产量[7]、改变缺水地区生产方式的一项重要的农业生产技术[8-9]。地膜的制造成本低并具有增温保墒的功能[10]，迅速在中国范围内推广及应用[11]。地膜使用量从1993年的37.5×107kg增长到2018年的14.0×108kg，地膜覆盖面积由5.9×106hm2扩大到17.8×106hm2。地膜覆盖的应用从干旱区扩展到高寒区，覆盖作物也从蔬菜、经济作物扩展到大宗粮食作物[12]，其中西北棉区和玉米区、东北玉米区和花生区、西南烟草区地膜使用强度较大[13]。地膜覆盖技术的应用显著地提高了作物产量20%～50%[14]，保障了中国农产品生产安全[15]。

聚乙烯材料的分子由于具有较大的相对分子质量、分子间作用力等，导致其难以降解，严重破坏农田土壤结构，降低土壤微生物种类和活性，影响播种质量等[16-17]。与此同时，中国长时间、大规模应用地膜，不合格聚乙烯地膜产品长期存在（标准低于GB13735—2017要求），加上前期对地膜回收重视程度低，缺乏有效的回收措施，在局部地区农田地膜残留已成为一个重要的环境问题，尤其在西北内陆、黄土高原和东北风沙地区的土壤中地膜残留已达到71.9～259.1 kg/hm2[18]。由于对地膜覆盖技术功能、作用和存在问题认识的不全面，地膜覆盖的滥用、泛用现象也十分普遍，在农业生产上常出现“一覆了之”的作法，不分作物、区域、气候条件等，误认为覆膜，即增收，进一步加剧了残留污染的风险[19]。虽然地膜覆盖技术的应用带来了不同程度的污染问题，但由于其成效巨大，未来地膜覆盖面积和使用量将继续增加，预计2025年中国年地膜使用量达到22.8×108kg，覆盖面积扩大到23.4×106hm2[20]。因此，在接下来相对长的时间范围内，地膜覆盖技术在中国农业生产中地位仍将不断提高，且不可替代[21-23]。尽可能地减少地膜投入量的同时高效地应用地膜覆盖技术是一个重要的途径。因此，为从源头解决地膜覆盖技术泛用、滥用问题，提高作物地膜覆盖技术的合理利用性，本文提出研究作物地膜覆盖适宜性的评价技术和方法。

1 作物地膜覆盖适宜性概念及评价方法的提出

基于地膜覆盖技术的应用虽然保障了中国农业生产安全。但是，农田地膜残留严重、地膜覆盖技术滥用泛用问题亟待解决。因此，本文提出了作物地膜覆盖适宜性的概念。作物地膜覆盖适宜性定义为“地膜覆盖技术对作物自身环境要素需求与所在地提供环境要素差异的补偿程度”，环境要素通常是土壤水分、温度、以及光照条件等，除上述环境要素外，还应考虑技术应用的产投比、环境代价等问题。它是进行地膜覆盖技术应用的宏观决策，从源头解决地膜覆盖技术泛用、滥用的问题以及地膜残留污染的综合防控，在适宜区域内，采用地膜覆盖技术满足作物生长所需的环境条件包括温度、水分、光照，以及农户种植的经济效益，除此之外，地膜覆盖技术带来的增温保水和经济效益基本消失。地处中国北端的大兴安岭寒地农业区，春季气温度低，霜冻时间晚，冷害频发，即使采用地膜覆盖技术也不能满足晚熟春玉米生长所需的适宜环境，造成作物发育不良，农民经济效益降低。因此，该地区成为晚熟春玉米地膜覆盖不适宜区。现有研究表明[24-26]，不同作物种类、同一作物的不同熟期或同一作物同一熟期在不同生态环境对地膜覆盖的要求存在差异，明确作物地膜覆盖适宜性有利于地膜覆盖技术的合理利用，避免了地膜覆盖技术的滥用、泛用现象发生，同时也实现作物跨区域、熟期种植。

