单秀娟 胡芷君 邵长伟 唐 政
捕捞诱导鱼类生物学特征进化研究进展*
单秀娟1,2①胡芷君1,3邵长伟1,2唐 政1,3
(1. 中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所 农业农村部海洋渔业可持续发展重点实验室 山东省渔业资源与生态环境重点实验室 青岛 266071;2. 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室海洋渔业科学与食物产出过程功能实验室 青岛 266071;3. 上海海洋大学海洋科学学院 上海 201306)
随着捕捞强度加大,渔业生物为了应对捕捞压力、维持种族繁衍,逐渐产生适应性进化,这一过程称为捕捞诱导进化(Fishing-induced evolution, FIE),通常表现为渔业生物个体变小、性成熟提前,个体对捕捞的敏感性增强,进一步导致渔业种群结构简单、生态系统稳定性下降和渔业经济效益降低。认知捕捞诱导的渔业生物适应性进化,掌握捕捞对渔业种群的作用机制,有利于制定科学合理的渔业资源养护与管理策略。虽然FIE方面已进行了大量研究,但FIE在生理、生态及基因层面上对渔业生物的具体影响过程尚未明确,尤其是在气候变化、多物种相互作用等的动态环境中,FIE的作用方式更为复杂。作者综述了鱼类FIE的主要研究方法,总结了捕捞对大个体的选择性在鱼类生长、性成熟和行为方面的影响,并分析了这种影响对渔业种群恢复与管理产生的效应,以及今后需要解决的关键科学问题,旨在为FIE的进一步深入研究和渔业资源的科学管理提供帮助。
鱼类;捕捞诱导进化;渔业资源;生物学特征;进化影响评估
渔业资源是人类食物的重要来源之一。但是,随着捕捞强度加大,全球已有超过30%的渔业资源遭受过度捕捞,约60%处于完全开发阶段(FAO, 2016)。为了适应捕捞压力、维持种群繁衍,渔业生物会在短时间内发生适应性进化,这个过程称为捕捞诱导进化(Fishing-induced evolution, FIE) (Jørgensen, 2007)。Rutter (1902)首次提出捕捞可能使鱼类退化,但由于不符合当时物种进化缓慢的观念,且缺乏相关理论支撑,同一时期很多类似研究都未受到重视,如Cooper等(1953)、Handford等(1977)和Borisov (1978)。20世纪末,研究发现过度捕捞导致大西洋鳕()生物量严重下降、性成熟年龄提前和体长变小(Olsen, 2004; Hutchings, 2004),恢复过程也变得十分缓慢(Sinclair, 2002),人们开始认识到捕捞可能诱导海洋生物发生快速进化并阻碍种群恢复(Kuparinen, 2007)。21世纪初,FIE逐渐成为渔业资源研究的热点问题之一。我国关注到FIE问题是在20世纪60年代,研究人员从“四大家鱼”中观察到“鱼类小型化”现象(朱成德等, 1979)。此后,在海洋捕捞和人工繁殖过程中,渔业生物也被发现存在小型化和性早熟现象(詹秉义等, 1986; 陈景元, 1985)。截止目前,FIE已经是一个普遍的生态学现象,影响着渔业生物的生物学、生理、行为和遗传结构等(付辉云等, 2015; Uusi-Heikkilä, 2008; Kokkonen, 2015),进而对渔获物质量、产量以及整个生态系统产生重要影响(Jørgensen, 2013; Kuparinen, 2016)。
为了掌握捕捞对渔业生物进化的作用机制,制定合理的渔业资源管理策略,需要对FIE进行深入研究。近年来,FIE的研究有很多,主要以鱼类作为研究对象,研究内容集中在捕捞对鱼类生活史特征和遗传结构的影响(Walraven, 2010; Diaz, 2015; Cuveliers, 2011)、探索多种研究方法在捕捞进化效应的应用(Pauli, 2014; 李莉等, 2016; Laugen, 2014)、FIE在种群和生态系统水平上的影响及其对渔业经济和管理的意义(Enberg, 2009; Eikeset, 2013)等。然而,由于受到气候变化、污染和围填海等多种因素影响(樊伟等, 2001),研究FIE的具体过程与机制难度较大,多数研究结论只是理论或实验预测,还缺少确切的野外观测证据(Heino, 2015; Hard, 2008)。我国尚未进行FIE的系统研究,少量相关研究主要探究鱼类生物学特征、种群结构变动及其管理对策(李忠义等, 2017; 朱晓光等, 2009),以及网具选择性、捕捞和环境变化对鱼类生物学特征和种群结构的影响(林群等, 2016; 孙鹏, 2013)等。本文综述了国内外FIE的相关研究结果,总结了FIE的主要研究方法和主要的捕捞方式(底拖网)在鱼类生长、性成熟和行为方面的影响,分析了其对种群恢复及渔业资源管理的意义,旨在为FIE的进一步研究和渔业资源管理提供参考资料。
