周先涌,赵胜园,闫 冉,肖日新,吴孔明*
(1. 福建农林大学植物保护学院,福州 350002;2. 中国农业科学院植物保护研究所,植物病虫害生物学国家重点实验室,北京 100193;3. 海南润达现代农业集团股份有限公司,海南陵水 570125)
种子是农业生产的核心要素。利用海南岛南部地区优越的光、温、水等气候条件及自然地理条件,开展作物新品种的冬季加代、育种、制种等工作,对中国农业生产有至关重要的意义(丁照华等,2006;陈冠铭等,2013)。1956年育种学家吴绍骙等创立异地培育理论(吴绍骙等,1960;佟屏亚,2000;陈冠铭和曹兵,2016)并促成了海南省三亚、陵水和乐东等市县南繁工作的兴起(佟屏亚,2001;董照辉等,2010;唐清杰等,2015;王业峰,2016;吕青等,2017)。我国常年农作物用种量高达125亿kg(程兵,2015),其中有80%的品种(董照辉等,2010),包括粮食作物、油料作物、瓜果蔬菜等40多种作物或蔬菜在南繁基地选育或加代(陈冠铭和曹兵,2016)。因此,南繁育种是我国种业发展的“加速器”(陈冠铭等,2013),对国家粮食安全和种业发展作出了重要贡献。但南繁育种也面临着诸多限制,在海南“天然温室”的气候环境下,多种害虫终年繁殖、混合发生、多寄主转移为害,并随种苗调运传播到全国各地(孔祥义等,2006),是影响育种制种和病虫害防治工作的主要因子(姜军等,2003)。
前人已对海南岛昆虫种类开展了多次调查工作(彭正强等,1997;彭正强等,1998;张丹丹,2005;黄小清,2007;魏雪丽,2017),但未对空中昆虫群落结构进行研究。而多数昆虫具有较强的飞行能力,害虫迁飞可以导致区域性灾变(程遐年,1992)。海南岛与东南亚各国隔海相望,南繁基地不仅面临岛内病虫害频发的问题,还受到东南亚地区迁飞害虫的威胁。如褐飞虱Nilaparvatalugens、白背飞虱Sogatellafurcifera、稻纵卷叶野螟Cnaphalocrocismedinalis(沈慧梅,2010;刘万才等,2014;陆明红等,2018)、棉铃虫Helicoverpaarmigera(Fengetal.,2003)、小地老虎Agrotisipsilon(Liuetal.,2015)、黄地老虎Agrotissegetum(Guoetal.,2015)等已被证实具备远距离跨海迁飞能力。因此,研究南繁基地空中昆虫群落结构对揭示海南岛内害虫种群的消长规律,明确东南亚迁飞害虫对海南作物生产的影响具有重要意义。
在海南陵水县现代农业示范基地(18°26′38.33″ N,109°26′38.33″ E)设置探照灯诱虫器。该诱虫器由直径为1 m的镀锌铁皮漏斗和装在漏斗内垂直向上照射的GT75型探照灯组成(封洪强,2003)。GT75型探照灯装有JLZ型1 000 W金属卤化物灯泡(上海亚明照明有限公司;通量90 000 Lm、色温4 000 K、显色指数65)。漏斗底部悬挂60目的尼龙网袋用以收集所诱的昆虫。该装置可诱集高空500 m的趋光性昆虫(Fengetal.,2003),诱集时间从2017年1月1日到2018年12月 31日。每天日落开灯,次日日出关灯(极端天气或停电除外),将诱虫网袋放于-20℃冰柜冷冻处理4 h后进行分类。
参考《中国动物志昆虫纲》、《中国经济昆虫志》、《中国昆虫生态大图鉴》等文献资料,将收集的昆虫按形态特征进行分类鉴定,并制作标本。非常见种类请相关专家帮助鉴定或复核。
对两年的数据进行处理(2017年1月14日-2月13日、2月14-19日、3月12-24日、4月16-21日、25-26日、28日-5月17日和2018年 1月25-26日、31日、2月3日-3月4日、4月 19-26日、28日-7月30日数据未处理),计算夜间空中昆虫群落的物种丰富度(Richness,S)、Shannon-Wiener指数(Shannon-Wiener Index,H′)、优势集中性指数(Index of Dominant Concerntration,C)、均匀度指数(Evenness,E)和群落优势度(Dominance,B)。计算方法参考第四版《昆虫生态及预测预报》和周先涌(2019)对三沙市永兴岛空中昆虫群落机构的记述。
经过形态学鉴定,空中诱集昆虫共计396种(亚种),隶属于13目88科307属。其中,在种级分类阶元上,鳞翅目昆虫达206种(亚种),占总已知所有种的52.02%,丰富度最高;半翅目昆虫的丰富度次之,为84种(亚种),占总的21.46%;鞘翅目昆虫57种,占总的14.39%,丰富度相对较低(图1)。空中昆虫群落丰富度由高到低依次为鳞翅目、半翅目、鞘翅目、直翅目、双翅目、膜翅目、蜻蜓目、蜚蠊目、脉翅目、螳螂目、革翅目、蜉蝣目、毛翅目。
图1 南繁基地高空灯诱昆虫群落结构Fig.1 Community structure of insects trapped by the vertical search-light in HNBMB
鳞翅目Lepidoptera共计22科144属206种(亚种)(表1)。其中,目夜蛾科Erebidae 59种1亚种,占29.13%;草螟科Crambidae 43种,占20.87%;天蛾科Sphingidae 28种7亚种,占16.99%;夜蛾科Noctuidae 31种,占15.05%;尺蛾科Geometridae 5种,占2.43%;粉蝶科Pieridae 1种3亚种,占1.94%;螟蛾科Pyralidae 4种,占1.94%;刺蛾科Limacodidae 3种,占1.46%;蛱蝶科Nymphalidae 3亚种,占1.46%;灰蝶科Lycaenidae 1种1亚种,占0.97%;瘤蛾科Nolidae 2种,占0.97%;舟蛾科Notodontidae 2种,占0.97%;蓑蛾科Psychidae 2种,占0.97%;大蚕蛾科Saturniidae 2种,占0.97%。
半翅目Hemiptera共计23科71属85种(亚种)(表2)。其中,飞虱科Delphacidae 38种,占44.71%;蝽科Pentatomidae 9种,占10.59%;叶蝉科Cicadellidae 5种,占5.88%;盲蝽科Miridae 5种,占5.88%;红蝽科Pyrrhocoridae 5种,占5.88%;地长蝽科Rhyparochromidae 4种,占4.71%;蝉科Cicadidae 2种,占2.35%;缘蝽科Coreidae 2种,占2.35%。
鞘翅目Coleoptera共计17科47属57种(表3)。其中,步甲科Carabidae 14种,占24.56%;金龟科Scarabaeidae 10种,占17.54%;天牛科Cerambycidae 5种,占8.77%;叶甲科Chrysomelidae 5种,占8.77%;瓢虫科Coccinellidae 5种,占8.77%;锯谷盗科Silvanidae 3种,占5.26%;长蠹科Bostrichidae 2种,占3.51%%;象甲科Curculionidae 2种,占3.51%;龙虱科Dytiscidae 2种,占3.51%;埋葬甲科Silphidae 2种,占3.51%。