作物地膜覆盖适宜性评价是在综合考虑作物生长周期特征和地膜覆盖使用的现实条件，科学、准确评定地膜覆盖的综合使用效果，依据评价指标选择的六大原则（科学性、有效性、系统性、敏感性、可行性、有效性），在充分发挥地膜覆盖增温保墒功效的同时避免地膜残留污染，针对不同地区进行作物地膜覆盖的评价指标进行筛选。作物地膜覆盖适宜性是一个全新的概念，其评价体系也属空白。由于全国各个地区农业生产存在较大差异，地膜覆盖的功能众多且复杂，若考虑效果太过详细可能无法量化作物地膜覆盖功能，进而无法实现作物地膜覆盖适宜性评价模型的构建。如中国寒旱地区，增温保水是地膜覆盖的主要功能，抑制杂草的功效相对较弱。然而，南方地区水热资源相对丰富，抑制杂草则成为地膜覆盖的主要功能。因此，地膜覆盖适宜性评价体系需因地制宜地构建。

2 东北地区地膜覆盖适宜性评价体系构建方法

2.1 评价指标的筛选与确定

针对东北地区春玉米综合考虑地膜覆盖的增温、保水、增产效益为代表的核心功能[27]，结合层次分析法和专家咨询法筛选出生态适宜性关键指标为温度亏缺指数、水分亏缺指数，经济适宜性关键指标为经济效益增量和产投比。

TDIn=(1-AT/MATn)×100 （1）

式中TDIn代表不同熟期类型春玉米生育期温度亏缺指数；AT代表春玉米整个生育期≥10 ℃累计温度，℃；MATn代表不同熟期类型春玉米生育期所需≥10 ℃积温的最大值，℃。东北地区不同熟期类型春玉米生育期所需≥10 ℃积温和生育期特征见表1和表2[28]。

WDI=(WDI1+WDI2+WDI3+WDI4+WDI5)/5 （2）

式中WDI、WDI1、WDI2、WDI3、WDI4、WDI5分别为春玉米整个生育期、出苗期、拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期的水分亏缺指数，%。

表1 东北地区不同熟期类型春玉米所需≥10 ℃积温

表2 东北地区不同熟期春玉米生育期

WDIn=1WDI+2WDI-1+3WDI-2+4WDI-3+5WDI-4（3）

式中WDIn为春玉米某生育阶段（某生育期）前50 d的累积水分亏缺指数，%；WDI代表第个时间段（某生育阶段前1～10 d），%；WDI-1代表第-1个时间段（某生育阶段前11～20 d），%；WDI-2代表第-2个时间段（某生育阶段前21～30 d），%；WDI-3代表第-3个时间段（某生育阶段前31～40 d），%；WDI-4代表第-4个时间段（某生育阶段前41～50 d），%；将春玉米该生育阶段的最后一天作为评价的起始。1、2、3、4、5代表各个生育阶段的权重系数WDI占整个生育时期WDI的权重，分别为0.30、0.25、0.20、0.15、0.10[29]。

WDIk=(1-P/ETck) ×100 ETcj≥P（4）

WDIk=0 ETcj<P（5）

式中P为10 d的累计降水量，mm，ETck为10 d内累计需水量，mm。根据东北地区田间土壤属性，当每日降水量超过30 mm/d时，造成地表径流；若降水超过30 mm/d，则按30 mm进行计算[29]。

作物参考蒸散量（ET0）采用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith公式[30]。计算过程如下：

ET0={0.408(R-)+[900/(+273)]2(e-e)}/ [+(1+0.342)] （6）

式中代表作物冠层表面净辐射，MJ/m2/d；代表土壤热通量，MJ/（m2·d）；代表平均气温，℃；2代表2 m高处的风速，m/s；代表饱和水汽压，kPa；代表实际水汽压，kPa；代表饱和水汽压-气温关系曲线在处的切线斜率，kPa/℃；代表湿度计常数，kPa/℃。

