李清照咏桂花

司马一民

又到杭州满城桂花飘香的季节，想起了李清照在杭州写的一首词《摊破浣溪沙·病起萧萧两鬓华》：“病起萧萧两鬓华，卧看残月上窗纱。豆蔻连梢煎熟水，莫分茶。枕上诗书闲处好，门前风景雨来佳。终日向人多酝藉，木犀花。”

这首词的大意为，病后已经稀疏的两鬓又添白发了，无力外出，只能躺在床上透过窗纱看看残月。用沸腾的汤水煎豆蔻，没有兴致做分茶。靠在枕上读书算是一种闲适，以为门前的景色因为下雨而比平时好看。整日默默陪伴着我的，只有那窗前的木犀花（桂花）。

李清照（10841—1155），号易安居士，山东济南章丘人，宋代著名词人，曾有《易安居士文集》《易安词》，已散佚，后人有《漱玉词》辑本。

李清照的这首《摊破浣溪沙·病起萧萧两鬓华》词大约写于五十岁左右，宋室南迁之后。这首词写她病后的生活状态，纪事写实，用词平常，也没有用典故，与她以前的词作风格有很大不同，这大概与她当时的境遇和心情相关，以至于有人认为这不是李清照的作品。

关于李清照，很多人对她在宋室南渡之前的生活状况比较了解：她生于官宦之家，嫁与门当户对的赵明诚，尤其是她与赵明诚婚后琴瑟和谐，醉心于诗书和金石收藏，生活优裕，神仙眷侣，让人羡慕。

宋室南渡之后李清照的生活变故极大，先是赵明诚病故，后为避战乱，她携带所有的收藏，追随宋高宗赵构仓皇逃难于越州、台州、明州、温州、山阴，许多收藏被盗，兵荒马乱中的惊恐与艰苦可想而知。

绍兴二年（1132），李清照到了杭州，虽结束颠沛流离的逃亡生活，但孤独无依，此时监诸军审计司官吏张汝舟百般讨好李清照，很快李清照就嫁给了张汝舟。其实张汝舟迎娶李清照，是听说她有珍贵的古文物收藏。婚后张汝舟发现李清照并无多少财物，大失所望，经常恶语相加，甚至挥拳殴打，李清照难以容忍。后来李清照发现张汝舟有骗取官职的行径，就向官府举报，并要求离婚。当年秋，经查属实，张汝舟被撤职，官府准予李清照离婚。

我推测，南渡以来原本身心疲惫，再经此番折腾，很可能此时李清照病了一场。《摊破浣溪沙·病起萧萧两鬓华》就是在这样的背景下写的。经历过种种磨难，甚至死里逃生，这个时候面对桂花李清照会是什么心态？还可能像早年在济南在汴京在建康那样安逸闲致？当然不可能。

李清照早年曾写过一首《鹧鸪天·桂花》：“暗淡轻黄体性柔。情疏迹远只香留。何须浅碧轻红色，自是花中第一流。梅定妒，菊应羞。画阑开处冠中秋。骚人可煞无情思，何事当年不见收。”

这首词的大意为，淡黄色的桂花，轻盈柔弱，并不特别鲜艳。虽不让人惊艳，却远远地给人送去淡淡的幽香。桂花不需要像名花那样姹紫嫣红，但在百花中属于第一流。梅花妒忌桂花的幽香，菊花感到不如桂花美丽。桂花是众多的秋季名花之冠。可惜屈原对桂花了解不深，不然，他在《离骚》中赞美那么多花，为什么没有提到桂花呢？

