The Outline of Each Winter Olympics 历届冬奥会

安砚贞

The first Winter Olympics， the 1924 Winter Olympics， was held in Chamonix， France. The original five sports （broken into nine disciplines） were bobsleigh， curling， ice hockey， Nordic skiing （consisting of the disciplines military patrol1，  cross-country skiing， Nordic combined， and ski jumping）， and skating （consisting of the disciplines figure skating and speed skating）.

[2] St. Moritz， Switzerland， was appointed by the IOC2 to host the second Olympic Winter Games in 1928.  Fluctuating weather conditions challenged the hosts. Sonja Henie of Norway made history when she won the figure skating competition at the age of 15. She became the youngest Olympic champion in history， a distinction she would hold for 74 years.

[3] The next Winter Olympics was the first to be hosted outside of Europe. This was less than in 1928 as the journey to Lake Placid， United States， was a long and expensive one for most competitors who had little money in the midst of the Great Depression. The athletes competed in fourteen events in four sports. Sonja Henie defended her Olympic title， and Eddie Eagan， who had been an Olympic champion in boxing in 1920， won the gold in the men’s bobsleigh event to become the first， and so far only， Olympian to have won gold medals in both the Summer and Winter Olympics.

[4] The German towns of Garmisch and Partenkirchen joined to organise the 1936 edition of the Winter Games. This would be the last time the Summer and Winter Olympics were held in the same country in the same year. Alpine skiing made its Olympic debut， but skiing teachers were barred from entering because they were considered to be professionals. Because of this decision the Swiss and Austrian skiers refused to compete at the Games.

[5] World War II interrupted the celebrations of the Winter Olympics. The 1940 Games had been awarded to Sapporo， Japan， but the decision was rescinded in 1938 because of the Japanese invasion of China. The Games were moved to Garmisch-Partenkirchen， Germany， but the German invasion of Poland in 1939 forced the complete cancellation of the 1940 Games. Due to the ongoing war， the 1944 Games， originally scheduled for Cortina d’Ampezzo， Italy， were cancelled.

[6] St. Moritz was selected to host the first post-war Games in 1948. Switzerland’s neutrality had protected the town during World War II， and most of the venues were in place from the 1928 Games， which made St. Moritz a logical choice. It became the first city to host a Winter Olympics twice. Controversy erupted when two hockey teams from the United States arrived， both claiming to be the legitimate U.S. Olympic hockey representative. There was unprecedented parity at these Games， during which 10 countries won gold medals—more than any Games to that point.

[7] The Olympic Flame for the 1952 Games in Oslo， was lit in the fireplace by skiing pioneer Sondre Nordheim， and the torch relay was conducted by 94 participants entirely on skis. Bandy3， a popular sport in the Nordic countries， was featured as a demonstration sport， though only Norway， Sweden， and Finland fielded teams. Norwegian athletes won 17 medals， which outpaced all the other nations. They were led by Hjalmar Andersen who won three gold medals in four events in the speed skating competition.

[8] After not being able to host the Games in 1944， Cortina d’Ampezzo was selected to organise the 1956 Winter Olympics. These were the first Winter Games to be televised， and the first Olympics ever broadcast to an international audience， though no television rights would be sold until the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. The Cortina Games were used to test the feasibility of televising large sporting events. The Soviet Union made its Olympic debut and had an immediate impact， winning more medals than any other nation.  Chiharu Igaya won the first Winter Olympics medal for Japan and the continent of Asia， when he placed second in the slalom.

[9] The IOC awarded the 1960 Olympics to Squaw Valley， United States. Since the village was underdeveloped， there was a rush to construct infrastructure and sports facilities like an ice arena， speed-skating track， and a ski-jump hill. The opening and closing ceremonies were produced by Walt Disney.  The Squaw Valley Olympics had a number of notable firsts： it was the first winter Olympics to have a dedicated athletes’ village， it was the first to use a computer to tabulate results， and the first to feature female speed skating events. The bobsleigh events were absent for the only time， because the organising committee found it too expensive to build the bobsleigh run.

[10] The Austrian city of Innsbruck was the host in 1964. Although Innsbruck was a traditional winter sports resort， warm weather caused a lack of snow during the Games and the Austrian army was asked to transport snow and ice to the sport venues. Soviet speed-skater Lidia Skoblikova made history by sweeping all four speed-skating events. Her career total of six gold medals set a record for Winter Olympics athletes. Luge was first contested in 1964.

[11] Held in the French town of Grenoble， the 1968 Winter Olympics were the first Olympic Games to be broadcast in colour. The organising committee sold television rights for US$2 million， which was more than double the price of the broadcast rights for the Innsbruck Games. Venues were spread over long distances requiring three athletes’ villages. The organisers claimed this was required to accommodate technological advances. Critics disputed this， alleging that the layout was necessary to provide the best possible venues for television broadcasts at the expense of the athletes.