ETc=K·ET0（7）

式中ETc代表作物日需水量，mm；代表作物系数。由于FAO推荐的与中国东北地区实际情况不同[31-32]，本文结合东北地区当地气候条件进行修订，使得春玉米不同生育阶段的值更接近实际值。最终确定播种期、出苗期、拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期、成熟期的作物系数分别为0.30、0.40、0.40、1.20、1.00、0.60。

EBI=--（8）

式中EBI为经济效益增量，元/hm2；为采用地膜覆盖较不采用地膜覆盖春玉米的增产量，kg/hm2；为春玉米收购价格，元/kg；为采用地膜覆盖较不采用地膜覆盖春玉米种子的增加费用，元/hm2；为地膜投入成本，元/hm2；为地膜残留回收成本，元/hm2；为采用地膜覆盖较不采用地膜覆盖春玉米病虫害防治和除草剂的增加费用，元/hm2；为采用地膜覆盖较不采用地膜覆盖春玉米作业成本的增加费用，元/hm2；为采用地膜覆盖较不采用地膜覆盖春玉米肥料投入的增加费用，元/hm2。该研究通过开展东北地区5个熟期春玉米种植及收获经济成本调研，共获得50份有效调查问卷。经过统计、分析（剔除异常值，求取平均值），最终获得东北地区不同熟期春玉米种植及收获经济成本统计表，见表3。东北地区2019年实际收购春玉米价格1.8 元/kg。

IOR=(0)/(1+++1+1+1) （9）

式中IOR为产投比；0为东北地区常规玉米平均产量，kg/hm2；为春玉米收购价格，元/kg；1为采用地膜覆盖春玉米的种子花费，元/hm2；1为采用地膜覆盖春玉米病虫害防治和除草剂的花费，元/hm2；1为采用地膜覆盖春玉米作业成本的花费，元/hm2；1为采用地膜覆盖春玉米肥料的花费，元/hm2。

表3 东北地区春玉米经济成本

注：肥料费用包括播种施肥、追肥等；东北地区大多数采用70%覆盖地膜的方式，其中地膜采用新国标（GB 13735—2017）地膜计算成本；作业成本包括秸秆还田、整地、起垄、覆膜、播种、追肥等步骤。

Note: Fertilizer costs include sowing, fertilizing and topdressing, etc. 70% mulching film is used in most famers of Northeast China, in which the new national standard (GB 13735 —2017) plastic mulching film is used to calculate the cost; The operation cost includes straw returning, soil preparation, ridging, film mulching, sowing, topdressing, etc.

根据东北地区不同熟期类型春玉米所需≥10 ℃的积温情况，东北地区春玉米地膜覆盖适宜性评价指标的等级划分标准确定如下：东北地区春玉米温度亏缺指数适宜范围的确定是依据不同熟期春玉米10 ℃积温占所需≥10 ℃积温最大值的比例，若包含在所需≥10 ℃积温范围内则为适宜，否则为不适宜。通过查阅中国东北地区干旱灾害大典[33]，选取年降水量≤400 mm的干旱年份，与东北地区农田土壤湿度资料对比34[34]，同时考虑到东北地区地膜覆盖带来的增温保水效果主要发生在春玉米生育前中期，并综合前人对水分亏缺指数的等级划分标准[35-36]，适宜区水分亏缺指数为0～0.68，不适宜区为0.68～1.00；综合考虑东北地区春玉米生产水平和经济收入潜力，对经济效益增量和产投比在适宜、中适宜、不适宜方面进行划分，最后确定经济效益增量>2 000元/hm2，经济效益适宜。经济效益增量在1 500～2 000元/hm2，经济效益中适宜，在经济效益增量<1 500 元/hm2，经济效益不适宜。当产投比≥1时，资金使用效率良好，应采用地膜覆盖技术。当产投比<1时，资金使用效率较差，应放弃使用地膜覆盖技术。