同样是写桂花，这首《鹧鸪天·桂花》读来就是另外一种味道，可见心境不同，眼前的桂花也被李清照寄托了不同的情感。

李清照从绍兴二年（1132 ）春天到杭州，20年间数度来往于金华与杭州，很好奇她到杭州居住在哪里？

一说她住在清波门一带，未见可以实证的史料。南宋时，清波门一带离皇宫很近，离天街也很近，属于闹市区吧，房租一定不低，她能居住在清波门一带，至少日子还过得去。因了这个缘故，2002年，杭州在清波门柳浪闻莺公园内水杉林小溪边建了一座清照亭，纪念这位命运多舛的才女。清照亭柱有楹联：“清高才女，流离词客;照灼文坛，点染湖风”，交代了李清照的经历、创作和在词坛的地位，不过，“点染湖风”似乎不确切，她在杭州没有写过一首与西湖相关的诗词，可以说与西湖没有啥关系。这个年头的李清照恐怕完全没有了风花雪月的心境，也难怪，而赋诗填词咏西湖，多少会与风花雪月相关的。

还有一说她住在马塍路一带，也未见可以实证的史料。现在的马塍路因马塍而得名。马塍在哪里？《淳佑临安志》载：“今北关门，古之余杭门，外城也。原自有北关门，今有夹城巷，乃古基也，地与马塍相接。”《咸淳临安志》也有相关的记载：“东西马塍，在余杭门外。”明代杭州人田汝成写的《西湖游览志》也有对马塍的记载：“钱王时畜马于此，至三万余匹，号曰马海，故以名塍。”

上述记载中提到“北关门”和“余杭门”，隋文帝时，杭州筑12座城门，北部只有一座，叫余杭门。吴越王钱镠修建杭州罗城时，建“北關门”，俗称“百官门”。《梦粱录》载：“北城门名北关，今在余杭门外。”“城北门者三：曰天宗水门;曰余杭水门;曰余杭门，旧名‘北关’是也。”南宋在杭州设13座城门，北门称余杭门。明代，北门改称武林门。也就是说，马塍在武林门之外。有人考证，马塍地域不小，从武林门外一直延伸到西溪。

“靖康之变”后，“高宗南渡，民之从者如归市”“四方之民云集两浙”。杭州作为南宋的“行在”“临安”，接纳了大量中原和西北的移民。移民中的达官贵人有权有势，住进了城里，还有很多人只能住在城外，大约马塍是这些移民的居住地之一。

在南宋，马塍那个地方是怎么个状况呢？马塍是花卉花木的种植地。《淳祐临安志》载：“东西马塍在余杭门外羊角埂之间，土细宜花卉，园人多工于种接，为都城之冠。”《咸淳临安志》还记载：“东西马塍，在余杭门外，土细宜花卉，园人多工于种接，都城之花皆取给焉。”吴自牧的《梦粱录》也说到马塍的花卉种植：“钱塘门外溜水桥，东西马塍诸园，皆植怪松异桧、四时奇花。” 耐得翁的《都城纪胜》载：“东西马塍诸园，乃都城种植奇异花木处。”

摘录几句南宋诗人的诗句，我们从中也可以想象一下当年马塍花海的模样。

叶适（11501—1223），字正则，号水心居士。温州永嘉（今浙江温州）人，南宋思想家、文学家、政论家，有《赵振文在城北厢两月无日不游马塍，作歌美之，请知振文者同赋》诗曰：“马塍东西花百里，锦云绣雾参差起。长安大车喧广陌，问以马塍云未识。”

趙汝谠，生卒年不详，字蹈中，余杭人，嘉定元年（1208）进士，有《为赵振文赋马塍歌》诗曰：“旧闻城北有马塍，聚花成锦常留春。我家苕水近来到，输他年少寻芳人。相夸此地百金惜，间出奇花万钱直。”

如果李清照后来居住在杭州城外的马塍，说明她的生存状况越来越差了。

世事变迁，沧海桑田，我们现在根本不可能找到昔日马塍的踪影，历史留给我们的只有“马塍路”三个字。

（作者系杭州市政协智库专家、文史专家）

Li Qingzhao in Hangzhou： Eulogizing Sweet Osmanthus in Sickness

By  Sima Yimin

It is that time of the year again when the entire Hangzhou is intoxicated by the sweet-scented osmanthus flowers. A Ci poem by Li Qingzhao springs to one’s mind.