其它昆虫种类共计10目26科45属51种(亚种)(表4)。其中,直翅目Orthoptera 14种,占29.17%;双翅目Diptera 7种,占14.58%;膜翅目Hymenoptera 6种,占12.50%;蜻蜓目Odonata 6种,占12.50%;蜚蠊目Blattodea 5种,占10.42%;螳螂目Mantodea 3种,占6.25%;脉翅目Neuroptera 4种,占8.33%。
在昆虫数量变化上,存在明显的年季间差异。2017年单日诱虫量从2月中旬开始呈上升趋势,6月中旬-7月上旬为单日诱虫高峰期。除了10月中旬和11月月底出现的2个较高的虫量高峰外,之后5个月虫量明显降低。2018年1月上旬有一个相对较高的虫峰,随后诱虫量回落。诱虫高峰在3月中旬和8月中旬,其余时间虫量维持在较低的水平(图2)。
表1 高空灯诱鳞翅目昆虫名录
续表1 Continued table 1
科Family属Genus种(亚种)Species (subspecies)褐缘绿野螟Parotis marginata (Hampson, 1893)扇野螟属Pleuroptya三条扇野螟Pleuroptya chlorophanta (Butler, 1878)黑野螟属Pygospila白斑黑野螟Pygospila tyres (Cramer, 1780)白禾螟属Scirpophaga三化螟Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker, 1863)黄尾白螟Scirpophaga nivella (Fabricius, 1794)青野螟属Spoladea甜菜青野螟Spoladea recurvalis (Fabricius, 1775)蓝野螟属Talanga六斑蓝野螟Talanga sexpunctalis (Moore, 1887)长翅野螟属Terastia斜带长翅野螟Terastia meticulosalis Guenée, 1854目夜蛾科Erebidae阿夜蛾属Achaea飞扬阿夜蛾Achaea janata (Linnaeus, 1758)人心果阿夜蛾Achaea serva (Fabricius, 1775)鹿蛾属Amata蕾鹿蛾Amata germana Felder, 1862玫灯蛾属Amerila闪光玫灯蛾Amerila astreus (Drury, 1773)桥夜蛾属Anomis棉小造桥虫Anomis flava (Fabricius, 1775)超桥夜蛾Anomis fulvida Guenée, 1852关夜蛾属Artena锈色关夜蛾Artena dotata (Fabricius, 1794)拟灯蛾属Asota窄楔斑拟灯蛾Asota canaraica (Moore, 1878)一点拟灯蛾Asota caricae (Fabricius, 1775)目夜蛾科Erebidae拟灯蛾属Asota橙拟灯蛾Asota egens (Walker, 1854)圆端拟灯蛾Asota heliconia (Linnaeus, 1758)方斑拟灯蛾Asota plaginota Butler, 1875BastillaBastilla joviana (Stoll, 1782)拟胸须夜蛾属Bertula黑带拟胸须夜蛾Bertula abjudicalis Walker, [1859] 1858丽毒蛾属Calliteara无忧花丽毒蛾Calliteara horsfieldii (Saunders, 1851)三角夜蛾属Chalciope斜带三角夜蛾Chalciope mygdon (Cramer, 1777)灰灯蛾属Creatonotos黑条灰灯蛾Creatonotos gangis (Linnaeus, 1763)八点灰灯蛾Creatonotos transiens (Walker, 1855)雪苔蛾属Cyana白玫雪苔蛾Cyana alborosea (Walker, 1864)优雪苔蛾Cyana hamata (Walker, 1854)台雪苔蛾Cyana formosana (Hampson, 1909)巾夜蛾属Dysgonia石榴巾夜蛾Dysgonia stuposa (Fabricius, 1794)土苔蛾属Eilema端褐土苔蛾Eilema apicalis (Walker, 1862)篦夜蛾属Episparis涟篦夜蛾Episparis tortuosalis Moore,1867春鹿蛾属Eressa春鹿蛾Eressa confinis (Walker, 1854)猎夜蛾属EublemmaEublemma baccalix (Swinhoe, 1886)黄毒蛾属Euproctis幻带黄毒蛾Euproctis varians (Walker, 1855)铅拟灯蛾属Euplocia铅拟灯蛾Euplocia membliaria (Cramer, 1780)
续表1 Continued table 1
科Family属Genus种(亚种)Species (subspecies)象夜蛾属Grammodes象夜蛾Grammodes geometrica (Fabricius, 1775)亥夜蛾属Hydrillodes楞亥夜蛾Hydrillodes lentalis Guenée, 1852印亥夜蛾Hydrillodes nilgirialis Hampson, 1895鹰夜蛾属Hypocala钩鹰夜蛾Hypocala rostrata (Fabricius, 1794)苹梢鹰夜蛾Hypocala subsatura Guenée, 1852蓝条夜蛾属Ischyja蓝条夜蛾Ischyja manlia (Cramer, 1776)长吻夜蛾属Marapana长吻夜蛾Marapana pulverata Guenée, 1852闪拟灯蛾属Neochera闪拟灯蛾Neochera dominia (Cramer, 1780)目夜蛾科Erebidae美苔蛾属Miltochrista优美苔蛾Miltochrista striata (Bremer & Grey, 1851)Miltochrista cruciata (Walker, 1862)毛胫夜蛾属Mocis实毛胫夜蛾Mocis frugalis (Fabricius, 1775)毛胫夜蛾Mocis undata (Fabricius, 1775)蝶灯蛾属Nyctemera粉蝶灯蛾Nyctemera adversata (Schaller, 1788)毛胫蝶灯蛾Nyctemera coleta (Cramer, 1781)蝶灯蛾Nyctemera lacticinia (Cramer, 1777)奥苔蛾属Oeonistis英奥苔蛾Oeonistis entella (Cramer, 1779)安钮夜蛾属Ophiusa安钮夜蛾Ophiusa tirhace (Cramer, 1777)嘴壶夜蛾属Oraesia鸟嘴弧夜蛾Oraesia excavata (Butler, 1878)嘴壶夜蛾Oraesia emarginata (Fabricius, 1794)古毒蛾属Orgyia涡古毒蛾Orgyia turbata Butler, 1879佩夜蛾属Oxyodes佩夜蛾Oxyodes scrobiculata (Fabricius, 1775)同纹夜蛾属Pericyma凤凰木同纹夜蛾Pericyma cruegeri (Butler, 1886)圆拟灯蛾属Peridrome圆拟灯蛾Peridrome obicularis (Walker, 1854)透翅毒蛾属Perina榕透翅毒蛾Perina unda (Fabricius, 1787)盗毒蛾属Porthesia双线盗毒蛾Porthesia scintillans (Walker, 1856)洒夜蛾属Psimada洒夜蛾Psimada quadripennis Walker, 1858斑翅夜蛾属Serrodes铃斑翅夜蛾Serrodes campana Guenée, 1852污灯蛾属Spilarctia人纹污灯蛾Spilarctia subcarnea (Walker, 1855)合夜蛾属Sympis合夜蛾Sympis rufibasis Guenée, 1852Syntomoides伊贝鹿蛾Syntomoides imaon (Cramer, 1779)分夜蛾属Trigonodes分夜蛾Trigonodes hyppasia (Cramer, 1779)星灯蛾属Utetheisa拟三色星灯蛾Utetheisa lotrix lotrix (Cramer, 1779)木蠹蛾科CossidaePolyphagozzerra咖啡豹蠹蛾Polyphagozerra coffeae Nietner, 1861尺蛾科Geometridae造桥虫属Ascotis大造桥虫Ascotis selenaria (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)霜尺蛾属Cleora瑞霜尺蛾Cleora repulsaria (Walker, 1860)尺蛾科Geometridae钩翅尺蛾属Hyposidra剑钩翅尺蛾Hyposidra infixaria (Walker, 1860)
续表1 Continued table 1
科Family属Genus种(亚种)Species (subspecies)粉尺蛾属Pingasa黄基粉尺蛾Pingasa ruginaria (Guenée, 1857)樟翠尺蛾Thalassodes樟翠尺蛾Thalassodes quadraria (Guenée, 1857)宽蛾科Depressariidae草蛾属Ethmia点带草娥Ethmia lineatonotella (Moore, 1867)刺蛾科Limacodidae双线刺蛾属Cania灰双线刺蛾Cania robusta Hering, 1931黄刺蛾属Monema黄刺蛾Monema flavescens Walker, 1855绿刺蛾属Parasa褐缘绿刺蛾Parasa consocia Walker, 1865弄蝶科Hesperiidae谷弄蝶属Pelopidas南亚谷弄蝶指名亚种Pelopidas agna agna (Moore, 1866)灰蝶科Lycaenidae异灰蝶属Iraota铁木莱异灰蝶指名亚种Iraota timoleon timoleon (Stol, 1790)吉灰蝶属Zizeeria吉灰蝶Zizeeria karsandra (Moore, 1865)夜蛾科Noctuidae绮夜蛾属Acontia大理石绮夜蛾Acontia marmoralis (Fabricius, 1794)叶蕊夜蛾属Aegilia叶蕊夜蛾Aegilia describens Walker, [1858]地夜蛾属Agrotis小地老虎Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel, 1766)皙夜蛾属Chasmina曲缘皙夜蛾Chasmina candida (Walker, 1865)银辉夜蛾属Chrysodeixis银辉夜蛾Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper, 1789)梳状夜蛾属Ctenoplusia银纹夜蛾Ctenoplusia agnata (Staudinger, 1892)白条夜蛾Ctenoplusia albostriata (Bremer & Grey, 1853)哈夜蛾属Hamodes斜线哈夜蛾Hamodes butleri (Leech, 1900)铃夜蛾属Helicoverpa棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, [1808])烟青虫Helicoverpa assulta (Guenée, 1852)粘夜蛾属Leucania白点粘夜蛾Leucania loreyi (Duponchel, 1827)白脉粘夜蛾Leucania venalba (Moore, 1867)银锭夜蛾属Macdunnoughia银锭夜蛾Macdunnoughia crassisigna (Warren, 1913)秘夜蛾属Mythimna暗灰秘夜蛾Mythimna consanguis (Guenée, 1852)艳秘夜蛾Mythima pulchra (Snellen, [1886])回秘夜蛾Mythimna reversa (Moore, 1884)夜蛾科Noctuidae秘夜蛾属Mythimna粘虫Mythimna separata Walker, 1865裁夜蛾属Pterogonia裁夜蛾Pterogonia episcopalis Swinhoe, 1891蛀茎夜蛾属Sesamia稻蛀茎夜蛾Sesamia inferens (Walker, 1856)灰翅夜蛾属Spodoptera圆灰翅夜蛾Spodoptera cilium Guenée, 1852淡剑灰翅夜蛾Spodoptera depravata(Butler, 1879)甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua (Hübner, 1808)斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775)灰翅夜蛾Spodoptera mauritia (Boisduval, 1833)彩灰翅夜蛾Spodoptera picta (Guérin-Méneville, [1838])金杂夜蛾属Thysanoplusia拟中金翅夜蛾Thysanoplusia orichalcea (Fabricius, 1775)网纹夜蛾Thysanoplusia reticulata (Moore, 1882)
续表1 Continued table 1