2.2 评价指标的区域栅格化

针对研究地膜覆盖适宜性的区域存在的面积广阔，地形地貌复杂，气候要素分布多样的情况，只运用气象站点的观测资料很难真实地反映某些地区气候资源的空间多样性特征，也满足不了该地区某种作物是否采用地膜覆盖技术的深化和细化的要求。因此，考虑到地理位置（经纬度、海拔高度、地形要素）对温度和水分的影响，该研究认为建立作物地膜覆盖适宜性指标要素与地理因子的关系模型，来推算出区域的作物地膜覆盖适宜性更为准确。采用“多元回归+残差”插值方法对评价指标进行空间插值计算。将气象站点的温度亏缺指数值和水分亏缺指数值作为因变量，经度、纬度和DEM数据作为自变量，使用SPSS-22.0软件中多元回归方法建立模型。借助地理信息系统，将研究区域的经度、纬度和DEM（Digital Elevation Model）高程数据绘制成栅格面，代入关系模型得到评价指标的基础栅格面，并进行残差修正，得到作物地膜覆盖适宜性温度和水分栅格面。同时，作物地膜覆盖适宜性经济效益指标可以通过实地调研的方式开展，包括农资投入费用和作业成本费用，经过统计、分析，明确区域作物地膜覆盖种植及收获效益，结合地理信息系统，得到作物地膜覆盖适宜性经济效益栅格面。

2.3 作物地膜覆盖综合适宜性评价模型

东北地区春玉米地膜覆盖适宜性指在综合地膜覆盖技术推广应用与地区生态、经济等方面的匹配程度。本文采用权重法构建东北地区春玉米地膜覆盖综合适宜性模型[37]。

评价指标值的数量级不同，无法进行比较、计算。因此需消除每个指标值的量纲，使得每个指标值的相应范围一致，计算公式如下:

X=(X-Xmin)/(Xmax-Xmin)×100 （11）

X=(Xmax-X)/(Xmax-Xmin)×100 （12）

式中X指无量纲化值；Xmax代表第个指标的最大值；Xmin代表第个指标的最小值。

2.4 数据来源

地膜覆盖与地膜不覆盖条件下的土壤温度数据、土壤水分数据、作物产量数据均来源于文献检索。检索数据库包括Web of Science和中国知网（China National Knowledge Infrastructure）。检索的关键词包括“东北地区”“地膜覆盖”“春玉米”，检索时间周期为1995—2019年。该研究选择普通PE地膜作为研究对象，剔除其他类型地膜和重复报道的试验和数据，经过仔细检查、审核，最后共68项研究的524组数据符合检索标准[41-108]。其中，东北地区春玉米不同生育阶段地膜覆盖与裸地耕作层0～30 cm土壤温度的数据106组，地膜覆盖与裸地农田耕作层0～10 cm土壤含水率的数据230组，地膜覆盖与不覆盖条件下产量的数据188组，东北地区气象站点及试验点见图 1。

3 结果与分析

3.1 量化春玉米地膜覆盖生态和经济功能

对东北地区春玉米不同生育阶段地膜覆盖耕作层土壤温度（土壤含水率）与裸地土壤温度（土壤含水率）及产量与≥10 ℃积温进行回归分析，结果表明：春玉米不同生育阶段地膜覆盖与裸地条件下的农田耕作层土壤温度（0～30 cm）和土壤水分（0～10 cm）均存在着线性关系（< 0.01，R>0.73）（图2和图3）。地膜覆盖下的春玉米产量与不覆盖条件下的春玉米产量也达到极显著的线性关系（< 0.01，2=0.22）

通过东北地区春玉米地膜覆盖条件下土壤温度和水分的调查研究，明确作物不同生育阶段地膜覆盖与不覆盖条件下农田土壤温度、水分的变化规律，利用模型模拟其相关关系，量化作物生育期地膜覆盖的增温保墒功效。由于，土壤温度与大气温度、土壤含水率与降水量之间存在良好的模拟关系[80,109-110]，可将地膜覆盖功能数据与区域气象数据建立相关联系（图4），为区域作物地膜覆盖适宜性的开展奠定基础。研究发现东北地区不同生育阶段春玉米地膜覆盖与裸地均温（< 0.01）和降水量（< 0.05）都存在线性关系，且拟合程度较高如表4。