To the Tune of Huan Xi Sha （Expanded Version）：

Rising from illness， I find more greying in my thinning temple hairs;

Lying on bed， I watch the waxing moon climb above window screens.

Together with shoots， cardamom seeds are boiled for me，

For there’s no need to brew tea.

On my pillow I can read books at leisure，

While the doorstep scene in rain gives much pleasure.

Keeping me company all day long through my lonely hours

Are the sweet osmanthus flowers.

In the poem， despite the companionship of sweet osmanthus flowers and her claim that “the doorstep scene in rain gives much pleasure”， Li Qingzhao was in fact quite melancholic.

Born in Jinan in China’s Shandong province and one of the nation’s greatest women poets， Li Qingzhao（1084-1155） is believed to have penned To the Tune of Huan Xi Sha （Expanded Version） when she just reached fifty， a few years after the Northern Song （960-1127） court moved to Zhejiang. The Ci poem， describing her life after she recovered from illness， is so realistic and such a departure from her general writing style that some argued it was not authored by Li at all.

The shift was thought to lie in a change of fortunes for her， both personally and dynastically. Raised in a family of a family of scholar-officials， Li Qingzhao was able to receive a good education in her childhood. Her poetry was already well known within elite circles before her marriage in 1101 with Zhao Mingcheng （1081-1129）. The couple shared interests in art collection and epigraphy， and enjoyed a comfortable and happy life， an inspiration for some of her love poems.

Things took a turn for the worse when the Northern Song was forced to flee to the south as its capital fell to the Jurchens. On their route to the south， Zhao died of illness， a crushing blow from which Li never recovered. Li and her husband had collected books， paintings and calligraphies， but they were mostly lost， stolen or burned during the process.

In 1132， Li Qingzhao arrived in Hangzhou. Although her life as a “refugee” had come to a stop for now， without family or support， she was totally on her own. At the time， an official by the name of Zhang Ruzhou began to court her， and soon after Li married Zhang. But in turned out Zhang had ulterior motives： he coveted the precious collections that Li was believed to still possess. Upon learning Li had little to none after marrying her， Zhang did an about-face， treating Li badly and even beating her up. Li later filed for divorce， which the authorities granted. She also found Zhang obtained his position through cheating and reported it to the government; Zhang was removed from his post that very autumn.

In all probability， Li Qingzhao fell ill after all the exhaustions from travelling to the south and the unhappy episode with Zhao Ruzhou. To the Tune of Huan Xi Sha （Expanded Version） was written under such circumstances， and we can well imagine how she felt at that time.

In over two decades after Li reached Hangzhou in the spring of 1132， she journeyed back and forth between Jinhua and Hangzhou many times. Where did she stay in Hangzhou？

One suggestion is that she lived near the Qingbo Gate， not far from the royal palace. If it was indeed the case， Li was at least leading a relatively conformable life， for the rent in the downtown area was not cheap. In fact， a pavilion in her name — Qingzhao Pavilion — was set up in 2002 by the West Lake to commemorate the ill-fated lady. Unfortunately， for whatever reasons， Li had never composed any poems on the West Lake.

Another suggestion is that she was put up around Macheng Road. According to various historical records， Macheng was a place in the “outer city”， and used to be an area where King Qian Liu （852-932） of the Kingdom of Wuyue （907-978） raised his 30，000-odd horses. Hence the name “Ma” （horse） “Cheng” （field）. In the Southern Song （1127-1279） period， Macheng became a field where flowers and plants were grown， and where average “Northern Song immigrants” congregated. If Li Qingzhao was proved to reside here， it means her living conditions had worsened.

As years pass by， the original Macheng is nowhere to be found; all that has been left is only the name “Macheng Road”.