刘伟 艾坤 唐旖雯 唐琴 雷欢
〔摘要〕 目的 运用信息可视化数据挖掘技术研究隋唐至明清时期相关文献针灸治疗中风后半身不遂的选穴规律及穴位配伍意义。方法 整理隋唐至明清时期相关文献针灸治疗中风后半身不遂的处方,经筛选后利用信息可视化软件Microsoft Access 2017建立数据库,运用信息可视化软件 SPSS 22.0、Modeler 18.0对治疗本病穴位、经络等行统计分析。结果 本研究获得隋唐至明清时期治疗中风后半身不遂的针灸处方243条,涉及穴位163个,遍布所有正经及任、督二脉,穴位针刺的总频数为1 872次,其中针刺经穴频数排前3位的经络是手阳明大肠经、足少阳胆经、足阳明胃经;针刺频数排前10位的经穴为:曲池、足三里、昆仑、太溪、百会、阳陵泉、合谷、悬钟、环跳、委中;聚类分析获得5个有效聚类群:风市-足三里-百会、曲池-昆仑-太溪、昆仑-涌泉-太溪、风池-风府、环跳-委中-阳陵泉-风市-悬钟;关联规则分析支持度排前6位的有风市-足三里、合谷-悬钟、悬钟-曲池、合谷-风市、昆仑-太溪、曲池-阳陵泉;特定穴位的针刺频率高达91.29%,其中五腧穴使用频数最多,其次为两脉交会穴及原穴。结论 运用信息可视化数据挖掘技术對隋唐至明清时期治疗中风后半身不遂的针灸处方进行规律挖掘,发现其选穴范围较广,常选用四肢部位经穴,注重阳经经穴及特定穴的应用,选取经穴方法多以局部选穴、辨证选穴及循经取穴为主,可为研究中医药古代典籍、针灸治疗中风后半身不遂等提供新思路。
〔关键词〕 中风;半身不遂;针灸;古代典籍;选穴规律;数据挖掘
〔中图分类号〕R246 〔文献标志码〕A 〔文章编号〕doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-070X.2020.08.022
〔Abstract〕 Objective To study the low of acupoint selection and the significance of acupoint compatibility of acupuncture treatment of post-stroke hemiplegia in the literatures from the Sui and Tang Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties using information visualization data mining techniques. Methods The prescriptions of acupuncture for the treatment of post-stroke hemiplegia were collected from the literatures from Sui and Tang Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties. After screening, information visualization software Microsoft Access 2017 was used to establish the database. Statistical analysis of acupoints and meridians in the treatment of disease was performed using information visualization software SPSS 22.0 and Modeler 18.0. Results In this study, 243 acupuncture prescriptions were obtained for the treatment of post-stroke hemiplegia in the literatures from the Sui and Tang Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The total number of acupoints was 163, and with distribution in all regular channels, conception channel and governor channel. The total frequency of all acupoints was 1872 times, and the top 3 meridians with acupoints selection were Hand Yangming Large Intestine Meridian, Foot Shaoyang Gallbladder Meridian, and Foot Yangming Stomach Meridian; the top 10 acupoints with high frequency were Quchi (LI11), Zusanli (ST36), Kunlun (BL60), Taixi (KI3), Baihui (DU20), Yanglingquan (GB34), Hegu (LI4), Xuanzhong (GB39), Huantiao (GB30), and Weizhong (BL40); cluster analysis was performed to obtain 5 effective clusters: Fengshi (GB31)-Zusanli (ST36)-Baihui (DU20), Quchi (LI11)-Kunlun (BL60)-Taixi (KI3), Kunlun (BL60)-Yongquan (KI1)-Taixi (KI3), Fengchi (GB20)-Fengfu (DU16), Huantiao (GB30)-Weizhong (BL40)-Yanglingquan (GB34)-Fengshi (GB31)-Xuanzhong (GB39); the top 6 support after correlation rules analysis were Fengshi (GB31)-Zusanli (ST36), Hegu (LI4)-Xuanzhong (GB39), Xuanzhong (GB39)-Quchi (LI11), Hegu (LI4)-Fengshi (GB31), Kunlun (BL60)-Taixi (KI3), Quchi (LI11)-Yanglingquan (GB34); the acupuncture frequency of specific acupoints was as high as 91.29%, among which five Shu points had the most frequency, followed by two meridian crossing point and yuan-primary point. Conclusion The law mining of acupuncture prescriptions for the treatment of post-stroke hemiplegia in the literatures from the Sui and Tang Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties have a wide range of acupoint selection. The acupoints of the extremities are often selected. Attention is paid to the application of the acupoints in yang meridians and specific acupoints. The method of acupoint selection is mainly locally acupoint selection, syndrome differentiation acupoint selection and acupoint selection along the meridians. It can provide new ideas for the study of ancient classics of traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture treatment of hemiplegia after stroke.