[12] The 1972 Winter Games， held in Sapporo， Japan， were the first to be hosted outside North America or Europe. The issue of professionalism became contentious during the Sapporo Games. Canada did not send teams to the 1972 or 1976 ice hockey tournaments in protest of their inability to use players from professional leagues. Francisco Fernández Ochoa became the first （and so far only） Spaniard to win a Winter Olympic gold medal; he triumphed in the slalom.

[13] The 1976 Winter Olympics had been awarded in 1970 to Denver， United States， but in November 1972 the voters of the state of Colorado voted against public funding of the games by a 3 to 2 margin. The IOC opted to ask Innsbruck， which had maintained most of the infrastructure from the 1964 Games. With half the time to prepare for the Games as intended， Innsbruck accepted the invitation to replace Denver in February 1973. Two Olympic flames were lit because it was the second time the Austrian town had hosted the Games. The 1976 Games featured the first combination bobsleigh and luge track， in neighbouring Igls. The Soviet Union won its fourth consecutive ice hockey gold medal.

[14] In 1980 the Olympics returned to Lake Placid， which had hosted the 1932 Games. American speed-skater Eric Heiden set either an Olympic or world record in each of the five events he competed in. Hanni Wenzel won both the slalom and giant slalom and her country， Liechtenstein， became the smallest nation to produce an Olympic gold medallist. In the “Miracle on Ice” the American hockey team beat the favoured Soviets， and then went on to win the gold medal.

[15] Sapporo， Japan， and Gothenburg， Sweden， were front-runners to host the 1984 Winter Olympics. It was therefore a surprise when Sarajevo， Yugoslavia， was selected as host. Host nation Yugoslavia won its first Olympic medal when alpine skier Jure Franko won a silver in the giant slalom. Another sporting highlight was the free dance performance of British ice dancers Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean. Their performance to Ravel’s Boléro earned the pair the gold medal after achieving unanimous perfect scores for artistic impression.

[16] In 1988， the Canadian city of Calgary hosted the first Winter Olympics to span 16 days. New events were added in ski-jumping and speed skating; while future Olympic sports curling， short track speed skating and freestyle skiing made their appearance as demonstration sports. For the first time the speed skating events were held indoors， on the Olympic Oval.

[17] The 1992 Games were hosted in the French Savoie region in the city of Albertville， though only 18 events were held in the city. The rest of the events were spread out over the Savoie.

[18] In 1986 the IOC had voted to separate the Summer and Winter Games and place them in alternating even-numbered years. This change became effective for the 1994 Games， held in Lillehammer， Norway， which became the first Winter Olympics to be held separate from the Summer Games.

[19] The 1998 Winter Olympics were held in the Japanese city of Nagano and were the first Games to host more than 2，000 athletes. The men’s ice hockey tournament was opened to professionals for the first time. Women’s ice hockey made its debut and the United States won the gold medal. A wave of new world records was set in speed skating because of the introduction of the clap skate.

[20] The 2002 Winter Olympics were held in Salt Lake City， United States， hosting 77 nations and 2，399 athletes in 78 events in 7 sports. These games were the first to take place since 11 September 2001， which meant a higher degree of security to avoid a terrorist attack. The opening ceremonies of the games saw signs of the aftermath of the events of that day， including the flag that flew at Ground Zero4.

[21] The Italian city of Turin hosted the 2006 Winter Olympics. It was the second time that Italy had hosted the Winter Olympic Games.

[22] The IOC awarded the 2010 Winter Olympics to Vancouver， thus allowing Canada to host its second Winter Olympics. Over 2，500 athletes from 82 countries and regions participated in 86 events. The rise of Asian nations in Winter Olympics sports is due in part to the growth of winter sports programmes and the interest in winter sports in nations such as South Korea， Japan and China.

[23] Sochi， Russia， was selected as the host city of the 2014 Winter Olympics. This was the first time that Russia hosted a Winter Olympics. Over 2800 athletes from 88 countries and regions participated in 98 events. The Olympic Village and Olympic Stadium were located on the Black Sea coast. The 2014 Winter Olympics， the 22nd Winter Olympics， took place from 7 to 23 February 2014.

[24] The 2018 Winter Olympics took place from 9 to 25 February 2018 in PyeongChang， South Korea. More than 2，900 athletes from 92 countries and regions participated in 102 events.