研究FIE的难点之一在于如何厘清环境和捕捞压力、区分表型可塑性和进化作用,至今还没有一个十分有效的方法。20世纪末以前,主要利用简单的回归统计方法分析野外调查数据,但不能有效排除环境作用(Bigler, 1996)。之后的研究方法可大致分为4种,分别应用于不同方面的FIE研究,并各有其优缺点(Conover, 2009a) (表1)。
一是野外生态学的方法,利用野外调查数据构建统计模型,用于排除环境影响。其中,使用最多的是概率成熟反应范式(Probabilistic maturation reaction norms, PMRN),该模型假设环境变化通过生长作用于性成熟,即未成熟鱼类在发育到性成熟的生长过程中已包含了影响性成熟的所有因素,其性成熟概率变化反映的是鱼类自身的变化——遗传进化。因此,PMRN方法可以在缺少遗传数据的情况下揭示鱼类的进化可能性,而且所需的年龄、体长和性成熟数据较容易获取、使用方法简单(Dieckmann, 2007)。但是,由于鱼类性成熟所受的部分外界影响因素可能并不影响其生长,因此,并未包含在此性成熟概率中,概率变化未能完全证实适应性进化的存在(Kraak, 2007)。
表1 捕捞诱导进化(FIE)的研究方法及其优缺点
Tab.1 Research methods of fishing-induced evolution (FIE) and their advantages and shortages
二是实验生态学方法,已广泛且有效地应用于各个研究领域。在FIE研究上也不例外,其应用范围包括探究捕捞对鱼类行为的影响(Sutter, 2012)、量化生物学特征的演化速率(Audzijonyte, 2013)、观测特征之间的共同演变(Cooke, 2007)和结合分子技术探究捕捞选择的遗传机制(Wijk, 2013; Uusi-Heikkilä, 2017)等。在人为控制的不同捕捞压力条件下,Conover等(2002)首次为海洋鱼类的FIE提供了实验证据。
三是数值模拟,得益于数据分析技术的发展,使用计算机模拟鱼类生活史动态有利于从中得出FIE的作用规律。如今,数值模拟方法多用于探究网具选择性的影响程度(Jørgensen, 2009)、过度开发时鱼类的恢复情况(Dunlop, 2009; Kuparine, 2012)以及量化FIE对渔业经济效益的影响(Zimmermann, 2015)等,但模拟结果与野外情况的一致性还需进一步验证。
四是遗传学方法,由于野外遗传数据缺乏,该方法一般结合实验生态学方法进行。根据已有的物种遗传信息,使用微卫星(Simple Sequence Repeats, SSR)和单核苷酸多态(Single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)等基因标记,进行种内不同个体的比较,从而探究捕捞对鱼类遗传组成产生的影响(李莉等, 2016)。随着第二代测序技术的发展,采用基因组学的方法可以实现群体间大量位点的序列分析,识别出与选择作用相关的位点,并通过分析位点在个体内的功能,推测适应性进化机制,这将成为日后FIE研究的最有力的手段(Elmer, 2016; 柳莹等, 2016)。
使用具有选择性的捕捞网具以及在渔场、渔汛期定点定时作业都可能对渔业生物产生选择性,使生物种群向着适应选择压力的方向演变(Hsieh, 2010; Heino, 2015)。这里所说的选择性与渔业管理上的有所不同,后者以渔获的种类数区分,渔获种类多则选择性小,而这里所说是以生物的某一特征(体型、行为等)进行分类,如刺网较多选择体高且在一定体长范围内的个体,因此,刺网捕捞都具有高选择性,而且由于选择对象不同,其诱导进化方向和速率也有差异。捕捞诱导进化,一方面是因为捕捞大量移出体型较大的个体,同时也对基因型进行了定向选择(Liang,2014);另一方面捕捞使物种组成、栖息环境和种群密度等发生变化,从而通过改变营养关系、生活环境和生活习性间接影响鱼类生活史特征(Ricker, 1981),其特征进化主要表现在生长、性成熟和行为等方面(图1) (Heino, 2015)。
大多数捕捞网具是对鱼类个体大小的直接选择,往往导致鱼类向个体变小的方向演变(Rutter, 1902)。多数水域都出现了鱼类小型化现象,如小个体渔获物的比例不断增加等(刘其根等, 2005)。有关捕捞影响鱼类生长的研究已有许多报道,但是,由于个体生长是鱼体内部生理条件和能量分配的体现,也受温度、饵料、栖息环境和捕食者等多种外部因素影响,研究难度较大,研究结果的差异也较大(Enberg, 2012)。