科Family属Genus种(亚种)Species (subspecies)粉纹夜蛾属Trichoplusia粉斑夜蛾Trichoplusia ni (Hübner, [1803])黄夜蛾属Xanthodes黄夜蛾Xanthodes albago (Fabricius, 1794)犁纹黄夜蛾Xanthodes transversa Guenée, 1852PardoxiaPardoxia graellsii (Feisthamel, 1837)瘤蛾科Nolidae钻夜蛾属Earias鼎点金刚钻Earias cupreoviridis (Walker, 1862)埃及金刚钻Earias insulana (Boisduval, 1833)舟蛾科Notodontidae亥齿舟蛾属Hyperaeschrella双线亥齿舟蛾Hyperaeschrella nigribasis (Hampson, [1893])查舟蛾属Chadisra后白查舟蛾Chadisra bipartita (Matsumura, 1925)蛱蝶科Nymphalidae锯眼蝶属Elymnias翠袖锯眼蝶海南亚种Elymnias hypermnestra hainana Moore, 1878眼蛱蝶属Junonia美眼蛱蝶指名亚种Junonia almana almana (Linnaeus, 1758)暮眼蝶属Melanitis暮眼蝶海南亚种Melanitis leda ismene (Cramer, 1775)凤蝶科Papilionidae凤蝶属Papilio玉带凤蝶海南亚种Papilio polytes mandane Rothschild, 1895粉蝶科Pieridae迁粉蝶属Catopsilia迁粉蝶Catopsilia pomona (Fabricius, 1775)梨花迁粉蝶海南亚种Catopsilia pyranthe chryseis (Drury, [1773])黄粉蝶属Eurema宽边黄粉蝶海南亚种Eurema hecabe subdecorate (Moore, 1878)粉蝶科Pieridae青粉蝶属Pareronia青粉蝶海南亚种Pareronia anais hainanensis Fruhstorfer, 1912菜蛾科Plutellidae菜蛾属Plutella小菜蛾Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus, 1758)蓑蛾科PsychidaeAcanthopsyche碧皑蓑蛾Acanthopsyche bipars (Walker, 1865)Eumeta南大蓑蛾Eumeta variegata (Snellen, 1879)羽蛾科Pterophoridae羽蛾属PterophorusPterophorus niveodactyla (Pagenstecher, 1900)螟蛾科Pyralidae蜡螟属Galleria大蜡螟Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus, 1758)荚斑螟属Etiella豆荚斑螟Etiella zinckenella (Treitschke, 1832)瘤丛螟属Orthaga栗叶瘤丛螟Orthaga achatina (Butler, 1878)秆野螟属Ostrinia亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée, 1854)绢蛾科ScythrididaeEretmocera黄斑绢蛾Eretmocera impactella (Walker, 1864)天蛾科Sphingidae面形天蛾属Acherontia鬼脸天蛾Acherontia lachesis (Fabricius, 1798)赭带鬼脸天蛾Acherontia atropos (Linnaeus, 1758)缺角天蛾属Acosmeryx斜带缺角天蛾Acosmeryx shervillii Boisduval, [1875]薯天蛾属Agrius甘薯天蛾Agrius convolvuli (Linnaeus, 1758)鹰翅天蛾属Ambulyx鹰翅天蛾Ambulyx ochracea Butler, 1885橄榄鹰翅天蛾Ambulyx moorei Moore, [1858]栎鹰翅天蛾Ambulyx obliterata Rothschild, 1920绿天蛾属Callambulyx榆绿天蛾Callambylux tatarinovi (Bremer & Grey, 1853)透翅天蛾属Cephonodes咖啡透翅天蛾Cephonodes hylas (Linnaeus, 1771)豆天蛾属Clanis豆天蛾Clanis bilineata tsingtauica Mell, 1922洋槐天蛾Clanis deucalion (Walker, 1856)
续表1 Continued table 1
科Family属Genus种(亚种)Species (subspecies)芒果天蛾属Compsogene芒果天蛾Compsogene panopus (Cramer, 1779)CraspedorthaCraspedortha porphyria (Butler, 1876)白腰天蛾属Daphnis茜草白腰天蛾Daphnis hypothous (Cramer, 1780)夹竹桃天蛾Daphnis nerri (Linnaeus, 1758)白腰天蛾Daphnis placida (Walker, 1856)天蛾科Sphingidae斜线天蛾属Hippotion云斑斜线天蛾Hippotion velox (Fabricius, 1973)浅斑斜线天蛾Hippotion echeclus (Boisduval, 1875)长喙天蛾属Macroglossum长喙天蛾Macroglossum corythus luteata (Butler, 1875)Macroglossum mediovitta Rothschild & Jordan, 1903黑长喙天蛾Macroglossum pyrrhosticta Butler, 1875六点天蛾属Marumba椴六点天蛾Marumba dyras (Walker, 1856)枣桃六点天蛾Marumba gaschkewitschi gaschkewitschi (Bremer & Grey, 1853)红天蛾属Pergesa红天蛾Pergesa elpenor lewisi (Butler, 1875)Pergesa acteus (Cramer, 1779)霜天蛾属Psilogramma丁香天蛾Psilogramma increta (Walker, 1965)霜天蛾Psilogramma menephron (Cramer, 1780)斜纹天蛾属Theretra斜纹天蛾Theretra clotho clotho (Drury, 1773)雀纹天蛾Theretra japonica (Boisduval, 1869)海南土色斜纹天蛾Theretra latreillei distincta Mell, 1928土色斜纹天蛾Theretra latreillei latreillei (Mcley, 1928)青背斜纹天蛾Theretra nessus (Drury, 1773)芋双线天蛾Theretra oldenlandiae (Fabricius, 1775)赭斜纹天蛾Theretra pallicosta (Walker, 1856)芋单线天蛾Theretra silhetensis (Walker, 1856)大蚕蛾科Saturniidae尾蚕蛾属Actias宁波尾大蚕蛾Actias ningpoana Felder & Felder, 1862樗蚕蛾属Samia王氏樗蚕Samia wangi Naumann & Peigler, 2001斑蛾科Zygaenidae环锦斑蛾属Cyclosia豹点环锦斑蛾Cyclosia panthona (Stoll, [1780])
