王开济 侯耀辉 胡新文 赖杭桂 庞真真
摘要:【目的】探究不同施肥模式對越南油茶生长特性的影响,为油茶园合理施肥及促进其产业健康发展提供参考依据。【方法】以6年生越南油茶林为试验对象,采用随机区组设计,设施用复合肥(M1处理)、复合肥搭配蚯蚓土(M2处理)、复合肥搭配蚯蚓土和生物肥(M3处理)、复合肥搭配缓释肥(M4处理)、复合肥搭配专用复合肥(M5处理)5个处理,以不施肥为对照(CK),试验结束时测定分析各处理的株高、地径、冠幅、新梢长度、叶面积和叶绿素SPAD值,果实成熟期测定单果重、鲜果皮厚度、果径、果高、单果籽粒数、鲜出籽率、鲜果出干籽率和鲜籽水含率等经济性状指标,并分析果实经济性状指标间的相关性。【结果】M1处理的越南油茶株高净增量为0.26 m,极显著高于CK和M2处理(P<0.01,下同);M4处理的越南油茶地径净增量为1.4 cm,较CK显著增加133.3%(P<0.05,下同);M5处理的越南油茶冠幅净增量为0.52 m,较CK极显著提高271.4%。在新梢和叶片生长方面,M4处理的越南油茶新梢净增量为17.1 cm,极显著大于其他处理;M5处理的越南油茶叶面积净增量为4.5 cm2,与CK差异显著,与其余处理差异不显著(P>0.05);M5处理的越南油茶叶绿素SPAD值净增量为12.8,极显著高于其他处理。在果实经济性状方面,M4和M5处理的越南油茶果实单果重分别较CK提高12.4和19.8 g,鲜籽水含率分别较CK降低1.3%和3.7%,种仁油含率分别较CK提高34.5%和24.6%。相关分析结果表明,在不同施肥处理下,越南油茶的单果重与鲜果皮厚度、果径、果高和单果籽粒数呈极显著正相关,种仁油含率与鲜籽水含率呈极显著负相关,即影响越南油茶种仁油含率的主要指标为鲜籽水含率。【结论】复合肥30.0 g/株+缓释肥1000.0 g/株或复合肥30.0 g/株+专用复合肥34.0 g/株的施肥模式可有效实现越南油茶化肥减量增效,促进越南油茶株高、地径、冠幅、新梢、叶面积和叶绿素含量增长,改善其果实经济性状。
关键词: 越南油茶;施肥模式;生长特性;经济性状
Abstract:【Objective】To explore the fertilization patternson growth characteristics for Camellia vietnamensis T. C. Huang ex Hu, and provide reference for rational fertilization and promotion of the healthy development of its industry. 【Method】The 6-year-old C. vietnamensis trees were examined by randomized block design,the five fertilization treatments, namely compound fertilizer(M1),compound fertilizer with earthworm soil(M2),compound fertilizer with vermicompost and biological fertilizer(M3),compound fertilizer with slow-release fertilizer(M4),compound fertilizer with the special compound fertilizer(M5),were compared with the no fertilization treatment control(CK) group. Plant height,ground diameter,crown,new shoot length,leaf area,chlorophyll SPAD value measured at the end of the treatments, and fruit economic characteristics,such as single fruit weight,fresh shell thickness,fruit width,fruit height,seed number per fruit,fresh seed rate,dried seed yield from fresh fruit,fresh seed moisture content were detected at mature stage, and correlation analysis among fruit economic characteristics was conducted. 【Result】The results showed that the increment of plant height of M1 was 0.26 m,had an extremely significant increase than CK and M2(P<0.01,the same below). The increment ofground diameter of M4 was 1.4 cm, significantly increased 133.3% compared with CK(P<0.05, the same below). The increment of crown of M5 was 0.52 m,extremely increased 271.4% compared with CK. In new shoot length and leaf growth,the increment of new shoot length of M4 was 17.1 cm,had an extremely significant increase than other treatments. The increment of leaf area of M5 was 4.5 cm2, had a significant increase than CK,had no significant increase than the other treatments(P>0.05). The increment of chlorophyll SPAD value of M5 was 12.8,had an extremely significant increase than CK and the other treatments. In the fruit economic characters,single fruit weights of C. oleracea treated with M4 and M5 were 12.4 g and 19.8 g higher than CK,respectively. Fresh seed moisture conten treduced 1.3% and 3.7% than CK, kernel oil content increased 34.5% and 24.6% than CK. Correlation analysis results showed that under different fertilization treatments there was an extremely significant positive correlation between single fruit weight and fresh shell thickness,fruit width,fruit height and seed number per fruit,there was an extremely negative correlation between seed kernel oil content and fresh seed water content. The fresh seed moisture content was the main index that affected kernel oil content. 【Conclusion】In conclusion,the compound fertilizer 30.0 g/plant+slow-release fertilizer 1000.0 g/plant or the compound fertilizer 30.0 g/plant+the special compound fertilizer 34.0 g/plant can effectively realize fertilizer reduction and increase efficiency,promote plant height,ground diameter,crown, new shoot, leaf area and chlorophyll content growth and improve fruit economic characteristics.