Ricker (1981)通过分析1951~1979年的渔业捕捞数据,发现5种太平洋鲑(spp.)在不同时期都存在不同程度的平均体长、体重下降现象,与温度、盐度之间没有显著的相关关系,指出捕捞是导致鱼类生长变化的最主要原因,这与之后的大部分研究结论一致(Enberg, 2012)。Conover等(2002)利用实验生态学的方法,发现捕捞90%大个体使银汉鱼()在4个世代内体重下降了0.8 g,生长率下降了0.1 mm/d。Conover等(2002)认为,鱼类为了适应捕捞压力,把更多能量投入到性成熟和繁殖,使其用于生长的能量减少,导致生长变慢。同时,捕捞总是选择生长快、体长大的个体,可能导致生长快的基因型减少,生长慢的基因更多地遗传给后代。但也有大量研究表明,大规模捕捞使鱼类生长率增加,如伊利湖鲈鱼() (Spangler, 1977)、北海鲽() (Walraven, 2010)、小黄鱼() (单秀娟等, 2011)等。根据已有研究,造成结果差异的可能原因:一是研究对象的生活史策略不同,鱼类用于繁殖和生长的能量分配有所差异,生长快、寿命短的鱼类更倾向于增加自身繁殖力来维持种群繁衍(Silva, 2013; Morbey, 2018);二是研究方法不同,实验生态学方法模拟的捕捞强度往往过大,且未考虑物种相互作用、密度效应、生境变化等影响因素(Andersen, 2009),而在自然环境中捕捞使种群密度降低、相对饵料丰度增加可能掩盖鱼类生长减慢的现象(Edeline, 2007);三是捕捞的选择性使鱼类生物学特征发生共同演变(Walsh, 2006),如某些鱼类摄食率下降、觅食行为减少等(Walsh, 2006)。由于影响鱼类生长的因素很多,且过程复杂,不能单从表型特征分析中得出结论,需从生理和分子层面上进一步研究。
如今,研究普遍认为,捕捞可能诱导鱼类发生适应性进化,而不是以往所认为的表型可塑性变化(Jørgensen, 1990)。Hauser等(2002)对新西兰笛鲷()群体的研究发现,遭受捕捞后其SSRs的杂合度和等位基因频率不断下降,群体遗传多样性随生物量的减少而下降。van Wijk等(2013)对孔雀鱼()进行的捕捞生态学实验发现,持续3个世代捕捞75%大个体,雄性孔雀鱼的进化速率是自然种群的2~5倍,平均体长下降了6.5%,位于Y染色体上的体长调控基因发生显著变化。最近的研究发现,斑马鱼()的多个基因对捕捞作出响应,与其胚胎代谢、昼夜节律、压力响应、免疫系统等过程有关(Uusi-Heikkilä, 2015)。同时,捕捞还通过影响胰岛素通路的能量代谢调控基因,影响鱼类寿命(Roff, 2007)。Uusi-Heikkilä等(2017)认为,在捕捞过程中的鱼类遗传响应方面,基因表达变化比基因序列变化更有说服力。研究表明,选择性捕捞大个体使鱼类种群的差异表达基因增加了20%,其平均等位基因频率变化普遍高于非差异表达基因,鱼类可能在RNA加工和代谢、蛋白质代谢、核糖体合成和氮化合物代谢等方面响应捕捞。但基因差异表达的具体机制尚未明确,捕捞诱导鱼类遗传进化的对应关系还不清楚。除此之外,有研究表明,在某些情况下,气候等环境变化对鱼类生长的影响超过捕捞因素(Perez- Rodriguez, 2013),甚至改变鱼类遗传结构(Edeline, 2007)。气候变化(Brander, 2007)、鱼类种间竞争(Gobin, 2015)和生境变化(杨吝, 2005)等多方面因素可能加快或减弱FIE,需要进行综合考虑。
鱼类性成熟的主要影响因素包括体长、温度和捕捞(陈新军, 2004)。在捕捞诱导的特征演变中,鱼类性成熟相关的研究最多,一方面是因为性成熟特征的改变对种群繁殖、恢复和渔业经济效益有重要意义(詹秉义, 1995; Conover, 2002);另一方面,性成熟方面数据较多。众多研究都表明,鱼类为了适应捕捞压力而提前性成熟(Heino, 2015)。这种变化可以用生活史进化理论来解释,鱼类性成熟年龄和体长大小与其生命活动中的权衡和适合度有关(聂海燕等, 2007)。鱼类进化成性早熟个体能缩短生长时间,降低发育至性成熟的死亡风险,并且有更多的能量用于繁殖,增加繁殖力(Conover, 2002),从而提高适合度,但同时个体竞争力和后代存活率会相应降低(Swain, 2011)。对鱼类而言,在高强度的捕捞压力下增加繁殖投入获得的收益远大于增加生长获得的收益,因此,捕捞可能促使鱼类向初次性成熟年龄和体长变小的方向演变(Kokkonen, 2015; Heino, 2013)。但也有学者认为,捕捞引起的鱼类性成熟进化程度不明显或不存在进化,其研究对象大多为短生命周期种群,如沙丁鱼() (Silva, 2013)、鲱() (Engelhard, 2004),可能是由于短生命周期鱼类在自然环境中也经历着较高的死亡率并且性成熟较早,捕捞作用对其影响较小,可在短时间内恢复(Feiner, 2015)。