3.2 东北地区不同熟期春玉米地膜覆盖综合适宜区划

东北地区玉米地膜覆盖适宜区适宜性指数的范围不同，如图5所示。高适宜区：早熟品种在>50～<65之间，中早熟品种在>40～<60之间，中熟品种在>40～<55之间，中晚熟品种在>30～<40之间。中适宜区：早熟品种45～50，中早熟品种35～40，中熟品种25～40，中晚熟品种20～30，晚熟品种25～30。不适宜区：早熟品种0～<45、65～100，中早熟品种0～<35、60～100，中熟品种0～<25、55～100，中晚熟品种0～<20、40～100，晚熟品种0～<25、30～100。

春玉米地膜覆盖高适宜区主要分布在东四盟北部的呼伦贝尔市大部，兴安盟部分、赤峰市有零星分布，黑龙江省大兴安岭地区大部，吉林省的延边朝鲜自治州和白山市小部（早熟春玉米）；东四盟的呼伦贝尔市和兴安盟的部分、赤峰市小部，黑龙江的大兴安岭大部、黑河市部分、伊春市零星分布（中早熟春玉米）；东四盟的呼伦贝尔市西部和东部、兴安盟和赤峰市北部，黑龙江省的西北地区，主要在黑河市、伊春市、牡丹江市大部，大兴安岭地区部分，吉林省的延边朝鲜自治州和白山市大部（中熟春玉米）；东四盟的呼伦贝尔市、兴安盟和赤峰市部分，黑龙江省的大部分地区（除大庆市、绥化市、哈尔滨市、鹤岗市部分），吉林省的吉林市、延边朝鲜自治州、白山市和通化市大部，辽宁省部分地区存在零星分布（中晚熟春玉米）。东北地区晚熟春玉米地膜覆盖没有高适宜区。

表4 不同生育阶段玉米地膜覆盖与裸地降水量的关系

注：2为裸地降水量（mm·d-1）；2为地膜覆盖后等效降水量（mm·d-1）。

Note:2is precipitation of bare soil（mm·d-1）;2is precipitation after plastic mulching（mm·d-1）. *,0.05; **,< 0.01.

春玉米地膜覆盖不适宜区主要分布在东四盟的通辽市全部、赤峰市和兴安盟大部、呼伦贝尔市部分，黑龙江大部（除大兴安岭和黑河市部分），吉林省大部（除白山市和延边朝鲜自治州小部），辽宁省全部（早熟春玉米）；东四盟的通辽市、呼伦贝尔市、兴安盟和赤峰市部分，黑龙江省中部和南部（除大兴安岭、黑河市、伊春市大部，伊春市、牡丹江市小部），吉林省大部（除延边朝鲜自治州和白山市部分、通化市小部），辽宁省全部（中早熟春玉米）；东四盟的呼伦贝尔市大部、通辽市部分、兴安盟小部，吉林省松原市、四平市部分、延边朝鲜自治州和白山市小部，辽宁省大部（除朝阳市、抚顺市、本溪市、鞍山市部分）（中熟春玉米）；东四盟的北部地区的呼伦贝尔市大部、兴安盟和赤峰市部分，黑龙江省大兴安岭、黑河市大部、牡丹江市部分，吉林省的延边朝鲜自治州和白山市部分，辽宁省铁岭市、沈阳市、辽阳市、锦州市、盘锦市、营口市、鞍山市、大连市、丹东市、葫芦岛市大部，朝阳市小部（中晚熟春玉米）；东北地区大部分（除东四盟的兴安盟、赤峰市、通辽市部分，黑龙江省的大庆市、齐齐哈尔市、绥化市、哈尔滨市大部，吉林省的吉林市、辽源市大部，长春市部分，辽宁省的抚顺市、本溪市大部，丹东市部分）（晚熟春玉米）。