Beijing was elected on 31 July 2015 to be the host city for the 2022 Winter Olympics. It will be the first city to host both the Summer and Winter Olympics

第一届冬季奥林匹克运动会（以下简称“冬奥会”）于1924年在法国沙莫尼举行。最开始的5大项运动（共分成9个小项目）是：雪车、冰壶、冰球、北欧滑雪（包括军事巡逻、越野滑雪、北欧两项和跳台滑雪）和滑冰（包括花样滑冰和速度滑冰）。

[2] 1928年，瑞士圣莫里茨被国际奥林匹克运动会委员会（以下简称“奥委会”）指定承办第二届冬奥会。不稳定的天气状况给东道国带来挑战。挪威的索尼娅·赫妮获得花样滑冰冠军，当时她才15岁，创造了历史。她成为历史上最年轻的奥运冠军，这一荣誉她保持了74年。

[3]接下来的一届冬奥会第一次由非欧洲国家举办。这次规模逊于1928年，因为当时正值大萧条期间，大多数运动员没什么钱，去往美国普莱西德湖的路途漫长而昂贵。运动员们竞技4大项共14个小项目的比赛。索尼娅·赫妮卫冕成功，1920年的奥运拳击冠军埃迪·伊根赢得了男子雪车项目的金牌，成为第一个、也是迄今为止唯一的一个既获得过夏季奥运会冠军、也获得过冬季奥运会冠军的运动员。

[4]德国的加米施和帕滕基兴两市联合举办了1936年的冬奥会。冬夏奥运会最后一次同年在同一个国家举办，高山滑雪首次登场，但是滑雪教练员被禁止参赛，因为他们被认为是职业运动员。由于这项决定，瑞士和奥地利滑雪运动员拒绝参赛。

[5]第二次世界大战使冬奥会中断。本来决定1940年的冬奥会由日本札幌市举办，但是由于日本入侵中国，1938年该项决定被撤销。然后举办地改到德国的加米施和帕滕基兴，但是由于德国在1939年入侵波兰，1940年的冬奥会最终被取消。由于战争的持续，本定于1944年在意大利科尔蒂纳丹佩佐举办的奥运会也被取消。

[6]战后首次冬奥会1948年在圣莫里茨举办。瑞士的中立地位使该地免受二战的破坏，而且其1928年冬奥会的大多数场地仍完好，圣莫里茨成为必然的选择。圣莫里茨成为第一个举办过两次冬奥会的城市。当时还出现了争执，因为有两只来自美国的冰球队到场，两队都声称自己是美国奥运冰球项目的合法代表队。各国在运动会中空前地势均力敌，该届运动会有10个国家获得了金牌——比此前的历届都多。

[7] 1952年奥斯陆的奥运圣火由滑雪运动员森德·诺德海姆在壁炉前点燃， 94人接力滑雪完成火炬传递。本届比赛中，北欧国家流行的班迪球运动作为表演项目亮相，但只有挪威、瑞典和芬兰队参与。挪威队获得了17块奖牌，超过所有其他国家。挪威队的领军人物是亚马尔·安德森，他在速度滑冰的四个项目中获得了三块金牌。

[8]科尔蒂纳丹佩佐与1944年的奥运会失之交臂后，又被选中举办1956年冬奥会。这是首届进行电视转播的冬奥会，也是首届向世界广播的奥运会，虽然直到1960年罗马夏季奥运会才有电视转播权的出售。科蒂纳奥运会首次试水大规模体育赛事电视转播的可行性。苏联第一次亮相奥运会，并立刻产生了影响，比其他国家获得了更多奖牌。猪谷千春在障碍滑雪比赛中获得第二名，为日本以及整个亚洲大陆赢得了第一枚冬奥会奖牌。

[9]国际奥委会将1960年冬奥会的主办权授予了美国的斯阔谷。由于当时该地尚未充分开发，因此突击建设了基础设施和运动场地，比如：冰上运动场、速滑跑道、跳台滑雪的跳台。开幕式和闭幕式由华特·迪斯尼公司制作。斯阔谷冬奥会开创了多个值得注意的“第一”：第一届有专门运动员村的冬奥会;第一届运用计算机显示比分的冬奥会;第一届有女子速滑项目的冬奥会;唯一一次缺少了雪车项目的冬奥会，因为主办方委员会认为太昂贵，故而未建造雪车滑道。

[10]奥地利城市因斯布鲁克是1964年冬奥会东道主。虽然因斯布鲁克是传统的冬季运动圣地，但是温暖的天气致使运动会期间少雪，要请奥地利军队把雪和冰运到运动场地。苏联速滑运动员莉迪亚·思科布利库娃包揽了全部四项速滑项目的金牌，创造了历史。她在整个运动生涯中共获得了6枚金牌，创造了冬奥会历史。雪橇项目1964年首次进入比赛。

[11] 1968年冬奥会在法国城市格勒诺布尔举行，是第一次进行了彩色电视转播的冬奥会。组委会以200万美元的价格出售了电视转播权，这一价格是因斯布鲁克奥运会转播权价格的两倍多。运动场馆之间距离遥远，需要有三个运动员村。主办方认为这是顺应技术进步所必须。批评者提出不同意见，认为这是能为电视转播提供的最好的场馆布局，只是给运动员带来了不便。

