书面表达基本技巧

刘耀辉

写作离不开句子，文章是由一个个活生生的句子组成的。要写好一篇优秀的书面表达，除了掌握一定的选词技巧，还必须提高遣词造句的能力，要掌握基本的句法和词法，重要的是掌握句型。学会改写课文中的重要句型，学会一句多种表达。

学习句型，首先要掌握英语的基本句型，其次要学会把这些基本句型转换或扩展成复杂一些的、适合高中生水平的句子。

一、基本句式

1. 主语+谓语+状语（副词、介词短语或状语从句）

They have arrived here.

We get up at 6 o'clock every day.

The meeting lasted 2 hours before it came to an end.

2. 主語+不及物动词+副词

This kind of wine drinks well and sells well.

The cloth washes well.

3. 主语+系动词+形容词

The film we saw yesterday is very interesting.

He was so tired that he fell asleep the moment he went to bed.

Your explanation sounds reasonable.

4. 主语+谓语+宾语

I want your promise.

Have your fixed my watch？

This factory produces 1，000 cars a week.

5. 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语

He paid me a visit yesterday.

He wrote his family a letter yesterday.

6. 主语+谓语+宾语+to do

I will get someone to repair the recorder for you.

He invited me to teach at a well-known university.

7. 主语+谓语+宾语（不定式）

I can't afford to buy such a large house.

He feared to speak in the public.

在书面表达过程中，所写的任何一个句子，必须属于某一个基本句型。学习每一个常用动词的时候，也一定要弄清楚该动词属于哪一个基本句型。

二、句式的转换和扩展

句子的扩展手段有如下几种：

1. 在名词前加修饰语：例如：Mr. Li is a teacher.可扩展为：Mr. Li is an experienced English teacher.

2. 在名词后加修饰语：Mr. Li is one of the experienced English teachers in our school.

3. 在动词前后加状语：例如：He works in our school.可扩展为：He has been working in our school for twenty years.

4.加各种短语：One of my best friends， Mr. Li is an experienced English teacher. / Having taught English for more than twenty years， Mr. Li is an experienced English teacher.

5.加各种从句：He works in a school that has a history of more than 80 years.

6.加并列分句：He works in a school and he devotes all his time to teaching and his students.

7. 通过改变语态：例如：The company can produce 100 mobile phones each day. 可扩展为Each day 100 mobile phones can be produced in the company.

三、造句过程应注意的问题

在造句的过程中，要做到语言简练、准确，还要注意和避免写作过程中常出现的种种错误。

1. 单词拼写、大小写。

[误] My father didn't go home untill he finished his work.

[正] My father didn't go home until he finished his work.

[误] Last Sunday my parents and I went to people's park.

[正] Last Sunday my parents and I went to People's Park.

2. 动词的时态和语态。

[误] My mother teaches in a middle school. She had been teaching for 20 years.

[正] My mother teaches in a middle school. She has been teaching for 20 years.

[误] Unluckily， all the tickets for the football match have sold out.

[正] Unluckily， all the tickets for the football match have been sold out.

[误] The cloth is felt soft.

[正] The cloth feels soft.

3. 主谓一致。

[误] This kind of glasses sell well.

[正] This kind of glasses sells well.

[误] He bought many books， which was written by Lu Xun.

[正] He bought many books， which were written by Lu Xun.

[误] Not you but your father are to blame.

[正] Not you but your father is to blame.

4. 冠词的正确使用。

[误] Car is playing more and more important part in people's life.

[正] The car is playing a more and more important part in people's life.

[正] Cars are playing a more and more important part in people's life.

[误] After a hour or so， the fire was put out.

[正] After an hour or so， the fire was put out.

5. 名詞的单、复数形式。

[误] What a fine weather it is！

[正] What fine weather it is！

[误] It is a great fun to swim in hot summer.

[正] It is great fun to swim in hot summer.

[误] Young people are the future builder of our country.

[正] Young people are the future builders of our country.

6. 介词的正确使用。

[误] He gave us a lecture in February 2.

[正] He gave us a lecture on February 2.

[误] At a Friday afternoon， we had some sports.

[正] On a Friday afternoon， we had some sports.

[误] He will go there on bus.

[正] He will go there by bus.

7. 汉式英语句子。

[误] Welcome you to China！

[正] Welcome to China！

[误] I hope you to have a bright future.

[正] I hope （that） you will have a bright future.

[正] I wish / expect you to have a bright future.

8. 形容词、副词的正确使用。

[误] It is a new-built building.

[正] It is a newly-built building.

[误] A plane travels more faster than a train.

[正] A plane travels much faster than a train.

[误] There is nothing serious wrong with the car.

[正] There is nothing seriously wrong with the car.

总之，通过连词成句、句子转换和扩展等形式达到在运用中使用各种句型，有助于造出正确、连贯、形式多样的英语句子，为写出优秀的文章打下牢固的基础。