基于东北春玉米地膜覆盖适宜性评价体系，本研究组研制了作物地膜覆盖技术适宜性评价软件APP工具，通过东北地区共50户参评结果显示，该APP评价报告结果与实际较为相符。

4 讨 论

在东北春玉米不同生育阶段，土壤温度、土壤含水率、玉米产量在地膜覆盖和裸地条件下都存在良好的线性关系（< 0.01），拟合度较好。受到气候特征的影响，随着春玉米生育期耕作层土壤温度和土壤含水量的增加，地膜覆盖的增温保水效应降低。但是，春玉米地膜覆盖的生态效益（土壤温度和土壤含水率）受到许多因素的影响。研究发现，当春玉米生育期降水较多时，会导致地膜覆盖保水效果不显著[111]；同时，地膜覆盖在嫩江试验区和在大庆试验区增温保水效果存在显著性差异，不同地理位置、土壤环境、不同耕作方式等也影响地膜覆盖的性能[112]。由于该文研究整个东北地区，因此忽略了地膜覆盖在不同耕作方式和地理位置上对农田耕作层土壤温度和土壤含水率的影响。东北面积辽阔，部分地区关于地膜覆盖技术的田间试验仍属空白。同时，在实际生产中，春玉米地膜覆盖适宜区划的确定不仅受到以温度和水分条件为主的生态因素和以经济效益增量和产投比为主的经济因素的影响，还与玉米市场环境、种植方式、土壤类型等因素密不可分。因此，在本研究基础上，仍需广大研究人员进一步开展地膜覆盖技术方面的科学研究，填补试验空白的同时，探究针小区域的春玉米地膜覆盖适宜区划。

近30年来地膜覆盖技术被广泛应用于农业生产，保障了中国农产品生产安全。但由于使用者对地膜覆盖技术功能、作用和存在问题认识的不全面，地膜覆盖技术滥用、泛用现象在一定程度上加剧了农田地膜残留污染。基于此，该文首次提出作物地膜覆盖技术适宜性的概念，构建了基于作物地膜覆盖功能和经济效益的评价方法，虽然该课题组应用此方法在东北地区玉米、内蒙古地区马铃薯、西南地区烟草等作物应用中取得了一定效果，但目前作物地膜覆盖适宜性研究处于起步阶段，仍需广大研究人员更加深入地探究和完善。但无论如何，这一概念的提出形成了作物地膜覆盖适宜性体系，明确了中国作物地膜覆盖适宜性区划，指导了农技推广人员和农民根据作物种类、熟期、种植区域选择是否采用地膜覆盖技术，能够为地膜投入量零增长和地膜污染综合防控提供可靠技术支撑。

5 结 论

该文提出作物地膜覆盖技术适宜性的概念，并以东北地区春玉米为例，从生态和经济角度，明确了春玉米地膜覆盖适宜性评价指标，将数学模型、多元逐步回归分析和空间分析等方法相结合，建立了东北地区春玉米不同生育阶段地膜覆盖耕作层土壤温度（土壤含水率）与裸地土壤温度（土壤含水率）及产量与≥10 ℃积温的数学模型，且都达到了极显著水平（< 0.01）。因此，在量化地膜覆盖的生态和经济效益的基础上，基于权重法构建地膜覆盖适宜性综合评价模型，计算了地膜覆盖适宜指数，绘制东北地区春玉米地膜覆盖综合适宜分区，明确了东北不同熟期春玉米地膜覆盖种植范围，避免地膜覆盖技术滥用、泛用地现象，地膜覆盖技术的应用使作物种植适宜区发生显著变化。在高适宜区可增加地膜使用量，中适宜区根据当地实际需求科学合理地使用地膜覆盖技术，不适宜区应减少地膜使用，实现了作物地膜覆盖适宜性评价。

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The suitability of crop plastic film mulching technology and its application on spring maize in northeast China

