徐佳楠 葛晨辉 王全华 王小丽
摘 要: 从营养液配方、环境因素、水培驯化等方面综述了有关菠菜水培的研究进展.菠菜水培营养液配方的研究主要集中在配方的筛选与主要营养元素的调整熵.光照、溶解氧、液温是影响水培菠菜生长的重要环境因素.菠菜自身水培适应性可能也是影响菠菜水培的重要因素,但目前鲜有相关报道.最后对今后的菠菜水培技术研究方向提出展望.
关键词: 菠菜(Spinacia oleracea L.); 水培技术; 营养液配方; 环境因素; 水培适应性
中图分类号: S 636.1 文献标志码: A 文章编号: 1000-5137(2019)05-0597-08
Abstract: This paper reviewed the research progress on leafy vegetable hydroponics about nutrient solution,environmental factors,cultivation measures and hydroponic domestication.The researches of spinach nutrient solution are mainly focused on the screening of nutrient solution formula and adjustment of main nutrient elements.Light,dissolved oxygen concentration and liquid temperature are main environmental factors influencing spinach growth under hydroponic conditions.Few researches have been conducted on the hydroponic adaptability of spinach.At last,the future research work on spinach hydroponics was also discussed.
Key words: Spinacia oleracea L.; hydroponic technology; nutrient solution; environmental factor; hydroponic adaptability
0 引 言
随着都市农业结构的调整和消费者对蔬菜质量及食用安全意识的增强,蔬菜水培技术因其在缩短生长周期、减少水肥药施用、增产保质等方面的明显优势,日益成为国内外设施园艺发展的重要技术.蔬菜水培技术既适应大都市对蔬菜产量和品质的高需求,同时也是都市现代农业科技水平的集中体现.然而,目前我国水培蔬菜种类主要以生菜类、白菜类为主.种类单一限制了蔬菜水培技术的应用范围,因此有必要对其他蔬菜品种进行水培专用新品种的选育及配套栽培技术的研究,以丰富水培蔬菜种类,促进水培蔬菜的产业化发展.
菠菜(Spinacia oleracea L.)是我国普遍栽培的重要绿叶蔬菜之一,其营养丰富,富含多种维生素,生产周期短,复种指数高,产量、产值高,是我国主要出口蔬菜之一.然而与其他叶菜类蔬菜相比,目前市场上的菠菜品种大多是在传统土培和基质栽培的基础上筛选培育而得,而在水环境,尤其是深液流水培系统中缓苗慢、生物产量低,无法展示其优良性状,严重限制了水培菠菜产量和质量的提高.目前国内对菠菜水培的研究主要集中在对已有营养配方的改良上,但改善效果不明显或适用面较窄[1].在筛选和培育水培专用菠菜新品种方面,更是鲜有研究报道.因此有必要总结相关叶菜水培生产经验,开展水培条件下菠菜生命活动规律的研究,为培育高产优质水培菠菜新品种,及提高菠菜水培生产技术提供依据.
1 菠菜水培营养液研究
1.1 营养液配方比较
目前国内菠菜水培采用的营养液配方通常为各类叶菜通用配方,如日本园试、日本山崎等.为筛选最适宜菠菜生长的水培营养液配方,王瑞等[2]比较了0.8倍Hoagland、日本山崎、日本园试、华南农大叶菜A等4个叶菜类常用营养液配方对菠菜品质、生物量动态的影响,采用主成分分析法对生长、品质等多指标进行综合评价,其中,日本园试配方得分最高,是4种配方中最适宜菠菜水培的营养液配方.本课题组比较了同一供氮水平(氮物质的量浓度为8 mmol·L-1)的6个营养液(0.76倍改良Hoagland、0.46倍日本园试、1.23倍日本山崎、0.38倍园艺均衡、华南农大叶菜A、华南农大叶菜B)对菠菜生长的影响,结果发现人工气候室静态水培条件下,用1.23倍日本山崎配方营养液培养的菠菜生物量、株高最高,而同期温室浅液流水培条件下,用1.23倍日本山崎和0.38倍园艺均衡培养的菠菜生物量最高(该成果已被接受,待发表).在各营养液总离子浓度比例保持不变的情况下,导致结果差异的原因可能与营养液中营养素绝对浓度有关,尤其是硝态氮浓度.此外,水培方式以及栽培环境条件的差异,如不同水质、叶菜种类、生长阶段等也会影响营养液配方的适用范围.