表2 半翅目高空灯诱昆虫名录Table 2 Catalogue of Hemiptera insects captured by vertical search-light trap in Lingshui
续表2 Continued table 2
科Family属Genus种(亚种)Species (subspecies)飞虱科Delphacidae纹翅飞虱属Cemus黑点纹翅飞虱Cemus nigromaculosus (Muir, 1917)索特纹翅飞虱Cemus sauteri (Muir, 1917)扁飞虱属Eoeurysa甘蔗扁飞虱Eoeurysa flavocapitata Muir, 1913长口飞虱属Euidellana浅脊长口飞虱Euidellana celadon Fennah, 1973背刺飞虱属Hagamiodes暗尾背刺飞虱Hagamiodes fuscicaudata (Muir, 1917)淡肩飞虱属Harmalia暗黑淡肩飞虱Harmalia obscura Ding, 2006白颈淡肩飞虱Harmalia sirokata (Marsumura & Ishibara, 1945)小飞虱属Horcoma乳翅小飞虱Horcoma colorata lacteipennis (Muir, 1971)剜缘飞虱属Indozuriel喙突剜缘飞虱Indozuriel rostri Ding & Zhou, 1991宽头飞虱属Ishiharodelphax小宽头飞虱Ishiharodelphax matsuyamensis (Ishibara, 1952)阔条飞虱属Latistria埃乌阔条飞虱Latistria eupompe (Kirkaldy, 1907)淡黄阔条飞虱Latistria flavotestacea Kuoh, 1980普拉阔条飞虱Latistria placitus (Van Duzee, 1937)梅塔飞虱属Metadelphax黑边梅塔飞虱Metadelphax propinqua (Fieber, 1866)棒突飞虱属Neometopina澎湖棒突飞虱Neometopina penghuensis Yang, 1989褐飞虱属Nilaparvata褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens (Stål, 1854)拟褐飞虱Nilaparvata bakeri (Muir, 1917)瓶额飞虱属Numata瓶额飞虱Numata muiri (Kirkaldy, 1907)平顶飞虱属Nycheuma黄褐平顶飞虱Nycheuma coctum Yang, 1989茶褐平顶飞虱Nycheuma cognatum (Muir, 1919)皱茎飞虱属Opiconsiva白肩皱茎飞虱Opiconsiva albicollis (Motschulsky, 1863)黑皱茎飞虱Opiconsiva nigra Ding & Tian, 1980飞虱科Delphacidae披突飞虱属Paleg刺披突飞虱Palego simulator (Fennah, 1978)花翅飞虱属Peregrinus玉米花翅飞虱Peregrinus maidis (Ashmead, 1890)扁角飞虱属Perkinsiella黑距扁角飞虱Perkinsiella bakeri Muir, 1916甘蔗扁角飞虱Perkinsiella saccharicida Kirkaldy, 1903片飞虱属Platycorpus儋片飞虱Platycorpus nadaensis Ding, 1983喙头飞虱属Sardia喙头飞虱Sardia rostrata Melichar, 1903白背飞虱属Sogatella白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera (Horváth, 1899)烟翅白背飞虱Sogatella kolophon (Kirkaldy, 1907)稗飞虱Sogatella vibix (Haupt, 1927)宽片飞虱属Syndelphax长突宽片飞虱Syndelphax disonymos (Kirkaldy, 1907)中带飞虱属Tagosodes白中带飞虱Tagosodes baina (Ding & Kuoh, 1981)丽中带飞虱Tagosodes pusanus (Distant, 1912)白条飞虱属Terthron白条飞虱Terthron albovittatum (Matsumura, 1900)托亚飞虱属Toya黑面托亚飞虱Toya terryi (Muir, 1917)
续表2 Continued table 2
科Family属Genus种(亚种)Species (subspecies)匙顶飞虱属Tropidocephala美丽匙顶飞虱Tropidocephala speciosa Ding, 2006姬飞虱属Ulanar姬飞虱Ulanar muiri (Metcalf, 1943)网蝽科Tingidae冠网蝽属Stephanitis香蕉冠网蝽Stephanitis typica (Distant, 1903)负子蝽科Belostomatidae负子蝽属Diplonychus锈色负子蝽Diplonychus rustcus Fabricius, 1871叶蝉科Cicadellidae小绿叶蝉属Empoasca棉叶蝉Empoasca biguttula (Ishida, 1913)菱纹叶蝉属Hishimonus凹缘菱纹叶蝉Hishimonus sellatus(Uhler, 1896)黑尾叶蝉属Nephotettix黑尾叶蝉Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler, 1896纹叶蝉属Recilia二点黑尾叶蝉Nephotettix virescens (Distant, 1908)电光叶蝉Recilia dorsalis Motschulsky, 1859缘蝽科Coreidae棘缘蝽属Cletus稻棘缘蝽Cletus punctiger (Dallas, 1852)副黛缘蝽属Paradasynus刺副黛缘蝽Paradasynus spinosus Hsiao, 1963划蝽科Corixidae烁划蝽属Sigara横纹烁划蝽Sigara distorta (Distant, 1911)土蝽科Cydnidae鳖土蝽属Adisa大鳖土蝽Adisa magna (Uhler, 1860)象蜡蝉科Dictyopharidae彩象蜡蝉属Raivuna中野彩象蜡蝉Raivuna nakanonis (Matsumura, 1910)蛾蜡蝉科Flatidae络蛾蜡蝉属Lawana紫络蛾蜡蝉Lawana imitata (Melichar, 1902)大眼长蝽科Geocoridae大眼长蝽属Geocoris宽大眼长蝽Geocoris varius (Uhler, 1860)大红蝽科Largidae巨红蝽属Macrocheraia巨红蝽Maccrocheraia