捕捞诱导的鱼类性成熟特征变化是否可遗传的问题仍存在争议,如何区分温度、饵料、物种相互作用等引起的表型可塑性变化和捕捞诱导的适应性进化还没有有效的方法(Perez-Rodriguez, 2013)。目前,使用PMRN方法进行了大量研究(Kuparinen, 2007),其中,大部分结果表明,鱼类性成熟体长和年龄的变化存在进化可能性(Haugen, 2001)。如Pardoe等(2009)使用PMRN方法分析了1964~1999年大西洋鳕的性成熟变化,发现其成熟体长和年龄的降低不完全依赖于密度效应、生长可塑性变化和环境因子(温度、饵料丰度等)。结合遗传学方法,研究表明,捕捞过程中大西洋鳕在某些位点表现出高度分化,与PMRN中点的变化趋势存在相关性,而且其等位基因频率变化不能完全解释为群体洄游过程中的杂交或基因流,更多的是捕捞作用(Therkildsen, 2013)。但也有部分研究表明,鱼类遗传结构变化与温度存在一定相关性,鱼类生物学特性进化可能同时受到捕捞和环境的影响,二者间的相对影响程度及相互作用还需要更多关注(Perez-Rodriguez, 2013)。
鱼类性成熟提前可能导致多种后果,如繁殖力变化(Walsh, 2006)、卵径变小、孵化率降低、幼体存活率下降等(Conover, 2002)。其中,鱼类的繁殖力变化主要表现为鱼类相对性腺重变化、产卵前后体重差值变化和亲体体重变化等。以能量密度作为繁殖输出指标,有研究发现,亲体在繁殖期间体重显著下降,蛋白质和脂肪比例存在雌雄差异,更多能量被用于繁殖(Walraven, 2010)。但还没有足够证据能说明繁殖力的变化是由捕捞造成的,相反这些变化更可能与温度变化有关(O'Malley, 2013)。虽然捕捞引起鱼类繁殖力的适应性进化还未得到证实,但由于鱼类繁殖直接影响种群补充量,如果管理不当可能导致种群灭绝(詹秉义, 1995),因此,需要对渔业资源进行针对性管理。
捕捞的选择性还体现在鱼类行为上,包括摄食、求偶、育幼和洄游等(Cooke, 2007; Quinn, 2007),这些行为的改变在一定程度上影响鱼类生长、繁殖和分布。目前,这方面还鲜有研究,主要原因是鱼类行为的观测难度较大、缺乏有效数据(Leclerc, 2017)。虽然已有较多技术用于追踪鱼类的洄游路线(Walsh, 2006; Handegard, 2005),如体外和体内标记、数据储存式标记、声呐和回声探测仪追踪等,但很少应用到FIE研究上。已有研究大多使用实验生态学方法进行,研究比较深入的是大口黑鲈()实验(Philipp, 2015)。由于捕捞往往选择较活跃、大胆和受影响程度高的鱼类个体(Diaz, 2015),经过多个世代的钓捕选择,大口黑鲈留存个体对网具的敏感性增强,并将其遗传给后代(Philipp, 2009)。此外,伴随着生长变化、食物需求降低、代谢减慢、对捕食者的警惕性降低等多种生理和行为特征变化(Redpath, 2009; Cooke, 2007)。斑马鱼的生态学实验表明,捕捞使控制血清素合成的调控基因发生变化,从而影响了褪黑色素合成量,最终影响鱼类的摄食能力和攻击性(Uusi- Heikkilä, 2015),这可能是捕捞影响鱼类行为的内在机制。由于鱼类的行为习惯与体长相关,并具有一定遗传能力,因此,捕捞也可能通过直接影响鱼类行为(如摄食、活跃度、栖息地选择等)作用于其生长和性成熟(Biro, 2008)。
持续高强度的捕捞会使鱼类生活史、生理、行为和遗传等特征发生变化,进一步改变种群动态(Dunlop, 2015),降低种群稳定性(Kuparinen, 2016),最终影响种群恢复。但是,早在20世纪末关于海洋鱼类灭绝风险评估,研究人员没有考虑鱼类生物学特征和遗传进化,导致当今渔业种群可能正面临着潜在的灭绝风险(Musick, 1999)。据Hutchings (2000)统计,11科38种鱼类中大多数种类在15年内生物量降低了45%~99%,而且在之后的15年内,其生物量几乎没有恢复。
