四川双流中学 蒋建平(特级教师)
研读近年的考试大纲,基于《中国高考评价体系》可知,高考英语书面表达试题是根据所给情境, 用英语写一篇100~150词的短文。 情境包括目的、 对象、时间、地点、人物、事件等,情境的形式有提纲、图画、图表等。 要求考生根据提示进行写作,不仅要清楚、连贯地传递信息,表达意思, 而且要有效运用所学的语言知识。
书面表达主要考查考生对语言的综合运用能力。 近几年全国卷书面表达都是考查书信体或邮件式的文体, 试题并没有给出过多的限定成分, 相反的是给了考生较大的发挥空间, 让考生有事可想,有话可说,有文可写,体现出了极大的开放性和深度,重视思维发散能力。话题都为考生所熟知,难度系数并不大。
1. 写作形式:命题形式较为稳定,采用半控制性、半开放式的写作模式,提纲类写作成为主流,提示内容较为简洁。应用性、实用性非常强,设计具体化、生活化、情境化,体现了学英语的目的是学以致用, 体现了考试大纲的理念。
2. 写作体裁:体裁以应用文为主,命题形式仍然是多年来沿用的书信或电子邮件,交际性、应用性强。
3. 写作话题:贴近现实和考生生活实际,与考生的学习和生活密切相关。 常涉及语言学习、活动开展、人际关系等,特别重视中国优秀传统文化,以第一人称写作为主,话题场景性和真实性突出,体现了中外交流和正能量。
4. 写作手法:介绍性说明占主体(说明时间、地点、原因、过程等),辅以交际性应用(解决现实生活中的实际问题)。
5. 写作对象:写作对象为英美人士,以体现写作的真实性。 如外教Henry、 英国朋友Leslie、留学生朋友Eric 等。
1. 英文写作步骤
2. 书面表达解题策略
①审题立意。审题立意主要是指研究和领会题旨并确立主题。考生在写作中只有正确理解了题意,并按照题目的要求去构思,才有可能写出符合题意的作文来。 因此,审题立意是写作的首要环节。考生要认真阅读写作要求中提供的信息,分析所给的写作素材,确定所写文章的体裁及整体内容,并确定要用的人称和时态。
②罗列要点。高考英语书面表达多数会提供写作要点,通过审题,要将这些要点用提纲的形式在草稿纸上罗列好。罗列要点时要确保有主要内容,适当涉及次要内容,坚决剔除无关内容。对于只给出情境没有提供写作要点的书面表达, 考生需找出暗含在情境中的要点,并根据文章体裁加入必要的开头和结尾。
③连句成篇。 确定了文章的整体布局、基本时态和人称后, 要根据所列出的内容要点,选择适当的词语或表达方式将它们组成句子,再结合自己设想的内容框架组成段落。不要逐句翻译要点,可以适当增加细节,以充实文章内容。 在组织文章内容时,要在句与句之间加入恰当的过渡性词语进行衔接, 以使内容连贯,结构紧凑。同时为了给文章增添亮点,在保证正确的前提下,适当运用高中阶段学过的复杂结构,让文章的句式富于变化。
④修改、完善。 写完文章后一定要仔细检查,首先检查文章是否包括全部要点,然后再检查语言方面是否有错误,如单词拼写、词语搭配、人称、时态、语态、主谓一致、句式、从句的引导词、标点符号、大小写等。
⑤誊写工整。 定稿后应认真誊写,要求书写规范、正确、美观,并保持卷面整洁。
(2019·全国乙卷)假定你是李华,暑期在伦敦学习,得知当地美术馆要举办中国画展览。请写一封信申请做志愿者,内容包括:
1. 写信目的;
2. 个人优势;
3. 能做的事情。
注意:
1. 词数100左右;
2. 可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯;
3. 结束语已为你写好。
该书面表达要求考生写一封申请信,属于应用文。试题要求考生给伦敦的一家将举办中国画展览的美术馆写信, 申请当一名志愿者,体现了传播中国传统文化与中外文化交流的意识。 题目的内容要点设计比较灵活,要求从写信目的、个人优势和能做的事情这三个方面展开写作。
考生在写作时要做到层次分明,应着重掌握个人优势的常用表达, 如I'm good at、I have the ability to、I'm experienced in等。从语言风格来讲,短文应该用正式的书面语,应运用得体的语气及礼貌用语。
Dear Sir or Madam,
I am writing to apply to be a volunteer for
the Chinese Painting Exhibition which will be held in your art gallery. I think I am qualified for this job, because I have learned Chinese painting since childhood. Equally importantly, I am fluent in both Chinese and English, so I have no difficulty in communicating with others.If I am lucky enough to be chosen as a volunteer, I can show visitors around the gallery and answer their questions about the paintings after some proper training.
I would be very grateful if you could offer me the opportunity. I'm looking forward to your reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
考点1:提纲类与应用文
应用文是高考常考的文体,包括书信、通知、日记、发言稿、报道等,命题形式多为文字提示。应用文的目的在于传达信息,在写作时要突出重点,开门见山。 应用文的语言重在实用,要求语言平实、准确、简洁,易于读者理解。正式的应用文有比较规范的格式,但是高考写作中格式部分一般都是给出的,只考查正文部分的表达。 在应用文的写作中,往往需要用到特定的表达方式,所以考生平时要注意积累一些常用的句型及习惯表达,以求做到语言准确、地道。
体例1:普通书信/电子邮件
写作架构
写作模板
Dear___________(写作对象)
I am extremely pleased to hear from you. And I would like to write a letter to tell you that__________________(寒暄句加主题句).