grandis (Gray, 1832)盲蝽科Miridae后丽盲蝽属Apolygus绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür, 1843)盔盲蝽属Cyrtorhinus黑肩绿盲蝽Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter, 1884多盲蝽属Dortus黑带多盲蝽Dortus chinai Miyamoto, 1965烟盲蝽属Nesidiocoris烟盲蝽Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter, 1895)军配盲蝽属Stethoconus统帅军配盲蝽Stethoconus praefectus (Distant, 1909)蝽科Pentatomidae棕蝽属Caystrus棕蝽Caystrus obscurus (Distant, 1901)斑须蝽属Dolycoris斑须蝽Dolycoris baccarum (Linnaeus, 1758)二星蝽属Eysarcoris描纹二星蝽Eysarcoris montivagus Distant, 1904谷蝽属Gonopsis谷蝽Gonopsis affinis (Uhler, 1860)茶翅蝽属Halyomorpha茶翅蝽Halyomorpha halys Stål, 1855梭蝽属Megarrhamphus平尾梭蝽Megarrhamphus truncatus (Westwood, 1837)绿蝽属Nezara稻绿蝽Nezara viridula (Linnaeus, 1758)蝽科Pentatomidae璧蝽属Piezodorus豆璧蝽Piezodorus hybneri (Gmelin, 1790)珀蝽属Plautia珀蝽Plautia crossota (Dallas, 1851)木虱科Psyllidae异木虱属Heteropsylla银合欢异木虱Heteropsylla cubana Crawford, 1914红蝽科Pyrrhocoridae颈红蝽属Antilochus颈红蝽Antilochus coquebertii (Fabricius, 1803)棉红蝽属Dysdercus叉带棉红蝽Dysdervus decussatus Boisduval, 1835Dysdercus philippinus Herrich-Schäffer, 1853斑红蝽属Physopelta小斑红蝽Physopelta cincticollis Stål, 1863
续表2 Continued table 2
科Family属Genus种(亚种)Species (subspecies)突背斑红蝽Physopelta gutta(Burmeister, 1834)猎蝽科Reduviidae黄足猎蝽属Sirthenea黄足猎蝽Sirthenea flavipes (Stål, 1855)姬缘蝽科RhopalidaeLeptocorisLeptocoris augur (Fabricius, 1781)地长蝽科微长蝽属Botocudo六斑微长蝽Botocudo formosanus (Hidaka, 1959)Rhyparochromidae刺胫长蝽属Horridipamera褐刺胫长蝽Horridipamera inconspicus (Dallas, 1852)斑地长蝽属Panaorus白斑地长蝽Panaorus albomaculatus (Scott,1874)圆眼长蝽属Pseudopachybrachius圆眼长蝽Pseudopachybrachius guttus (Dallas, 1852)广翅蜡蝉科Ricaniidae广翅蜡蝉属Ricania八点广翅蜡蝉Ricania speculum (Walker, 1851)盾蝽科Scutelleridae角盾蝽属Cantao角盾蝽Cantao ocellatus (Thunberg, 1784)
表3 高空灯诱鞘翅目昆虫名录Table 3 Catalogue of Coleoptera insects captured by vertical search-light trap in Lingshui
续表3 Continued table 3
科Family属Genus种(亚种)Species (subspecies)鳞鳃金龟属Lepidiota痣鳞鳃金龟Lepidiota bimaculata (Saunders, 1839)码绢金龟属Maladera日本码绢金龟Maladera japonica (Motschusky, 1860)小阔胫码绢金龟Maladera ovatula Fairmaire, 1891金龟科Scarabaeidae蛀犀金龟属Oryctes椰蛀犀金龟Oryctes rhinoceros (Linnaeus, 1758)四齿金龟属Parastasia缅甸四齿金龟Parastasia birmana Arrow, 1899木犀金龟属Xylotrupes橡胶木犀金龟Xylotrupes gideon (Linnaeus, 1767)卷象科AttelabidaeDeporaus芒果切叶象甲Deporaus marginatus (Pascoe, 1883)三锥象甲科Brentidae甘薯象属Cylas甘薯小象甲Cylas formicarius (Fabricius, 1798)天牛科Cerambycidae土天牛属Dorysthenes蔗根土天牛Dorysthenes granulosus(Thomson, 1860)截突天牛属Prosoplus本氏截突天牛Prosoplus bankii (Fabricius, 1775)缝角天牛属Ropica双星缝角天牛Ropica dorsalis Schwarzer, 1925凿点天牛属Stromatium长角栎天牛Stromatium longicorne Newman, 1842双条天牛属Xystrocera合欢双条天牛Xystrocera globosa (Olivier, 1795)花金龟科Cetoniidae奇花金龟属Agestrata绿奇花金龟Agestrata orichalca (Linnaeus, 1789)叶甲科Chrysomelidae守瓜属Aulacophora柳氏黑守瓜Aulacophora lewisii Baly, 1886印度黄守瓜Aulacophora indica (Gmelin, 1790)凸额扁叶甲属Brontispa椰心叶甲Brontispa longissima (Gestro, 1885)瘤背豆象属Callosobruchus绿豆象Callosobruchus chinensis (Linnaeus,1758)条跳甲属Phyllotreta黄曲条跳甲Phyllotreta striolata Fabricius, 1801瓢虫科Coccinellidae瓢虫属Coccinella狭臀瓢虫Coccinella transversalis Fabricius, 1781和谐瓢虫属Harmonia异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773)八斑和瓢虫Hormonia