FIE对种群恢复影响的研究较少,主要采用实验生态学和数值模拟方法,大部分研究结果表明,FIE对鱼类生物学特征的恢复起阻碍作用。Conover等(2009b)通过生态学实验发现,在相同的捕捞和恢复时间间隔内,银汉鱼幼鱼生长几乎完全恢复,成鱼体长只恢复了50%。这是首次使用实验生态学方法探究遭受捕捞后鱼类的恢复能力,但实验只简单考虑了幼鱼和成鱼的体长恢复情况,且实验中较少的产卵群体数量(约100尾)可能影响实验结果。Uusi-Heikkilä等(2017)研究发现,在捕捞过程中差异表达的基因,在恢复阶段仍差异表达,涉及蛋白质的转运和定位、胰岛素信号通路等过程,可能因此影响种群恢复。基于大西洋鳕生态和演变动态(个体生长繁殖、密度依赖效应和环境变化)模拟捕捞,Enberg等(2009)发现,种群生物量恢复时间随捕捞强度和作用时间的增加而增加,当捕捞时间少于100年、捕捞率低于50%时,才能在较短时间内恢复到初始水平。基于物种保护目的,且不考虑环境因素,Kuparinen等(2012)的模拟结果与Enberg等(2009)的基本一致,此外还发现,由于发生进化,大西洋鳕的成熟体长和年龄恢复十分缓慢,恢复水平也低于捕捞前。但是,在捕捞进化作用下,鱼类亲体与补充量的恢复可能加快,保证了种群繁衍。为进一步探究捕捞对种群恢复的影响程度,今后可考虑在模型中加入性别选择(Hutchings, 2010)、栖息地指数(杨吝, 2005)及基因交流(Pukk, 2013)等影响因素。
捕捞诱导鱼类生活史特征和行为等发生适应性进化,不仅增加种群恢复时间而且加大种群恢复的不确定性(Neubauer, 2013)。为了加快种群恢复,首先需要全面了解渔业资源动态(Heino, 2015),考虑采用声学探测技术监测种群动态、分子标记评估种群遗传变化以及在模型中考虑自然因素及遗传因素等(Langard, 2015;Marty, 2015),从而对渔业资源进行有效管理。
FIE,一方面改变鱼类生物学特征和种群丰度,影响其经济价值和产量(Eikeset, 2013);另一方面降低物种多样性和遗传多样性,影响生态系统稳定和健康(Pinsky, 2014)。虽然FIE的作用机制还不明确,但不可否认的是,FIE影响着海洋生态系统服务,特别是食物的可持续产出。值得注意的是,在捕捞实验中,捕捞目标为重复产卵群体中的大个体时,渔获量逐渐下降,而捕捞目标为小个体时,渔获量几乎不变(Edley, 1988)。而对单次产卵群体,捕捞大个体和小个体都会使渔业产量下降(Conover, 2002)。由于实验处理方法不同,捕捞是否会对不同鱼种的渔获量产生不同的影响,还需要涉及更多鱼种的研究。总结已有研究,FIE使渔业经济效益下降的原因主要有以下几点:(1) 捕捞导致鱼类体长变小,在限定最小网目的政策下,能捕捞到的个体更少,而且鱼类平均体重普遍下降(Conover, 2002); (2) 捕捞导致亲体数量大量减少(Walsh, 2006),补充能力下降。虽然有研究表明,鱼类把能量更多地投入到繁殖中(Rijnsdorp, 2005),如怀卵量增加,但性成熟提前,导致卵质量下降、孵化率和幼体存活率降低,使补充量远低于捕捞死亡(Conover, 2002);(3) 捕捞使鱼类对网具的敏感性增强且具有遗传能力,使鱼类更难捕获(Philipp, 2015)。
为了减弱和避免FIE产生不良影响,需要把捕捞诱导的已知和未知的生物、非生物因素及其之间的相互作用纳入渔业管理的范畴,使渔业经济效益和生态效益都保持在可持续范围内,这样的管理称为基于生态系统水平的渔业管理(Ecosystem approach to fisheries, EAF) (Garcia, 2003)。应用这种管理办法,首先要对各种因素及其产生的效应进行定量。定量FIE影响效应的方法称为进化影响评估(Evolutionary impact assessment, EvoIA) (Laugen, 2014),评估内容包括捕捞对鱼类生物学特征的影响、种群进化动态、社会经济动态和管理策略评估(图1)。由于实现种群、生态和经济效应的定量评估十分困难,已有研究不多。较早使用这种方法的是Mollet (2010),其研究发现,考虑种群的生态和遗传过程时,现行的捕捞参考点并不是真正可持续的,长期实施会导致渔业产量随时间不断下降。随后,结合生态遗传模型和经济模型提出了生物经济模型(Bioeconomic model),模型中增加了鱼类价格随渔获量和需求量波动的过程,研究发现,忽略进化效应会高估捕捞产量和效益,并得出错误的管理目标(Zimmermann, 2015)。但是,使用不同的模型和参数估算方法,可能产生不同甚至相反的结果(Pinsky, 2014),需要对模型进行更多的敏感性分析和验证。
图1 捕捞诱导进化(FIE)影响过程及进化影响评估(EvoIA)内容(Laugen et al, 2014)
*指被选择后剩余群体的特征平均值与选择前群体特征平均值的差值(朱伟俊等, 2007)
* Refers to the average value difference of characteristics between surplus stock after being selected and stock before being selected (Zhu, 2007)