由表1可知,各处理越南油茶株高净增量表现为M1处理>M3处理=M5处理>M4处理>M2处理>CK。其中,M1处理的越南油茶株高净增量(0.26 m)最大,显著大于M4处理(P<0.05,下同),极显著大于M2处理和CK(P<0.01,下同),但与M3和M5处理差异不显著(P>0.05,下同),说明在越南油茶生长发育期施用复合肥150.0 g/株(较高氮含量)对其株高生长的促进效果最佳。各处理越南油茶冠幅净增量表现为M5处理>M3处理>M1处理>M4处理>M2处理>CK,其中,M5处理的越南油茶冠幅净增量(0.52 m)最大,M3处理次之,二者差异极显著,且分别较CK极显著提高271.4%和164.3%,M1、M2和M4处理的越南油茶冠幅净增量差異不显著,说明施用复合肥30.0 g/株+专用复合肥34.0 g/株可有效调节越南油茶植株营养生长,能适当调整其树形。各处理越南油茶地径净增量排序为M4处理>M3处理>M2处理>M5处理>M1处理>CK,其中,M4处理的越南油茶地径净增量为1.4 cm,较CK显著增加133.3%,但M2、M3和M5处理间及其与CK和M1处理间无显著差异,说明施用复合肥30.0 g/株+缓释肥1000.0 g/株更有利于越南油茶地径增粗。可见,从越南油茶营养生长来看,不同施肥模式对越南油茶产生作用的部位不同,其中复合肥150.0 g/株、复合肥30.0 g/株+缓释肥1000.0 g/株和复合肥30.0 g/株+专用复合肥34.0 g/株的施肥模式分别对促进越南油茶株高、地径和冠幅生长的效果最佳。
2. 2 不同施肥处理对越南油茶新梢长度、叶面积及叶绿素含量的影响
如表2所示,各处理越南油茶新梢长度净增量排序为M4处理>M1处理>M3处理>M5处理>M2处理>CK,其中M4处理的新梢长度净增量(17.1 cm)最大,极显著高于其他处理,M1和M3处理的越南油茶新梢长度净增量也较大,分别较CK极显著提高133.3%和112.8%,说明施用复合肥30.0 g/株+缓释肥1000.0 g/株对越南油茶园土壤肥力的改善效果最佳,可为油茶正常生长提供良好的土壤环境。各处理越南油茶叶面积净增量排序为M5处理>M3处理>M2处理>M1处理>M4处理>CK,其中,M5处理的越南油茶叶面积净增量为4.5 cm2,显著高于CK,但与其余处理差异不显著,说明施用复合肥30.0 g/株+专用复合肥34.0 g/株的越南油茶植株生长状况良好,有利于产量形成。各处理越南油茶叶绿素SPAD值净增量排序为M5处理>M3处理>M1处理>M4处理>处M2理>CK,其中,M5处理的越南油茶叶绿素SPAD值净增量(12.8)极显著高于其他处理,说明施用复合肥30.0 g/株+专用复合肥34.0 g/株对提高越南油茶叶片叶绿素含量的效果最佳,有利于改善其叶片的养分状况,增强光合作用,促进油茶树体生长。综合新梢、叶面积和叶绿素SPAD值的分析结果可知,施用复合肥30.0 g/株+缓释肥1000.0 g/株和施用复合肥30.0 g/株+专用复合肥34.0 g/株的模式对促进越南油茶新梢生长、叶面积增大和叶绿素含量提高的效果最佳。
2. 3 不同施肥处理对越南油茶果实经济性状的影响
如表3所示,各处理越南油茶的单果重、鲜果皮厚度、果径、果高、单果籽粒数、鲜出籽率、鲜果出干籽率和鲜籽水含率间均无显著差异,但各施肥处理越南油茶的单果重、鲜果皮厚度和鲜果出干籽率均大于CK,其中,M4和M5处理的越南油茶单果重分别较CK提高12.4和19.8 g;M4处理的越南油茶果径大于其他处理;M3处理的越南油茶果径和果高、M1处理的越南油茶单果籽粒数及M4和M5处理的越南油茶鲜籽水含率均低于CK;单果籽粒数以M5处理的越南油茶最多。说明施肥对越南油茶果实经济性状有一定的改善作用,但总体上影响较小。从表3还可看出,各处理越南油茶鲜籽水含率排序为M2处理>M3处理>M1处理>CK>M4处理>M5处理,其中,M4和M5处理的越南油茶鲜籽水含率分别较CK降低1.3%和3.7%;各处理越南油茶种仁油含率排序为M4处理>M5处理>M1处理>M2处理>M3处理>CK,其中,M4和M5处理的越南油茶种仁油含率较CK显著增加34.5%和24.6%,但M5处理的越南油茶种仁油含率与其余处理差异不显著。综上所述,施用复合肥30.0 g/株+缓释肥1000.0 g/株和施用复合肥30.0 g/株+专用复合肥34.0 g/株的模式对提高越南油茶种仁油含率和单果重效果较佳。