1.2 营养液中营养元素的调节
为了优化通用配方,很多研究者对营养液中重要元素的浓度和配比对菠菜产量和品质的影响开展了大量研究,其中关于氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)的研究报道较多,尤其是氮元素.水培营养液氮素来源主要为硝态氮和铵离子,尤其是硝态氮.孙兴祥等[3]以改进的大泽营养液为水培配方,研究了不同氮素水平(5,10,15,20 mmol·L-1)對4个菠菜品种生物量以及植株不同部位硝酸盐、可溶性糖含量的影响,发现15 mmol·L-1氮素水平下菠菜生物量最高,菠菜的硝酸盐含量随氮素水平的提高呈递增趋势,而可溶性糖含量则随氮素水平的提高呈递减趋势.OKAZAKI等[4]比较了3个硝态氮浓度水平(1,2,4 mmol·L-1)对水培菠菜的影响,发现4 mmol·L-1硝态氮浓度下菠菜的产量、总氮含量和硝酸盐含量均最高.作者还设置了不同物质的量浓度比例的硝态氮/铵态氮(10 ∶ 0,5 ∶ 5,3 ∶ 7)的营养液配方处理,发现3个处理对水培菠菜鲜重、总氮含量影响无显著差异,但随着铵态氮比例的增加,植株硝态氮含量明显降低.其他研究报道也发现类似的规律,当NH4+-N/NO3--N物质的量浓度比值从100 ∶ 0变化到0 ∶ 100,菠菜的生物量、株高、根系长度、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐累积量等均呈增加趋势,营养液中适当增铵能提高菠菜品质,但不能增加菠菜的产量.NH4+-N/NO3--N比值为0 ∶ 100时,菠菜茎叶生物量最高,随着NH4+-N/NO3--N 比例的增加,菠菜的生物量和硝酸盐累积量均呈递减趋势[5-6],水溶性糖含量则呈递增趋势[6].除硝态氮和铵态氮外,适当配施有机氮能显著提高营养效应,改善作物品质.不同物质的量浓度比例的硝态氮/甘氨酸处理(100 ∶ 0,75 ∶ 25,50 ∶ 50,25 ∶ 75,0 ∶ 100)下,甘氨酸部分替代硝态氮降低了菠菜生物量,但同时硝态氮含量也显著降低[7].
2.3 温 度
温度是影响水培植物生长的重要因素之一.GENT[32]研究发现生菜相对生长速度(RGR)更容易受日照辐射的影响,而受温度和营养液硝态氮浓度影响不大;相反,菠菜更容易受温度和营养液硝态氮浓度影响.SEO等[31]也发现不管营养液的DOC浓度如何,夏季高温是导致水培菠菜死亡的直接原因,而生菜不受营养液温度的影响.但没有关于菠菜水培适宜温度范围的详细报道.
3 菠菜自身因素及其他
菠菜自身对水培环境的适应能力是影响其水培生产表现的关键因素之一.不同作物对环境条件的适应性不同,同一作物不同品种对水培环境的适应性也有差异.SINHA等[33]发现小麦品种间对不同栽培介质(水培、基质、土培)的响应存在较大差异,说明可以通過品种筛选获得水培适应性能力高的作物品种.根系是影响植物水培适应性的关键器官.水培环境下,根系环境发生很大的变化,根系环境的变化又会显著影响植物对水分和养分的吸收,进而影响植物的生长[34].如何利用菠菜各器官尤其是根系的适应性反应以充分挖掘菠菜自身对水环境的适应潜力,是提高菠菜水培生产效率的关键之一.已有研究报道水培环境下植物能够改变地上部分与根系的形态,及微观结构以适应低氧的水培环境.如耐水培的植物,其水环境中的植物根皮层内一般会形成发达的通气组织,以利于根系供氧[35].水培低氧环境还会诱导不定根、根中径向氧气损失屏障的形成,以及茎基或下胚轴肥肿等形态结构的变化.这些变化均有利于地上部的氧气向根系扩散,缓解低氧对植物的胁迫作用[36-37].目前为止在菠菜水培适应性机理方面的研究未见报道,后续可以从菠菜根系微观结构、生理生化及分子机制方面开展相关研究.
还有研究发现,水培体系由于缺乏培养介质对根际分泌物的吸附、中和,在长期水培过程中,蔬菜根系分泌出的毒性物质经累积后会造成自毒危害,抑制蔬菜生长[38].常见的各类蔬菜如豌豆[39]、生菜[40]、黄瓜[41-42]、西红柿[43]、芦笋[44]等都可释放自毒物质,采用活性炭吸附、光催化法等方法可去除植物自毒物质,减轻其对植物的生长抑制作用[38].菠菜根际分泌物是否会对水培菠菜的生长产生抑制作用还未见报道.
4 展 望
菠菜是重要的生、熟食绿叶蔬菜,在水培生产中具有广阔的应用前景.开发适合多种水培生产模式的菠菜水培生产技术,培育水培专用高产优质菠菜新品种是实现菠菜水培规模化生产的前提.然而与水培生菜相比,目前菠菜水培技术研究基础薄弱,无论是关于营养液配方还是环境因素调控方面的报道均较少,在菠菜水培专用品种的选育方面更是匮乏.今后有必要从以下几个方面重点开展菠菜水培技术相关的基础研究:1) 继续开展对菠菜水培营养液关键营养元素最适浓度的研究,明确菠菜不同生育期对各营养元素需求的动态变化,尤其是N,P与K的绝对浓度与浓度配比;2) 考虑环境因素相互之间可能存在耦合效应,开展菠菜水培环境的多因素综合调控研究,探索最优的综合环境调控技术参数;3) 深入研究菠菜根系应对液温变化与低氧胁迫的响应机制,与综合调控策略;4) 参考其他植物水生驯化机制,开展菠菜水培驯化相关的形态、生理生化特征研究,建立菠菜耐水培品种评价指标体系,筛选耐水培菠菜种质资源,并在此基础上进一步探究菠菜水培驯化机制,挖掘菠菜根系水生相关基因.
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