调节肠道菌群治疗非酒精性脂肪肝的研究进展

2020-06-24 14:06刘巧红赵瑜胡义扬
世界中医药 2020年7期
关键词:性反应酒精性菌群

刘巧红 赵瑜 胡义扬

摘要 近年来的研究表明,肠道微生物群的生态失调、炎性反应和黏膜免疫功能受损是NAFLD发生发展的重要因素。调节肠道菌群是治疗非酒精性脂肪肝的重要策略和治疗靶位之一,具有良好的前景。现综述通过调节肠道菌群治疗非酒精性脂肪肝的研究进展,如益生菌、抗生素、黏附分子、肠菌移植,以及中医药在非酒精性脂肪肝中的应用研究。

关键词 肠道菌群;非酒精性脂肪性肝病;研究进展;益生菌;抗生素;黏附分子;肠菌移植;中药

Abstract Recent studies have shown that ecological imbalance of intestinal microbiota,inflammation and impaired mucosal immune function are important factors for the occurrence and development of NAFLD.This paper reviews the research progress in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver by regulating intestinal microbiota,such as probiotics,antibiotics,adhesion molecules,intestinal bacteria transplantation,and the application of traditional Chinese medicine in non-alcoholic fatty liver.The authors believes that the regulation of intestinal microbiota is one of the important strategies and targets for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver and has a good prospect.

Keywords Intestinal microbiota; Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; Research progress; Probiotics; Antibiotics; Adhesion molecules; Enterobacteria transplantation; Traditional Chinese medicine

近幾十年来,生活方式的改变使非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)患病率急剧上升。NAFLD在全球的患病率约为25%,中国NAFLD患病率自2008年至2018年激增至29.2%[1]。NAFLD可以进展为肝纤维化、肝硬化及HCC,其推动的肝移植和死亡率也不断上升[2]。目前,FDA尚无针对NAFLD的批准药物上市,生活方式的改变仍是非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFL)和无纤维化非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)的主要干预措施,但因患者依从性较差而收效欠佳,故开发防治脂肪肝的药物具有十分重要的临床价值。已证实肠道菌群是NAFLD发病的致病因素[3],肠道微生物群的生态失调及其诱导的代谢产物如胆汁酸、短链脂肪酸(SCFA)、内源性乙醇以及胆碱相关代谢产物的失衡,炎性反应和黏膜免疫功能受损可能是NAFLD发生发展的重要因素[4]。若能够纠正诱发NAFLD的肠道菌群紊乱及其诱发的黏膜免疫、炎性反应损伤,则可能在减缓NAFLD的进展甚则逆转NAFLD有重要的临床意义。现围绕通过调节肠道菌群治疗非酒精性脂肪肝的研究如益生菌、抗生素、黏附分子、肠菌移植,以及中医药在非酒精性脂肪肝中的应用等进行归纳综述。

1 益生菌与益生元对NAFLD的治疗作用

世界卫生组织(WHO)定义益生菌是对宿主健康有益影响的活微生物。益生菌包括许多不同种类,酵母属酿酒酵母(布拉酵母菌)是最广泛使用的酵母菌株。益生菌可通过调节肠道菌群,增强肠屏障功能,缓解免疫和代谢损伤[5-7],降低全身炎性反应,上调脂肪酸氧化[8],降低胆固醇水平,降低肝脂肪变性及炎性反应损伤[9],其也可通过改善短链脂肪酸及胆汁酸代谢进而改善肝脏胆固醇、脂质代谢[6,10],改善肝纤维化[11]。但是,也有研究证实益生菌虽没有明显改变肠道菌群组成,但其仍可通过降低肠道通透性,抑制慢性炎性反应进而降低肝脏脂质积累[12]。Meta分析证实,益生菌对NAFLD患者肝酶,脂质谱和胰岛素抵抗的恢复有益[13]。临床研究表明,Lepicol益生菌干预10例NASH患者6个月后,磁共振成像下肝内三酰甘油(IHTG)较基线水平降低了30%以上,血清AST水平也显著降低[14]。此外,在42例NAFLD患者的随机对照试验中,益生菌干预8周后入组患者的空腹血糖、胰岛素、胰岛素抵抗、TNFα和IL-6显著降低[15]。然而,关于益生菌对NAFLD患者肝纤维化或死亡影响的报道很少且报道结果不一致[16-17]。一项基于肝组织活检的临床研究表明,长双歧杆菌的补充能明显改善肝脂肪变性,但是对肝纤维化水平没有影响[16]。而在一项对39例经活检证实的NAFLD患者的长期调查中,益生菌VSL#3(1 100亿短双歧杆菌、长双歧杆菌、婴儿双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌、活性副干酪菌、保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌)连续使用一年可显著改善NAFLD的活性评分,肝细胞膨胀和肝纤维化[17]。