[12] 1972年日本札幌冬奥会是首个在北美或欧洲之外举办的冬奥会。札幌冬奥会中，职业选手参赛问题争议性很大。为抗议不能从职业联赛中选拔运动员，加拿大没有派出代表队参加1972和1976年的冰球比赛。弗朗西斯科·费尔南德斯·奥乔亚成为第一个（也是迄今为止唯一的）获得冬奥会金牌的西班牙人。他在障碍滑雪中夺冠。

[13] 1970年，美国的丹佛市被选为1976年冬奥会主办城。但是在1972年11月，科罗拉多州人以3比2的比例投票反对用公共资金办奥运。国际奥委会请求因斯布鲁克接手，因其1964年举办奥运会的大部分基础设施均保持完好。在仅剩一半时间准备运动会的情况下，因斯布鲁克在1973年2月接受了邀请，取代了丹佛。奥运圣火在两处点燃，因为这是这座奥地利城市第二次举办冬奥会。1976年的这次奥运会上，在附近的伊格斯市雪车和雪橇滑道首次合二为一。苏联连续第四次获得冰球金牌。

[14] 1980年，奥运会主办地回到普莱西德湖，这个曾举办过1932年冬奥会的地方。美国速滑运动员埃里克·海登在他参加的所有五项比赛中均创造了奥运会纪录或世界纪录。哈尼·文策尔赢得了障碍滑小回轉和大回转比赛，她的祖国列支敦士登成为世界上最小的诞生奥运冠军的国家。在“冰上奇迹”中，美国冰球队打败了大热的苏联队，并进而赢得金牌。

[15]日本札幌和瑞典哥德堡是竞争1984年冬奥会的领先城市。因此，南斯拉夫萨拉热窝的胜出让人惊讶。东道国高山滑雪运动员约尔·弗兰柯在大回转比赛中获得银牌，为东道国南斯拉夫赢得了其第一枚奥运奖牌。英国冰舞运动员简妮·托维尔和克里斯托弗·迪安在冰上舞蹈自由舞中大放异彩，他们表演的拉威尔的波莱罗舞曲获得所有裁判一致给予的艺术分满分，赢得双人舞金牌。

[16] 1988年，加拿大城市卡尔加里举办的冬奥会首次延长至16天。在跳台滑雪和速度滑冰中增加了新项目，未来的奥运项目冰壶、短道速滑和自由式滑雪作为表演项目登场。速度滑冰项目第一次在奥林匹克体育馆室内举行。

[17] 1992年的冬奥会在法国萨瓦地区的阿尔贝维尔市举办。但只有18个项目是在该市举办的，其余项目举办地散布在萨瓦地区。

[18] 1986年，国际奥委会投票，决定将夏季奥运会和冬季奥运会分开间隔在不同的偶数年份举行。这项改变从1994年挪威利勒哈默尔冬奥会生效，这是第一届和夏季奥运会不在同一年举办的冬奥会。

[19] 1998年冬奥会在日本长野举行，参赛运动员人数首次超过2000人。男子冰球项目首次接纳职业运动员。女子冰球首次亮相，美国获得金牌。由于克莱普式冰刀的使用，速度滑冰项目产生了一批世界纪录。

[20] 2002年冬奥会在美国盐湖城举行，有77个国家的2399名运动员参加了7个大项目共78个小项目的比赛。这是2001年9月11日之后的首次运动会，为避免恐怖袭击，安保程度加强。恐袭事件的影响在开幕式上也有体现，包括曾在遇袭的世贸中心飘扬的美国国旗。

[21]意大利城市都灵举办了2006年冬奧会，这是意大利第二次举办冬奥会。

[22]国际奥委会将2010年冬奥会的举办权授予了温哥华，这是加拿大第二次举办冬奥会。来自82个国家和地区的逾2500名运动员参与了86个项目的角逐。亚洲国家在冬奥会崭露头角，这部分是源于冬季运动项目的增加，以及韩国、日本和中国等国兴趣的增强。

[23]俄罗斯索契被选中举办2014年的冬奥会。这是俄罗斯第一次主办冬奥会。来自88个国家和地区的逾2800名运动员参加了98个项目的比赛。奥运村和奥运场馆位于黑海沿岸。2014年冬奥会是第22届冬奥会，从2014年的2月7日开到23日。

[24] 2018年冬奥会于2018年2月9日至25日在韩国平昌举行。平昌冬奥会设15个大项、102个小项，来自92个国家和地区的逾2900名选手参加比赛。

2015年7月31日，北京获得2022年第24届冬奥会主办权。北京将成为首个既举办夏奥会又举办冬奥会的城市。□

（译者单位：广东工业大学）