____________________________________(扩展句一)
____________________________________(扩展句二)
_____________________________________(扩展句三)
I will greatly appreciate a response from your earliest convenience./I am looking forward to your reply at your earliest convenience. (结束主体段落)
Best regards. (结束语)Sincerely yours,
___________(写信人)
体例2:邀请信
写作架构
写作模板
Dear _________,
There will be a _________(内容)at/in _________(地点)on_________(时间). We would be honored to have you there with us.
The occasion will start at _________(具体时间). This will be followed by a _________(进一步的安排). At around _________(时间), we will have _________(另一个安排). I really hope you can make it. I'm looking forward to your reply before _________(通知你的最后期限).
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
体例3:建议信
写作架构
写作模板
Dear _________ ,
You have asked me for my advice with regard to _________(事项), and I will try to make some beneficial suggestions here.
In my opinion, it would be wise of you to take the following actions:_________(建议的内容).
I hope you will find these proposals useful, and I would be ready to discuss this matter with you to further details.
Good luck with your _________(祝愿).Yours sincerely,Li Hua
体例4:申请信
写作架构
写作模板
Dear Sir or Madam,
I write this letter to apply for the position that you have advertised in_________(报纸名称).
Not only do I have the qualifications for this job, but I have the right personality for a_________(工作名称). On the one hand, _________(第一个原因). On the other hand, _________(另一个原因).
Should you grant me a personal interview, I would be most grateful. If you need to know more about me, please feel free to contact me at any time at _________(电话号码).
Thank you for considering my application, and I am looking forward to meeting you.Yours sincerely,Li Hua
考点2:图表类与说明文
说明文是解说事物、阐明事理、给人以知、教人以用的文体。 高考中的说明文话题常涉及商品介绍、旅游指南、科技读物和工作总结,且出题形式通常为文字提示、图标、图表等,通常用第三人称、一般现在时态、被动语态,有时也用虚拟语气。 写说明文必须注意事实准确、表达清晰、层次分明、语言简练、用词准确。
写作模板
1. 事物类说明文
_________ is a most effective _________to _________(说明事物的必要性).For most people, it is _________(介绍重要意义). _________ is really _________(优势或显著特点). With the functions of _________(作用一), it enables us to_________(影响).
It can even _________(作用二). Just imagine, all this can be done with _________(重要性).
A convenient tool can certainly _________(承上), but it does not always help _________(启下, 介绍事物的另一方面). Too much _________(负面影响一). Too much _________(负面影响二). Relying too much on_________ makes _________(总结说明负面影响).
2. 事理类说明文
Nowadays, more and more _________(阐述现象). Why_________(提出问题)? The reasons for it are as follows.
First of all, _________(原因一). Besides,_________(原因二). What's more, _________(原因三).
As a matter of fact, the main cause of it is due to _________(最主要的原因). In my opinion, it is high time that we did something to_________(解决措施). Only in this way will we _________(要实现的目标).
考点3:图画类与记叙文
记叙文是以叙述为主要表达方式,以描写人物的经历和事物的发展变化为主要内容的一种文体。 侧重写人的记叙文,以介绍人物生平事迹为重点;侧重叙事的记叙文,以叙述事情的发生、发展、经过和结果为重点。 记叙文的六要素包括时间(when)、地点(where)、人物(who)、事件(what)、起因(why)、经过(how)和结果。
写作模板
As can be seen in the picture, _________(图画内容). The picture tells us _________(文章立意).
The implied meaning of this picture should be taken into consideration seriously. To begin with,_________(揭示含义/原因/结果1). Second,_________(揭示含义/原因/结果2).
In my opinion/As for me, we should take some measures to deal with the problem. First we should _________(措施1). Second, we must _________(措施2). Only in this way can we solve the problem of _________(图画内容).
考点4:(半)开放类与议论文
议论文是一种说理型文体,作者要通过摆事实、讲道理来说服读者同意自己的观点或接受自己的建议,或引起读者的共鸣。在近些年的高考试题中,议论文出题形式灵活,有图表写作、发言稿、漫画写作、名言警句等。 议论文的行文结构通常是三段论:1. 引言段——引出现象,表达观点,开门见山,引出下文;2. 主体段——借助名人名言、举实例、打比喻、对比分析、驳斥错误或用归纳、推理、总结等方法针对引言段的观点进行阐述,要求恰当使用过渡词,层次清晰,引导读者一步一步地根据分论点走向最终要阐述的观点;3. 结尾段——需要用一两句话来总结主体段、呼应引言段,做到首尾呼应。
写作模板
1. 观点对比型议论文
The topic of _________(主题) is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two different opinions toward it. Some people say A is their favorite. They hold their view for the reason that _________(支持A的理由一). What is more/Moreover, _________(理由二). Last but not least, _________(理由三).
While others think that B is a better choice for the following three reasons.Firstly, (支持B的理由一).Secondly/Besides, _________(理由二).Thirdly/Finally, _________(理由三).
From my point of view, I think _________(自己的观点). The reason is that_________(原因). Therefore, for me, the former is surely a wiser choice.
2. 问题解决型议论文
Currently/Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over _________(作文题目).
It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to solve this problem.
As we know, there are many steps which can be taken to solve this problem. First of all,_________(途径一). In addition, another way contributing to the success of solving this problem is _________(途径二).
Above all, to solve the problem of _________(作文题目), we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to handle the problem in this way, that is to say, _________(方法).