2018年我国卫生健康事业发展统计公报数据显示,中风位居国内造成残疾疾病的首位,其最常见的症状为半身不遂[15]。中医学认为中风后半身不遂其病因病机为风火痰瘀郁滞脑络清窍,与肾、肝、脾诸脏相关,为本虚标实之症,以肝肾亏虚、气血不足为本[16]。清代著名医家王清任认为本病病机为“半身不遂,亏损元气,是其本源”;《诸家主病诗》认为本病病因为“虚固为中风根也”。目前,较多的临床研究及基础研究证实针灸治疗中风后半身不遂存在较显著的效果,但现阶段对针灸治疗中风后半身不遂的相关研究多围绕临床观察及探究针刺原理方面,对诸多珍贵的古代典籍研究较少[17]。本研究对隋唐至明清时期文献进行研究,采取信息可视化数据挖掘技术,对相关文献中针灸治疗中风后半身不遂的选穴规律及穴位配伍意义进行数据挖掘,以期为临床运用针灸治疗本病提供指导及借鉴。
在本研究的信息图表中显示,隋唐至明清时期文献针灸治疗中风后半身不遂针灸使用频数较多的穴位有曲池、足三里、昆仑、太溪、百会、阳陵泉、合谷、悬钟、环跳、委中。曲池具有调气和营、活血通络之效,为表里双清之要穴,既可通畅经络之气,调和气血,又能利关节、止痹痛,《太平圣惠方》[18]称其功用“偏风半身不遂……挽弓不开,皆为此穴。”足三里乃保健要穴,刺激此穴可升发中焦脾阳,取“治痿独取阳明”之意[19]。昆仑为腰背部膀胱经要穴,善治风热痹痛,可舒筋活络。合谷其性属阳,善疏风通络、活血化瘀,推动天部层次的气血运动;阳陵泉乃八会穴之筋会,周身经气流经此处,为中风后半身不遂治疗要穴。众穴同奏滋补肝肾、活血化瘀之效[20]。针刺经穴频数排前3位的经络是手阳明大肠经、足少阳胆经、足阳明胃经。而上述经络皆为阳经,三经穴位使用频次高达879次,占总频次的46.95%,提示隋唐至明清时期文献针灸治疗中风后半身不遂强调身体阳经的补泻作用。阳经容纳机体阳气,其性主动,多流经于四肢、腰背、头面之经脉,其对于治疗中风后半身不遂的肢体萎软、乏力、僵直或痉挛等症状具有较佳效果。阳经经穴多可补气通络温阳,又可舒经活络、清热解痉。上述三经不仅可舒经活络,又各有所长,足少阳经善于清热祛风,手足阳明经长于补气养血。在治疗本病时,尤其要强调手足阳明经的作用。如《黄帝内经》尤为注重通过刺激手足阳明经治疗痿证,强调“治痿独取阳明”“阳明者,五脏六腑之海,主润宗筋,宗筋主束骨而利机关也”[21]。在本研究中,频次出现较多的均为阳经经穴,而其中又以手足阳明经穴最多,如曲池为大肠之合穴,足三里为中焦胃之合穴,合谷为大肠之原穴。聚类分析图表及关联规则分析图表结果亦表明针灸治疗中风后半身不遂更加注重阳经的应用。
聚类分析冰柱图表显示,隋唐至明清时期文献治疗本病所应用的穴位大致可区分为4类。第一类主要为补气活血、舒筋活络效用穴位,如环跳、委中、风市、悬钟;第二类主要为清热泄火、通利筋节效用穴位,如昆仑、太溪、合谷、肩井、阳辅、腕骨等穴位;第三类主要为疏风活络、补气生血效用穴位,如足三里、百會、风市、风池、风府、肩髃等穴位;第四类主要为调节相应脏腑功能效用穴位,如肾俞、心俞、脾俞等穴位。关联规则分析图表结果显示支持度排前6位的为风市-足三里、合谷-悬钟、悬钟-曲池、合谷-风市、昆仑-太溪、曲池-阳陵泉,以风市-足三里的支持度最高。中风后半身不遂病人多为久病、旧病,其机体阴阳气血多数存在不同程度的亏虚。风市是足少阳经经穴[17],为治疗中风后半身不遂、麻木不仁之要穴;足三里是保健要穴,其具有益气健脾、强健肢体、生血活血之效用。
综上所述,对隋唐至明清时期针灸治疗中风后半身不遂文献进行信息可视化数据挖掘,可挖掘出较清晰明确的选穴规律及配伍特点,上述结果可为现代临床运用针灸治疗中风后半身不遂提供指导及借鉴,亦可为研究中医药古代典籍、针灸等提供新思路。然而,本研究仍存在其不足之处,如古代典籍存在缺损,症状、穴位名称不统一,一名多穴、一穴多名、一症状多种描述等情况,对信息可视化数据挖掘技术的开展造成了较大的困难及限制,但信息可视化数据挖掘技术仍不失为一种较可靠的分析方法,值得进一步深入研究。
参考文献
[1] 岳月红.中风偏瘫患者早期康复中引入针灸治疗的价值分析[J]. 中西医结合心血管病电子杂志,2019,7(36):176.