octomaculata (Fabricius, 1781)兼食瓢虫属Micraspis稻红瓢虫Micraspis discolor (Fabricius, 1798)龟纹瓢虫属Propylea龟纹瓢虫Propylea japonica (Thunberg, 1781)龙虱科Dytiscidae真龙虱属Cybister黄缘真龙虱Cybister bengalensis Aubé, 1838齿缘龙虱属Eretes齿缘龙虱Eretes sticticus (Linnaeus, 1767)伪瓢虫科Endomychidae弯伪瓢虫属Ancylopus四斑伪瓢虫Ancylopus pictus Wiedemann, 1823小蠹科Scolytidae粒材小蠹属Xyleborus四粒材小蠹Xyleborus similis Ferrari, 1867埋葬甲科Silphidae葬甲属Nicrophorus尼负葬甲Nicrophorus nepalensis Hope, 1831埋葬甲科Silphidae盾葬甲属Diamesus横纹盾葬甲Diamesus osculans (Vigors, 1825)锯谷盗科SilvanidaeMonanusT形斑锯谷盗Monanus concinnulus (Walker, 1858)Psammoecus三星谷盗Psammoecus triguttatus Reitter, 1874锯谷盗科SilvanidaeSilvanus双齿谷盗Silvanus bidentatus (Fabricius, 1792)隐翅虫科Staphylinidae毒隐翅虫属Paederus梭毒隐翅虫Paederus fuscipes Curtis, 1826
表4 高空灯诱其它昆虫名录
续表4 Continued table 4
目Order科Family属Genus种(亚种)Species (subspecies)大蜜蜂Apis dorsata Fabricius, 1793茧蜂科Braconidae愈腹茧蜂属Phanerotoma黄愈腹茧蜂Phanerotoma flava Ashmead, 1906滑茧蜂属Homolobus拟截距滑茧蜂Homolobus (Apatia) truncatoides van Achterberg, 1979姬蜂科Ichneumonidae细颚姬蜂属Enicospilus黑斑细颚姬蜂Enicospilus melanocarpus Cameron, 1902离缘姬蜂属Trathala黄眶离缘姬蜂Trathala flavo-orbitalis (Cameron, 1907)脉翅目Neuroptera草蛉科Chrysopidae草蛉属Chrysopa彩面草蛉Chrysopa pictifacialis Yang, 1988通草蛉属Chrysoperla小齿通草蛉Chrysoperla annae Brooks, 1994叉草蛉属Pseudomallada异色叉草蛉Pseudomallada allochroma Yang & Yang, 1999 褐蛉科Hemerobiidae啬褐蛉属Psectra暹罗啬褐蛉Psectra siamica Nakahara & Kuwayama, 1961 双翅目Diptera摇蚊科Chironomidae摇蚊属Chironomus爪哇摇蚊Chironomus javanus Kieffer, 1924多足摇蚊属Polypedilum云集多足摇蚊Polypedilum nubifer (Skus, 1889)长足摇蚊属Tanypus刺铗长足摇蚊Tanypus punctipennis Meigen, 1818长跗摇蚊属Tanytarsus台湾长跗摇蚊Tanytarsus formosanus Kieffer, 1912 水虻科Stratiomyidae扁角水虻属HermetiaHermetia illucens (Linnaeus, 1758)双翅目Diptera食蚜蝇科Syrphidae斑眼蚜蝇属Eristalinus棕腿斑眼蚜蝇Eristalinus arvorum (Fabricius, 1787)实蝇科Tephritidae离腹寡毛实蝇属Bactrocera橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel, 1912)螳螂目Mantodea螳螂科Mantidae斧螳属Hierodula广斧螳螂Hierodula patellifera Serville, 1839静螳属Statilia棕静螳Statilia maculata (Thunberg, 1784)刀螳属Tenodera中华刀螳Tenodera sinensis (Saussure, 1871)革翅目Dermaptera蠼螋科Labiduridae蠼螋属Labidura蠼螋Labidura riparia Pallas, 1773蜉蝣目Ephemeroptera蜉蝣科Ephemeridae蜉蝣属Ephemera海南蜉Ephemera hainanensis You & Gui, 1995毛翅目Trichoptera纹石蛾科Hydropsychidae长角纹石蛾属Macrostemum斑长角纹石蛾Macrostemum lautuam (Maclacnlan)
图2 南繁基地夜间单日诱虫量动态变化Fig.2 Dynamics of insect catches by the vertical search-light in HNBMB
两年共鉴定94 601头已知昆虫,其中2017年鉴定47 834头昆虫,隶属于10目41科125属156种(亚种);2018年鉴定46 767头昆虫,隶属于13目88科307属396种(亚种)。多样性分析结果(表5)表明,2017年(3.1384、0.0807和0.6500)和2018(3.1321、0.1180和0.6076)年夜间空中昆虫群落多样性高,分布均匀。在各目中,2017年多样性由高到低的顺序为:半翅目、鳞翅目、鞘翅目、膜翅目、脉翅目、蜚蠊目、直翅目、蜻蜓目、双翅目、螳螂目、蜉蝣目和毛翅目;2018年多样性由高到低的顺序为:鳞翅目、半翅目、鞘翅目、膜翅目、蜚蠊目、双翅目、直翅目、脉翅目、蜻蜓目、螳螂目、蜉蝣目和毛翅目。这与优势集中性指数、均匀度指数的结果相一致。表明南繁基地夜间空中昆虫群落的多样性越高,其分布越均匀。
表5 南繁基地夜间空中昆虫群落多样性指数
优势度结果表明,南繁基地夜间空中昆虫群落的优势目和优势种随着时间在年季间的变化而不同(表6)。2017年和2018年主要的三大优势目分别是半翅目(60.75%和70.65%)、鳞翅目(16.26%和18.06%)和鞘翅目(19.67%和9.68%)。2017年的优势种主要有褐飞虱(0.1935)、梭毒隐翅虫Paederusfuscipes(0.1274)和横纹烁划蝽Sigaradistorta(0.1077),2018年的优势种是横纹烁划蝽(0.3077)。天敌昆虫以黑肩绿盲蝽Cyrtorhinuslividipennis(0.0201)和小齿通草蛉Chrysoperlaannae(0.0052)为主。
表6 南繁基地主要害虫和天敌的优势度指数