2. 4 越南油茶果实经济性状的相关分析结果
从表4的相关分析结果可知,越南油茶的单果重与鲜果皮厚度、果径、果高和单果籽粒数呈极显著正相关(相关系数分别为0.667、0.938、0.811和0.476);鲜果皮厚度与果径和果高呈极显著正相关(相关系数分别为0.686和0.587),与鲜出籽率和鲜果出干籽率呈极显著负相关(相关系数分别为-0.631和-0.588);果径与果高和单果籽粒数呈极显著正相关(相关系数分别为0.777和0.584);果高与单果籽粒数呈显著正相关(相关系数为0.395);鲜出籽率与鲜果出干籽率呈极显著正相关(相关系数为0.851);鲜果出干籽率与鲜籽水含率呈极显著负相关(相关系数为-0.505),与种仁油含率呈显著正相关(相关系数为0.465);种仁油含率与鲜籽水含率呈极显著负相关(相关系数为-0.556)。说明不同施肥模式对越南油茶果实经济性状均具有一定改善作用,其中鲜果皮厚度、果径、果高和单果籽粒数等是影响越南油茶单果重的主要因素,鲜籽水含率是影响越南油茶种子种仁油含率的主要因素。
3 讨论
本研究结果表明,施肥对越南油茶株高、冠幅和地径生长均具有一定的促进作用,与桂莎等(2015)、罗汉东等(2016a)的研究结果一致,其中以施用复合肥30.0 g/株+缓释肥1000.0 g/株或复合肥30.0 g/株+专用复合肥34.0 g/株的效果较佳,但与覃其云等(2016)以N∶P∶K=16∶6∶8施肥0.50 kg/株获得最佳效果的研究结果存在差异,可能与试验所用肥料的氮磷钾配比及搭配的缓释肥和专用复合肥用量不同有关;施肥对越南油茶新梢生长、叶面积增大和叶绿素含量提高也有一定促进作用,与李青等(2012)研究发现施肥显著影响油茶叶片SPAD值的结果相似。
本研究中,施用复合肥30.0 g/株+缓释肥1000.0 g/株或复合肥30.0 g/株+专用复合肥34.0 g/株越南油茶的果實性状较佳,其鲜籽水含率降低,种仁油含率增加,与陈永忠等(2007)、张彦雄等(2014)的研究结果一致,说明在实际生产中,选择适宜的缓释肥和专用复合肥与复合肥配施可满足油茶果实生长所需营养,实现化肥减量增效。
本研究的相关分析结果表明,在不同施肥处理下,越南油茶果实的单果重与鲜果皮厚度、果径、果高和单果籽粒数呈极显著正相关;鲜果皮厚度与果径和果高呈极显著正相关,与鲜出籽率和鲜果出干籽率呈极显著负相关;果径与果高和单果籽粒数呈极显著正相关;鲜出籽率与鲜果出干籽率呈极显著正相关;鲜果出干籽率与鲜籽水含率呈极显著负相关,与罗汉东等(2016b)对不同磷水平下油茶果实各性状间的相关性分析结果存在差异,可能是选用的肥料不同或果实采收时成熟度不同所引起。本研究仅探讨部分施肥模式对越南油茶生长及果实经济性状的影响,为进一步探究适宜的养分配比及其对产量的影响,今后的研究应精确把握施肥量和施肥时间(覃其云等,2016),同时由于油茶具有跨年度开花结果的特性,因此可开展多年试验以获取针对海南地区油茶栽植的最佳施肥方案。
4 结论
施肥对越南油茶植株生长具有一定的促进作用,以冠幅的增长效果最明显。其中复合肥30 g/株+缓释肥1000 g/株或复合肥30 g/株+专用复合肥34 g/株的施肥模式可有效实现越南油茶的化肥减量增效,促进其株高、地径、冠幅、新梢长度、叶面积和叶绿素含量增长,改善其果实经济性状。
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