益生元是一种膳食补充剂,可以通过选择性刺激一种或数种菌落中的细菌的生长和(或)活性而对宿主产生有益的影响。最为显著的益生元是由碳水化合物(单糖聚合物)组成的膳食纤维,包括抗性淀粉,非淀粉多糖,菊粉和低聚糖。研究表明,低聚果糖(FOS)可通过调节肠道菌群改善NASH患者的肝脏脂肪变性及NAS评分[18],补充益生元菊粉可增加盲肠和门静脉血液中SCFA的水平,降低炎性反应[19]。但有研究指出菊粉在结肠的发酵产物乙酸盐,在NAFLD背景下可以为肝脏提供多余的脂肪生成底物,进而使肝脂质生成增多[20]。目前,以菊粉/低聚果糖或者膳食纤维干预NAFLD患者并观察其对肠道菌群影响的研究也正在进行中(NCT02642172,NCT02568605)。

将益生菌和益生元合用,即合生元。研究表明,合生元可调节肠道菌群及其相关功能基因的表达,降低粪便SCFA水平[21-22],降低回肠炎性反应[23],增强肠屏障功能,改善胰岛素抵抗[23-24],降低肝脏炎性反应及肝脂肪变性。同时,合生元2000(R)Forte(Synb)可降低小鼠脂多糖(LPS)及NASH后肝纤维化程度[25]。临床研究指出,长双歧杆菌联合FOS干预66例NASH患者6个月后,可显著降低血清谷草转氨酶(AST)、LPS及炎性反应递质水平,胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR),脂肪变性和NASH活性指数[26]。在一项安慰剂对照的随机对照试验中,用合生元干预52例NAFLD患者28周后,治疗组肝酶、炎性反应递质水平及瞬时弹性成像测定的纤维化评分均显著低于安慰剂对照组[27]。此外,有研究明确指出鼠李糖乳杆菌CGMCC1.3724和菊粉诱导的体重减轻与粪便中Lachnospiraceae家族细菌的相对丰富升高密切有关[28]。

2 抗生素对NAFLD的治疗作用

传统的减少微生物过度增殖和细菌易位的一线方法是使用抗生素。抗生素可以消除有害微生物群,其疗效已在各种肝病治疗研究中得到证实。在一项二期开放性研究中,6例NASH患者在用索利霉素(Solithromycin)治疗90 d后,NAS评分和血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)水平显著减少(NCT02510599)。用利福昔明(1 200 mg/d)干预42例经肝活检证实的NAFLD患者,可轻度降低体重指数,降低LPS及炎性反应递质水平[29]。动物研究表明,抗生素可迅速而显著地改变肠道菌群,其中ABX(氨苄西林、新霉素、甲硝唑、万古霉素)可通过调节游离和结合的次级胆汁酸水平进而降低肝脏炎性反应[30],通过抑制肠FXR,下调肝脏SREBP1C和CIDEA的表达,降低肝脏脂肪变性[31],也可通过抑制肝脏迁移巨噬细胞F4/80highCD11bhigh的激活,降低肝脏的炎性反应及NASH表型[32]。然而,有研究指出青霉素G(Pen G)和红霉素(Ery)(尤其是后者)可加重肝脏脂质代谢及炎性反应[33],ABX抗生素会通过增加肝脏免疫损伤,加重肝脏脂质积累、炎性反应以及肝纤维化[34]。以上研究表明,抗生素在治疗NAFLD方面依然是一把双刃剑,如何正确有效使用抗生素,仍需要研究探索。