Gao Haihe1,2, Liu Hongjin3, Gao Weichang4, Liu Qin1,2, Qian Chunrong5, Jin Tuo6, Yan Changrong1,2※

(1.,,100081,;2.,,100081,; 3.,010010,;4.,550081,;5.,,150086,;6.,,100125,)

Plastic film mulching is widely accepted to be an important technology for agricultural production that improves crop yield and changes production methods in low water input regions in China. However, the abuse and widespread use of plastic film mulch technology have aggravated a series of residual plastic pollution in farmland. Therefore, it is of great significance to conduct the suitability of plastic film mulch technology for the comprehensive prevention and control of the residual pollution of mulching. In this paper, we proposed a concept of suitability of plastic film mulch for crops and its estimation method. The suitability of plastic film mulch for crops means plastic film mulch technology compensates the difference between the crop environmental elements and the local location, and it is the basic basis for the macro-decision of the application of plastic film covering technology and the comprehensive prevention and control of plastic film residual pollution. Based on the function of plastic film mulching, and concept of suitability of plastic film mulch for crops, a method for evaluating the suitability of plastic mulching for crops was constructed. We can collect the plastic film mulching function data by the means of retrieval field experiment, to clarify the relationship between crop mulching and soil temperature, water and economic yield, and to quantify the function of increasing soil temperature and crops yield, reducing soil water evaporation of plastic mulching. The mathematical models of soil temperature (soil moisture content), bare soil temperature (soil moisture content), yield and accumulated temperature ≥10 ℃ at different growth stages of spring maize in Northeast China reached extremely significant levels (< 0.01). Quantifying the influence of plastic film mulching on increasing temperature, retaining water and increasing yield laid a foundation for the establishment of a suitable evaluation system for plastic film mulching. According to the technology of plastic film mulching on the spot investigation, the key indexes of ecological suitability and economic suitability were screened out based on the expert consultation, which were Crop Temperature Deficit Index (CTDI), Crop Water Deficit Index (CWDI), Economic Benefits Increment (EBI) and Input-Output Ratio (IOR), respectively. An evaluation model for the suitability of mulching technology was constructed. Meanwhile, we calculated the suitability index, to clarify the planting scope of spring maize with different mature types under plastic film mulching in Northeast China, and to form the appropriate regionalization of plastic mulching of crops according to the standard of crops demand and economic benefit. The suitability area of plastic film mulching was divided into highly suitable area, moderately suitable area and unsuitable area. The use of plastic film should be increased in highly suitable area, the plastic film mulching should be adopted scientifically in the moderately suitable area according to the local ecological environment, economic benefit and actual demand, and decreased or avoided completely in the unsuitable area. The research on the suitability of plastic mulching for crops can provide reliable technical support for the rational utilization of crop plastic mulch technology, the zero increase of plastic film input and the comprehensive prevention and control of plastic film pollution in China.

crops; soils; temperature; plastic film mulching; the concept of suitability; evaluation method

高海河，刘宏金，高维常，等. 作物地膜覆盖技术适宜性及其在东北春玉米上的应用[J]. 农业工程学报，2021，37(22)：95-107.doi：10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.22.011 http://www.tcsae.org

Gao Haihe, Liu Hongjin, Gao Weichang, et al. The suitability of crop plastic film mulching technology and its application on spring maize in northeast China[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2021, 37(22): 95-107. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi：10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.22.011 http://www.tcsae.org

2021-03-12

2021-06-10

国家重点研发计划“政府间国际科技创新合作”重点专项（2017YFE0121900）；中国烟草总公司贵州省公司科技项目“烟用全生物降解地膜开发（合同号：201933）；中央级科研院所基本科研业务费专项（Y2019LM02-02）。

高海河，博士生，研究方向为旱地农业。Email：gaohaihe@caas.cn

严昌荣，研究员，博士生导师，研究方向为地膜覆盖及残留污染防控。Email：yanchangrong@caas.cn

10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.22.011

S152

A

1002-6819(2021)-22-0095-13