[2] MARTINEZ SANTOS J, HANNAY M, OLAR A, et al. Rathke's cleft cyst apoplexy in two teenage sisters[J]. Pediatric Neurosurgery, 2019, 54(6): 428-435.
[3] 王雅媛,梁凤霞,王 华,等.基于数据挖掘技术分析神阙穴在古籍中的临床应用[J].中国中医基础医学杂志,2019,25(8):1129-1133.
[4] 隋思逸,范 越,李 丹,等.基于聚类分析技术的清代针灸治疗中风半身不遂选穴规律研究[J].针灸临床杂志,2019,35(8):68-71.
[5] 蔡宏伟.针灸治疗中风病的临床文献研究[D].广州:广州中医药大学,2011.
[6] 丁敏芮,邵婧怡,周玲芳,等.从《中华医典》探析中风后口眼歪斜的用药特点[J].浙江中医药大学学报,2019,43(5):518-522.
[7] 王雪苔.《中国针灸荟萃》[M].长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,1985.
[8] 程宝书.《新编针灸大辞典》[M].北京:华夏出版社,1995.
[9] 梁繁荣.“十三五”规划教材第十版《针灸推拿学》[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2018.
[10] 国家质量监督检验检疫总局与国家标准化管理委员会.国家标准《腧穴名称与定位》(GB/T12346-2006)[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2006-09-18.
[11] 韩成仁.《中医证病名大辞典》[M].北京:中医古籍出版社,2000.
[12] 蒲 柳,林吉欢,陈伟豪,等.基于数据挖掘技术探讨针灸治疗周围性面瘫急性期的选穴规律[J].时珍国医国药,2019,30(9):2270-2273.
[13] 隋思逸,范 越, 李 丹,等.基于聚类分析技术的清代针灸治疗中风半身不遂选穴规律研究[J].针灸临床杂志,2019,35(8):68-71.
[14] 梅泰中,许 吉,张 洋,等.2012-2017年中医药数据挖掘研究状况分析[J].数理医药学杂志,2020,33(1):70-72.
[15] 李 芮.《2018年我国卫生健康事业发展统计公报》出炉[J].中医药管理杂志,2019,27(10):2.
[16] 潘琳钐,彭拥军,孙建华,等.明清时期针灸治疗中风后失语选穴规律的数据挖掘分析[J].浙江中医药大学学报,2019,43(3):270-274,278.
[17] 李宛蓉,李 博,郭 义,等.数据挖掘技术应用于针灸重大问题研究的可行性分析[J].中医药学报,2018,46(6):6-9.
[18] 冯禾昌.从《太平圣惠方·针经》看唐代针灸医学[J].中华医史杂志,1997(3):140-143.
[19] ZHANG Y H, GUO D X, ZHU Z B, et al. Serum cystatin C levels are negatively correlated with post-stroke cognitive dysfunction[J]. Neural Regeneration Research, 2020, 15(5): 922.
[20] FERNANDEZ-SERRA R, GALLEGO R, LOZANO P, et al. Hydrogels for neuroprotection and functional rewiring: A new era for brain engineering[J]. Neural Regeneration Research, 2020, 15(5): 783-789.
[21] 李炳茂.《黃帝内经》治疗痿证思想探讨[J].中医杂志,2011,52(3): 186-188.
(本文编辑 匡静之)