3 黏附分子对NAFLD的治疗作用

黏附分子应用是最近开发的治疗NAFLD的新方法。黏附分子在肠道中是不可吸收的,但其可以结合毒素或PAMP后通过粪便排泄。Yaq-001(Yaqrit Ltd.英国),一种新型合成活性炭,体外研究表明其可以吸附肠道毒素,细胞因子以及细菌衍生的LPS和外毒素[35]。纳米孔碳,一种不可吸收的合成材料,可降低NASH小鼠肝KC细胞数,F4/80+,CD68-,CD11b+细胞亚群及肝脏TLR4的表达,降低血清ALT、活性氧(ROS)。但目前暂无其对肠道菌群影响研究结果的报道。而以上研究表明黏附分子是治疗NASH的一种有前途的治疗方法。一项Yaq-001治疗NASH患者的临床研究已经注册(NCT03962608)。

4 肠菌移植(FMT)对NAFLD的治疗作用

FMT最早用于治疗复发性C.difficile,且已被纳入该病的实践指南。动物实验表明,标准饮食小鼠的肠道菌群FMT至NASH小鼠后,可改变NASH小鼠肠道菌群结构,增加肠道丁酸盐浓度,改善肠屏障功能,降低LPS进而改善脂肪性肝炎[36],其也可通过纠正免疫失衡来减轻NASH。在GF小鼠中,仅用大肠杆菌定植就足以纠正骨髓生成缺陷,调节先天免疫系统,对后天代谢疾病的发生至关重要[37]。临床研究表明,体重指数<23 kg/ m2瘦男性供体的肠道微生物群可调节代谢综合征接受者的肠菌失衡,增加肠道微生物多样性及丁酸盐生产者Roseburia intestinalis和E hallii的丰度,改善胰岛素敏感性[38]。在临床实践或已发表的数据中,尚未观察到FMT在治疗肝脏疾病时与其相关的不良事件[38-39]。目前,有两项通过FMT以预防和治疗NAFLD、NASH的临床研究正在进行(NCT02496390,NCT02469272)。

5 中药单体及活性成分对肠道菌群紊乱及NAFLD的影响

随着中医药研究的不断深入,已发现调节肠道菌群紊乱可能是中医药治疗NAFLD的重要药理途径。如二氢杨梅素作为藤茶的活性指标成分,属于黄酮多酚类化合物,其可以升高HFD饮食鼠肠道拟杆菌门/厚壁菌门比值,降低杆菌属、黏液杆菌属相对丰度并升高罗氏菌属、粪杆菌属相对丰度,维持肠道屏障完整性,降低血清LPS水平及其引发的系统慢性轻度炎性反应,改善胰岛素抵抗[40]。槲皮素是一种天然的黄酮多酚类化合物,可以修复肠道菌群紊乱,抑制内毒素-TLR4途径,抑制炎性反应和氧化应激反应,调控脂质代谢基因的表达,减少胰岛素抵抗和肝内脂质沉积[41]。白藜芦醇可提高拟杆菌门/厚壁菌门比例及有益菌乳杆菌和双歧杆菌的丰度,下调脂肪生成相关LPL、SCD1、过氧化物酶增殖物激活受体-γ(PPAR-γ)、Acc1和Fas的mRNA表达,降低内脏脂肪含量及血糖、血脂水平[42]。

其他,如黄连素是一种典型的具有抗菌活性的中草药成分,可通过调节肠道菌群,升高双歧杆菌的丰度及拟杆菌/厚壁菌门的比例,进而降低血糖、血脂及炎性反应递质水平,减轻肝损伤[43]。丹参素冰片酯(DBZ),一种有效的天然PPAR-γ激动剂,可逆转HFD诱导的肠道微生物群失调,降低厚壁菌门与拟杆菌门的比率,升高疣微菌门丰度,以Akkermansia最明显,维持肠道屏障完整性,降低炎性反应及LPS诱导的巨噬细胞迁移,改善胰岛素抵抗进而降低肝脏脂肪变性[44]。三七皂苷(TSG)可通过提高拟杆菌门中普雷沃菌属,CF231,Paraprevotella属的相对丰度及变形杆菌门属丰度,降低厚壁菌门中柯林斯菌属,粪杆菌属和副桿菌属的丰度,增强肠道黏膜屏障,降低核因子-κB的表达,抑制L-FABP和FATP4的表达以下调FFA[45]。虫草菌素可通过增加肠道菌群的多样性,降低厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门比例,抑制泌乳素分泌进而下调脂肪细胞分化,抑制脂肪生成蛋白PRLR,Jak2蛋白表达,改善高脂饮食诱导的肝损伤[46]。