结合鱼类生物学特性和生态效应制定渔业资源管理策略,建议:(1) 改进渔具结构,使渔获物体长组成符合的大个体,这主要应用于休闲渔业、钓具、陷阱类渔具;(2) 增加种群遗传和生态系统水平上的研究,合理规划捕捞水域和设置生物学参考点; (3) 降低捕捞力量,建立保护区。制定渔业管理政策时,还需要注意两点,一是不同生活史策略的鱼类受FIE影响可能不同;二是FIE也可能通过营养关系作用于没有遭受捕捞的鱼类(张波, 2018)。
FIE是渔业生物应对过度捕捞所作出的适应性响应。由于其影响范围广、作用过程复杂,不能仅仅依靠单一技术手段和单一物种研究,需结合进化种群统计学和数量遗传学等方法,建议以功能群为单位,利用基因标记进行长期野外监测并尽早开展相关实验研究。目前,尽管FIE在鱼类生物学特征和渔业资源管理意义方面已经有较多研究,但如何准确预测FIE?其作用方式是改变渔业种类的生物学特征、种群丰度、行为特征还是遗传结构?捕捞效应与气候变化(如温度升高、极端天气)之间的相互作用对渔业生物进化的影响如何?渔业生物进化对其个体、种群、群落、生态系统等影响如何进行量化?又是如何进一步影响社会经济效益?这些问题尚需进一步探究。
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Progress in the Study of Fishing-Induced Evolution of Fish Biological Characteristics
SHAN Xiujuan1,2①, HU Zhijun1,3, SHAO Changwei1,2, TANG Zheng1,3
(1.Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Resources and Eco-Environment, Qingdao 266071; 2. Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071; 3. College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306)
With the increase of fishing intensity, fish gradually evolve to adapt in response to fishing pressures to maintain the reproduction of the population. This process is called fishing-induced evolution (FIE). Nowadays, many fish in the world have evolved these biological characteristics. For example, Atlantic cod (), small yellow croaker () and other fish became smaller size and earlier mature. These lead to further the simplification of fish population structure, the decline of ecosystem stability and the reduction of fishing economic benefits, finally FIE seriously affects the sustainable development of fish resources in many countries. Therefore, it is essential to recognize the fishing-induced adaptive evolution and grasp the mechanism of fishing effects on fish resources, in order to formulate a scientific and rational strategy for recovery and management of fishing resources. Although FIE has caused wide concerns, the mechanisms underlying the impact of fishing on physiological, ecological and genetic