Winter Olympics’ Firsts 冬奥会史上的首次

陈丽

The FIRST Winter Olympic gold medalist was Charles Jewtraw， from Lake Placid1 in the United States， when he won the 500 meters speed skating title in 1924.

The FIRST Winter Olympic female gold medalist was Herma Planck Szabo of Austria in the Figure Skating Event in 1924.

The FIRST Winter Games to be held in a different country from the Summer Olympics was at St. Moritz2， 1928.

The FIRST Winter Games hosted in a national capital city was Oslo3 in 1952.

The FIRST Winter Games to be televised were the 1956 Games in Cortina d’Ampezzo， Italy.

The FIRST Winter Games to have a dedicated4 athlete’s village was in 1960 Squaw Valley， USA.

The FIRST Winter Games to use a computer （courtesy of IBM） to tabulate5 results was in 1960 Squaw Valley， USA.

The FIRST Winter Games to be broadcast in color was in Grenoble， France in 1968.

The FIRST games （both winter and summer） for a mascot to appear was in 1968 in Grenoble—Schuss6—a man on skis.

The FIRST Olympic Games （both Summer and Winter） where gender testing7 was introduced was in Grenoble， France in 1968.

The FIRST Games to use artificial snow was the 1980 Games in Lake Placid8.

The FIRST person to win five individual gold medals in one Games （Summer and Winter） was Eric Heiden9， when he won all five men’s speed skating titles in 1980 （three of Mark Spitz10’s swimming gold medals at the 1972 Munich Olympics were in relays）.

The FIRST black African skier to compete in the Winter Olympics was Senegal’s Lamine Guèye， who made his debut11 at Sarajevo 1984.

The FIRST time the Winter Olympics speed skating events were held indoors was in Calgary 1988.

The FIRST black athlete to win a Winter Olympic medal was Debi Thomas12 of the United States， finishing third in figure skating at the 1988 Games in Calgary.

The FIRST Winter Olympic medalist from the southern hemisphere was New Zealand skier Annelise Coberger who won a silver medal in the women’s slalom at Albertville in France in 1992.

The FIRST black athlete to earn winter gold was USA’s Vonetta Flowers in the women’s bobsleigh， at Salt Lake City in 2002.

The FIRST black male gold medal winner was Canadian ice hockey13 player Jarome Iginia， at Salt Lake City in 2002.

The FIRST Winter Olympics host city to hold the opening and closing ceremonies indoors is Vancouver in 2010.

The FIRST athlete to participate in both short track （1500m） and long track （5000m） speed skating was Haralds Silovs in 2010. He also became the FIRST to compete in two different disciplines on the same day.

The FIRST Winter Olympics held by the sea was in Vancouver in 2010， and some venues， such as the Richmond Olympic Oval are at sea level.

The FIRST time any competitions of the Winter Olympics was held before the Opening ceremony was in 2014 when a team event was added to the figure skating program， requiring the competition to start earlier.

The FIRST Winter Olympic Torch relay leg in space was for the Sochi 2014 Games—one leg of the relay involved a spacewalk by Russian cosmonauts.

The FIRST gold medal tie ever for an Olympic alpine skiing event was in 2014 when two gold medals， one to Slovenia and one to Switzerland， were awarded for Women’s downhill skiing.

Unlike the Summer Olympics， the canceled 1940 and 1944 Winter Olympics are not included in the official Roman numeral counts for the Winter Games.14

No country in the Southern Hemisphere has ever hosted a Winter Games.

Gillis Grafström became the first person to win a medal in the same event in Summer and Winter Olympics， winning figure skating golds at the 1920 Olympics and in the same event at the first Winter Olympics in 1924.