6 中藥复方对肠道菌群紊乱及NAFLD的影响

动物实验表明,中药复方可通过调节肠道菌群改善NAFLD[47-53]。如,护肝清脂片可通过调节肠道菌群,降低厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门比例,升高瘤胃球菌科、拟杆菌S24-7组、双歧杆菌、Alistipes和厌氧菌属的丰度并降低肠杆菌科、链球菌科、Holdemanella、异杆菌和Blautia的相对丰度,降低系统慢性炎性反应损伤,改善肝脏脂肪变性,降低血清三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平[47]。茵陈蒿汤可提高NAFLD大鼠肠道菌群多样性,降低厚壁菌门、放线菌门、变形菌门的丰度,升高拟杆菌门及门内的16种菌属的丰度,改善甘油磷脂代谢、嘌呤代谢和谷胱甘肽代谢进而降低肝脏脂肪变性及肝损伤[48]。降脂理肝汤可抑制NAFLD大鼠肠道细菌的生长,并下调大肠杆菌和乳酸菌的丰度,抑制肠道木聚糖酶、淀粉酶和蛋白酶活性,降低NAFLD大鼠体重、肝重和肝指数[49]。黄连、吴茱萸等比配伍可提高脂血症大鼠肠道菌群多样性,调高剂量组可升高拟杆菌门、梭杆菌门、厚壁菌门、变形菌门及疣微菌门的丰度,下调Desulfovibrio的丰度,控胆汁酸表达,抑制胆固醇合成、吸收并促进胆固醇分解进而降低血脂水平[50]。大黄泽泻汤可调节NAFLD大鼠肠道菌群,升高拟杆菌门及拟杆菌门/厚壁菌门比例,下调放线菌门、迷踪菌门、变形菌门的丰度,降低炎性反应相关有害细菌如脱硫弧菌科、埃希菌/志贺菌的丰度并升高SCFA产生菌瘤胃球菌科、类杆菌、杆菌属、丁酸球菌的丰度,抑制肠道LPS的产生,下调TLR4信号通路活性,增强肠黏膜屏障进而改善肝脏炎性反应及肝脏脂质沉积[51]。参苓白术散可升高NAFLD大鼠SCFA产生菌包括双歧杆菌的相对丰度,降低血清LPS及炎性反应递质水平,下调TLR4通路相关蛋白表达,增加肠黏膜屏障功能,降低体重、肝脏脂肪变性及血清TC水平[52]。我们课题组所研究的祛湿化瘀方,经前期多批动物实验及临床试验证实,该方可通过调节糖脂代谢及改善肠屏障功能进而降低肝内脂肪沉积及肝炎性反应损伤[54]。此外,该方也可改善NAFLD鼠的肠道菌群失衡,降低肠道机会性病原体的埃希菌属/志贺菌属的丰度并升高产SCFA的柯林斯菌的丰度,降低结肠黏膜损伤,增强肠屏障功能,降低血清LPS及慢性炎性反应进而改善肝脂肪变性及肝损伤[53]。

7 小结

就目前进展来看,尽管越来越多的益生菌菌株和相关产品被认为是NAFLD的潜在治疗药物,但其在调节肠道菌群、肠-肝轴中的确切作用机制仍不清晰,需要进一步设计良好的长期临床试验,同时应考虑评估其对肝病进展和肝纤维化的影响。抗生素作为治疗NAFLD的双刃剑,其具体治疗方案及临床疗效尚处于摸索阶段。黏附分子及FMT是基于调节肠菌而治疗NAFLD的新方法,但其安全性及有效性需进一步评估。中医药在治疗NAFLD方面因其多途径多靶点的特点而备受关注,其通过调节肠道菌群从而防治脂肪肝的关联性日益明确,但是否是中药治疗脂肪肝的核心机制,其因果关系如何等等尚待进一步深入研究。总之,近年来的研究提示,调节肠道菌群是治疗非酒精性脂肪肝的重要策略和治疗靶位之一,具有良好的前景。

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(2019-08-28收稿 责任编辑:杨觉雄)

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