特瓦复合绿道：通过景观致敬历史和生态环境

（新西兰）迈克·托马斯

特瓦复合绿道（Te Whau Pathway）是一条在奥克兰市建设的骑行道和步行道共用的绿道基础设施，长约12 km，希望通过其标志性的建筑形态、公共艺术形式、增强的生态功能来展示奥克兰市丰富悠久的历史。这条优雅现代的绿道连接市区与西郊，建成后将成为世界上首次横跨奥克兰狭窄火山峡谷，连通新西兰东、西海岸之间的绿道。在这里日出、日落交替上演，塔斯曼海（Tasman Sea）和太平洋的浪花相接、怀特玛塔城（Waitematā）和曼努考城（Manukau）的船只往来不息，体现了生态多样性和丰富的历史文化印记。

这条绿道可以追溯到沿特瓦河（Te Whau River）的一条重要历史路线，曾经被新西兰的土著毛利人当作在2个水域和部落领土之间的陆上运输路线，用于移民、粮食收集、贸易和战争。近年来，这条河用于生产和运输砖块、食品、贝壳杉树胶和其他原材料。现在，它成了低密度住房和工业区的背景。

项目位于城市西郊，那里的道路多修建在山地上，主要通行机动车且时常发生交通堵塞。因此对骑自行车的人来说，行程较长且不安全。绿道将社区与工作场所、娱乐场所和学校联系起来，缩短了出行时间，提高了人们的出行意愿，并提供了一个可供人亲近自然的场所。

1 特瓦复合绿道沿海生态Costal ecology of the Te Whau Pathway

2 特瓦复合绿道设计元素The design elements of the Te Whau Pathway

考虑到当地丰富的淡水资源及广阔的潮汐生态环境，项目团队建造了一个实用的交通项目，并将其转变为一个嵌入式的雕塑元素（sculpture element），将社区、人民及其文化、自然遗产联系在一起。该项目将促进大片本土沿海森林的种植，同时加强对红树林生态环境的保护。

红树林上方“漂浮”的形态简约的道路与美丽的河流自然环境相辅相成，它模拟了河流的水波形态及河面反光的特性，成为河流景观及社区的一部分。设计通过鲻鱼银色鳞片、蜿蜒的河流和波光粼粼的水面3个概念意向来体现当地特色。设计师希望道路设计尽量简洁，因此整体呈曲线形态盘旋在红树林上方，沿着宽阔的河流蜿蜒前行，倒映出河水优美的曲线和水面波光，以简洁却又不失美感的方式完美地融入自然环境中。

除了为通勤者建立通往奥克兰骑行系统的重要东西向地铁线连接外，这条绿道最大的价值在于将当地社区、周边社区及沿河场所（如学校、商店、景点、工作场所）进行连通。可以预计，与原公路相比，该道路将提供更快、更安全、更让人愉悦的短距离路线，并为西奥克兰地区居民增加步行和骑行的机会。扶手上的标牌将为通勤者提示附近设施的方向和距离，同时道路的两端还标明了跨海的距离。

人行木栈道将由更轻、比钢更坚硬且使用寿命长达100年的强化玻璃纤维建造。这样轻便坚固的材料旨在确保绿道建造结构的可行性，并且不会对生态敏感的红树林产生破坏。这种材料不会释放有害物质，污染生态敏感的沿海区域，并且可以在使用完成后进行回收。该项目将促进沿海区域和道路周边保护区大规模沿海森林的恢复，提高沿途的景观体验，改善本地生物多样性及加强沿海防御。

特瓦复合绿道很可能成为奥克兰骑行网络系统建设的里程碑。一旦建成，它将成为原本未开发的、连接太平洋和塔斯曼海的红树林中的标志物，并提供沉浸式的体验。

3 特瓦复合绿道连接了大西洋与塔斯曼海，贯通了东西海岸The Te Whau Pathway uniquely connects the Pacific Ocean with the Tasman Sea,East Coast to West Coast

4 鸟瞰图Te Whau aerial view

5 局部鸟瞰图Te Whau aerial view (part)

Te Whau Pathway is a 12 km shared cycling/walking greenway infrastructure proposed for the city of Auckland. Through iconic architectural form, public art and enhanced ecologies, the long and varied history of the region is celebrated through Te Whau Pathway. The pathway is an elegant piece of modernity, linking the city to the western suburbs. A world first, it will connect the east and west coasts of New Zealand across Auckland’s narrow volcanic isthmus, joining sunrise with sunset, the Tasman Sea and Pacific Ocean,and the Waitematā and Manukau harbours across multiple ecologies and cultural footprints.

The pathway traces an important historical route along the Te Whau River, once used by Māori, New Zealand’s indigenous community, as an overland portage route to haul waka between the two water bodies and tribal territories — for migration, food gathering, trading and warfare.More recently, the river was used for the production and shipment of bricks, food, Kauri tree gum and other primary products. Now, it is a backdrop to low density housing and industrial precincts.

The pathway is in the city’s western suburbs,where streets are hilly and often congested, resulting in long journeys that are unsafe for cycling and are dominated by private vehicles. The pathway will connect communities with their places of work,recreation and schools, shortening journey times,promoting active travel and providing access to nature.

By creating a dialogue with this diverse freshwater and expansive tidal ecology, the project team has taken a utilitarian transport project and transformed it into an embedded, sculptural element that connects communities and people with their cultural and natural heritage. The project will stimulate the planting of large tracts of native coastal forest and improve protection of the ecology that the mangroves inhabit.

The beauty of this natural river setting is complemented by the simplicity of the structure floating above the mangroves, mimicking the natural sweep of the river and its reflective qualities, and becoming a part of the landscape and the community that will inherit it. Conceptually, the essence of the design reflects place: the shimmer of the mullet; the curvilinear sweep of the river;the coruscating surface of the waters of Te Whau.The idea for the pathway is purposefully simple.A curvilinear pathway with no straight sections,hovering above the mangroves, snaking along the broad river edge, mirroring the sweep and sparkle of the river. It is a simple form in a simple setting,not distracting from the beauty of its setting.

Beyond forming a crucial east west metro route connection into the Auckland cycle network for commuters, the greatest value of the pathway is to the local community, providing connections to neighbourhoods and facilities (such as schools,shops, reserves, workplaces) along the river edge. It is anticipated that the pathway will provide faster,safer and more enjoyable short journeys than by road, with the added advantage of increasing walking and cycling movements in West Auckland.Signage built into the handrail will inform commuters of directions and distance to nearby facilities as well as distance travelled from and to each ocean at either end of the pathway.

The boardwalk will be constructed from glass reinforced fibre that is lighter than other materials,is stronger than steel and has a 100 yr lifespan.This light, strong material and the structural design of the pathway was designed to enable it to be constructed from the structure, rather than having to disrupt the sensitive mangrove forest. This material will not leach harmful contaminants onto the sensitive coastal marine environment, and it can be recycled at the end of its life. The project will stimulate large scale coastal forest restoration along the coastal margins and in reserves along the way, enhancing the experience of the pathway and improving native biodiversity and coastal defences.

Te Whau Pathway will likely be considered the next hero of the Auckland cycleway network.Once built it will provide an iconic and immersive experience amongst an otherwise undiscovered stretch of mangrove forest, connecting the Pacific Ocean with the Tasman Sea.