昆虫群落结构反映了某一生境昆虫种群之间、昆虫与环境之间的互作关系(庞雄飞和尤民生,1996)。过去的研究主要集中在生境内的互作关系上,但对生境之间因昆虫迁飞产生的跨生境互作关系缺乏分析。近年来,探照灯诱虫器、昆虫雷达等空中昆虫研究工具的应用对揭示地域性空中昆虫群落优势种群(高丽娜等,2013)和区域性昆虫种群消长规律(姜玉英等,2018),以及季节性迁飞规律(Huetal.,2016)发挥了重要作用,完善了昆虫群落的研究工作。
海南南繁是我国农业科技创新的战略资源,研究和明确该区作物病虫害发生规律和有害生物入侵规律意义重大(许桓瑜等,2017;许桓瑜等,2019),而阐明昆虫群落结构是研究害虫种群演替的基础(马世俊,1962)。前人对海南省的昆虫种类和群落进行了大量研究,如彭正强等(1997,1998)通过标本和文献资料整理,记述了海南岛瓢虫科7亚科34属125种,其中包括7种中国分布新纪录和52种海南分布新纪录并分析了该科的区系;张丹丹(2005)调查了广东和海南两省的草螟科野螟亚科的组成,共记述了140属335种昆虫,其中海南65种;黄小清(2007)研究了海南岛蜻蜓目昆虫组成,发现了17科94属159种(含亚种);魏雪丽(2017)研究了海南岛草螟科斑野螟亚科的区系,记述了78属214种,其中包括中国特有种6种、海南特有属1属、海南特有种6种,中国新分布纪录属1属、中国新分布记录种3种、海南新分布记录属4属、海南新分布记录种35种;周先涌等(2019)调查了三沙市永兴岛空中昆虫类群结构组成,发现了11目70科183属214种。以上的研究工作大多侧重于昆虫多样性的普查或新种记述。
本研究工作采集鉴定了13目、88科、307属、396种昆虫。所收集的鳞翅目昆虫中,已被证实的迁飞性昆虫种类有30种,包括小地老虎(Liuetal.,2015)、棉铃虫(陈永林等,1963;吴孔明和郭予元,1996)、白点粘夜蛾Leucanialoreyi(Pedgley & Yathom,1993)、粘虫Mythimnaseparata(Fengetal.,2008)、圆灰翅夜蛾Spodopteracilium(Sparksetal.,2007)、甜菜夜蛾Spodopteraexigua(Fuetal.,2017)、斜纹夜蛾Spodopteralitura(Fuetal.,2015b)、银辉夜蛾Chrysodeixischalcites(Sparksetal.,2007)、银纹夜蛾Ctenoplusiaagnata(Lietal.,2014)、白条夜蛾Ctenoplusiaalbostriata(Fox,1978)、银锭夜蛾Macdunnoughiacrassisigna(Fuetal.,2015a)、粉斑夜蛾Trichoplusiani(Michelleetal.,2011)、小菜蛾Plutellaxylostella(Fuetal.,2014b)、飞扬阿夜蛾Achaeajanata(Fox,1978)、棉小造桥虫Anomisflava(陈永林等,1963)、拟三色星灯蛾指名亚种Utetheisalotrixlotrix(Fox,1978)、稻纵卷叶野螟(Rileyetal.,1995)、瓜绢野螟Diaphaniaindica(Holloway,1977)、菜螟Hellulaundalis(Sparksetal.,2007)、水稻切叶野螟Herpetogrammalicarsisalis(Fox,1978)、草地螟Loxostegesticticalis(程遐年,1992)、豆荚野螟Marucavitrata(Fengetal.,2003;Baetal.,2009)、麦牧野螟Nomophilanoctuella(Sparksetal.,2007)、白斑黑野螟Pygospilatyres(Holloway,1982)、甜菜青野螟Spoladearecurvalis(Shirai,2006)、豆荚斑螟Etiellazinckenella(Tabata & Yasuda,2011)、赭带鬼脸天蛾Acherontiaatropos(Sparksetal.,2007)、甘薯天蛾Agriusconvolvuli(Sparksetal.,2007)、云斑斜线天蛾Hippotionvelox(Holloway,1982)、黑长喙天蛾Macroglossumpyrrhosticta(Kawazuetal.,2008);另外,Fox(1978)记载暮眼蝶bankia亚种具有迁飞性,但未有文章指出暮眼蝶海南亚种Melanitisledaismene是否存在迁飞。半翅目中已被证实的迁飞性昆虫有6种,分别是褐飞虱(全国褐稻虱科研协作组,1981;Huetal.,2017b;)、白背飞虱(全国白背飞虱科研协作组,1981;Huetal.,2017a)、棉叶蝉Empoascabiguttula(程遐年,1992)、黑尾叶蝉Nephotettixcincticeps(彩万志,2001;许再福,2009)、黑肩绿盲蝽(Rileyetal.,1991)、绿盲蝽Apolyguslucorum(Fuetal.,2014a);鞘翅目的迁飞昆虫有异色瓢虫Harmoniaaxyridis(程遐年,1992);蜻蜓目中迁飞性昆虫有黄蜻Pantalaflavescens(Fengetal.,2006;Caoetal.,2018)和云斑蜻Tholymistillarga(Anderson,2009)。
多样性分析结果和群落优势度结果表明,鳞翅目、半翅目和鞘翅目是南繁地区夜间空中昆虫群落多样性最高的三大目,同时是该地区三大主要优势目。封洪强(2003)、张云慧(2008)、张智(2013)、付晓伟(2015)和高丽娜等(2013)对我国北方地区空中昆虫群落的研究表明,物种组成上以鳞翅目、半翅目和鞘翅目为主;周先涌等(2019)对我国南海地区的调查也显示,三沙市永兴岛空中昆虫以鳞翅目、半翅目和鞘翅目为主,这与本研究结果一致,反映了自然界夜间空中昆虫组成的实际情况。同时本研究探明了南繁地区空中昆虫群落的结构组成,丰富了对该地区昆虫多样性的认知,但关于该地区各迁飞性害虫的行为机制和互作关系仍需开展深入的研究。尤其是2019年1月,世界性农业害虫草地贪夜蛾Spodopterafrugiperda(J.E. Smith,1797)已全面侵入中南半岛,并由缅甸入侵我国云南地区(姜玉英等,2019;吴秋琳等,2019;张磊等,2019)。该虫很可能像水稻两迁害虫一样,在越南和海南之间迁移危害,对南繁基地的作物育种工作构成威胁。
致谢:感谢刘星月教授(中国农业大学)、石福明教授(河北大学)、周正湘博士(贵州大学)、韩辉林博士、张超博士(东北林业大学)、许静杨博士(天津市植保所)、于昕博士(重庆师范大学)、李猷博士(佛罗里达州立大学)、何祝清博士(华东师范大学)、林晓龙博士(南开大学)、蔡波博士(海口海关)、史宏亮博士(北京林业大学)、梁飞扬博士(中国农业大学)、罗心宇博士(石探纪科学教育)、姜春燕博士(中国科学院动物研究所)、周文一博士(台湾)、王旭博士(西北农林科技大学)、朱卫兵博士(中科院上海植生所)、卢秀梅博士(上海农科院)、赵宇晨硕士(宁夏大学)等多位专家在昆虫鉴定过程中给予的帮助;感谢林珠凤副研究员和冯青博士;感谢昌皓杰、徐元厂和郝宁三位实习生;感谢林嘉静、郑亚妹、黎桓言对本研究的大力支持。