Athletes have ever won medals at both the Winter and Summer Olympic Games： Jacob Tullin Thams （Norway）， Christa Luding-Rothenburger （East Germany）， Clara Hughes （Canada）， and Lauryn Williams （USA）. Clara Hughes15 is the only person ever to have won multiple medals in both. Christa Luding16 is the only person to win medals at the Winter and Summer Games in the same year. （This feat is no longer possible as the Winter and Summer games are now 2 years apart）

At the 1960 games at Squaw Valley， California USA， in an effort to impress spectators， Walt Disney was head of the committee that organized the opening day ceremonies. The Opening Ceremony was filled with high school choirs and bands， releasing of thousands of balloons， fireworks， ice statues， releasing of 2，000 white doves， and national flags dropped by parachute.

At the 1988 Winter Olympics， four brothers made up both of Mexico’s teams in the 2-man bobsled event—Eduardo， Jorge， Adrian and Roberto Tames—the most siblings to compete in a single Winter Olympic Games event.

Liechtenstein is the only nation to win medals at the Winter Games but not at the Summer Games.

Three nations have won more medals at the Winter Games than at the Summer Games： Norway， Austria and Liechtenstein.

At the 2010 Winter Olympics， Latvian athlete Haralds Silovs became the first athlete in Olympic history to participate in both short track （1500m） and long track （5000m） speed skating， and also became the first to compete in two different disciplines on the same day.

Winning gold can be lucrative： in 2014， any Kazakhstani athlete who claims gold will earn a cool17 US$250，000 for their efforts. Latvia is offering its athletes US$192，000 for a gold medal， with Ukranian gold medalists up for US$150，000.

★ 首位冬奥会金牌得主是查尔斯·朱特劳，他来自美国的普莱西德湖，在1924年冬奥会上获得男子500米速滑冠军。

★ 首位冬奥会女性金牌得主是奥地利的赫尔马·普兰克·绍博，她夺得1924年女子花样滑冰项目冠军。

★ 首届与夏季奥运会不在同一国家主办的冬奥会是1928年的圣莫里茨冬季奥运会。

★ 首届在首都城市举办的冬奥会是1952年的奥斯陆冬季奥运会。

★ 首次实现电视转播的冬奥会是1956年的意大利科尔蒂纳丹佩佐冬季奥运会。

★ 首次修建专用奥运村的冬奥会是1960年的美国斯阔谷冬季奥运会。

★ 首次使用电脑（由IBM公司赞助）来显示比赛结果的冬奥会是1960年的美国斯阔谷冬季奥运会。

★ 首次实现彩色电视转播的冬奥会是1968年的法国格勒诺布尔冬季奥运会。

★ 首次使用吉祥物的奥运会（包括夏季和冬季奥运会）是1968年的法国格勒诺布尔冬季奥运会，吉祥物名为“舒斯”，是一个滑雪的卡通人物形象。

★ 首次引入性别测试的奥运会（包括夏季和冬季奥运会）是1968年的法国格勒诺布尔冬季奥运会。

★ 首次使用人工造雪的冬奥会是1980年的美国普莱西德湖冬季奥运会。

★ 首位在同一届奥运会（包括夏季和冬季奥运会）上获得五块个人金牌的运动员是埃里克·海登，他在1980年冬奥会上独揽了五项男子速滑冠军。（之前1972年的慕尼黑夏季奥运会上，马克·斯皮茨有三块金牌是游泳接力赛的金牌。）