characteristics of fish are not clear, especially in the dynamic environment of climate change and multi-species interactions. The role of FIE is more complex due to a number of influencing factors and the complex evolutionary process. The existing studies mainly focus on fishing-induced changes in fish biological traits, computer-simulated population resilience and fish resource management strategies, but rarely on the mechanisms of FIE. Here, we reviewed the main research methods of fish FIE including methods of field ecology, experimental ecology, numerical simulation, and genetics. We summarized the related research results that fishing affects fish body length, sexual maturity, behavior and other factors, by selecting the larger individuals caught by the most important kind of fishing, bottom trawling, and analyzed the effects on the fish population recovery and management of fish stocks. Finally, we concluded that the key scientific problems to be solved, in order to provide help for further FIE research and scientific management of fish resources.
Fish;FIE; Fisheries resource; Biological characteristics; Evolutionary impact assessment
SHAN Xiujuan, E-mail: shanxj@ysfri.ac.cn
10.19663/j.issn2095-9869.20190221006 http://www.yykxjz.cn/
S937
A
2095-9869(2020)03-0165-11
单秀娟, 胡芷君, 邵长伟, 唐政. 捕捞诱导鱼类生物学特征进化研究进展. 渔业科学进展, 2020, 41(3): 165–175
Shan XJ, Hu ZJ, Shao CW, Tang Z. Progress in the study of fishing-induced evolution of fish biological characteristics. Progress in Fishery Sciences, 2020, 41(3): 165–175
* 国家重点研发计划(2017YFE0104400)、山东省泰山学者专项基金项目和青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室“鳌山计划”优秀青年学者专项(2017ASTCP-ES07)共同资助 [This work was supported by the National Key Research Program ofChina (2017YFE0104400), Special Funds for Taishan Scholar Project of Shandong Province, and Aoshan Talents CultivationProgram Supported by Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) (2017ASTCP-ES07)].
单秀娟,研究员,E-mail: shanxj@ysfri.ac.cn
2019-02-21,
2019-04-10
(编辑 冯小花)