★ 首位参与冬奥会竞技的非洲黑人运动员是来自塞内加尔的拉明·盖伊，他首次亮相于1984年的萨拉热窝冬季奥运会。

★ 首次在室内举行速滑比赛的冬奥会是1988年的卡尔加里冬季奥运会。

★ 首位获得冬奥会奖牌的黑人运动员是美国的德比·托马斯，她在1988年的卡尔加里冬季奥运会上获得女子花样滑冰的铜牌。

★ 首位来自南半球的冬奥会获奖选手是来自新西兰的滑雪运动员安内里斯·科伯格尔，她在1992年的法国阿尔贝维尔冬季奥运会上获得女子回转项目银牌。

★ 首位获得冬奥会金牌的黑人运动员是美国的沃内塔·弗劳尔斯，她于2002年在盐湖城冬奥会上夺得女子雪车比赛的冠军。

★ 首位黑人男性金牌获得者是加拿大的冰球选手杰罗姆·伊吉尼亚，他在2002年的盐湖城冬奥会上获得这枚金牌。

★ 首次在室内举行冬奥会开幕式和闭幕式的城市是2010年冬奥会的主办城市温哥华。

★ 首位同时参加短道速滑（1500米）和长道速滑（5000米）的运动员是2010年冬奥会的哈拉兹·思洛夫斯。他也是头一位在同一天参加两种不同类别项目竞技的运动员。

★ 首次在海边举行的冬奥会是2010年的温哥华冬季奥运会，有些比赛场馆——例如里士满奥林匹克馆——与海平面齐平。

★ 首次在开幕式举行之前就开始比赛的冬奥会是2014年的索契冬奥会。当时，花样滑冰比赛增加了一个团体项目，从而需要比赛早些开始。

★ 首次在太空实现火炬传递的冬奥会是2014年的索契冬奥会，火炬传递的一段旅程由苏联宇航员太空行走完成。    □

（译者单位：北京外国语大学）

★ 首次冬奥会的高山滑雪并列金牌产生于2014年，该届的女子高山滑雪项目金牌同时授予了斯洛文尼亚选手和瑞士选手。

★ 与夏季奥运会不同的是，冬季奥运会在计算届数的时候并不把被取消的1940年和1944年冬奥会计算在內。

★ 南半球迄今还没有国家主办过冬季奥运会。

★ 吉利斯·格拉夫斯特伦是首位在夏季和冬季奥运会上均获得同一项目奖牌的运动员。他是1920年奥运会花样滑冰冠军，在1924年的首届冬奥会上又获得同一项目的冠军。

★ 曾在夏季和冬季奥运会上均获得过奖牌的运动员，他们是雅各布·图林·泰唔士（挪威）、克里斯塔·卢丁-罗滕布格尔（东德）、克拉拉·休斯（加拿大）和劳琳·威廉姆斯（美国）。克拉拉·休斯是唯一一位曾在夏季和冬季奥运会上获得多项奖牌的运动员。克里斯塔·卢丁是唯一在同一年份内在夏季和冬季奥运会上均获得奖牌的运动员。（这一战绩将再无来者，因为现在的冬季和夏季奥运会间隔2年举行。）

★ 1960年的美国加州斯阔谷冬季奥运会上，为了吸引观众，迪斯尼公司担当了开幕式庆典的组织委员会主席。开幕式当天，会场上满是高中合唱团和乐队，放飞了数以千计的汽球，还有焰火、冰雕，2000只白鸽腾空而起，降落伞挂着各国国旗徐徐降落。

★ 1988年的冬季奥运会上，四位兄弟组成了墨西哥男子双人雪车项目的2个团队，他们是爱德华多·塔姆斯、豪尔赫·塔姆斯、艾德里安·塔姆斯、罗伯托·塔姆斯，创造了兄弟姐妹参加同一个冬奥会单项运动的人数之最。

★ 列支敦士登是唯一一个在冬奥会上获过奖牌但没有在夏季奥运会上获得过奖牌的国家。

★ 共有三个国家获得的冬奥会奖牌多于其获得的夏季奥运会奖牌：挪威、奥地利和列支敦士登。

★ 在2010年的冬季奥运会上，拉脱维亚运动员哈拉兹·思洛夫斯成为奥运会历史上首位同时参加短道速滑（1500米）和长道速滑（5000米）的运动员，而且他也是头一位在同一天参加两种不同类别项目竞技的运动员。

★ 获得金牌可以带来丰厚的回报：2014年，哈萨克斯坦运动员只要获得金牌就可以得到整整25万美元的奖励。拉脱维亚目前给其运动员的开价是一块金牌19.2万美元，在乌克兰一块金牌则最多可达15万美元。

（译者单位：北京外国语大学）