张继琛 王坤宇 叶克平
[摘要] 目的 探讨胸腔镜肺切除术后留置胸管与否对患者应激程度的影响。 方法 选取60例择期肺切除手术患者,随机分为胸管组和无胸管组,每组30例。每例患者术前1天、术后第1、3、7天空腹抽取静脉血,用ELISA方法测量血中白介素(IL-2、4、6、10)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、超敏C反应蛋白(CRP)、降钙素原(PCT)和血清淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)的浓度。采用SPSS 22.0比较术前和术后两组患者的炎性因子浓度的变化。 结果 两组患者术后的炎性因子除TNF-α均较术前升高,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后第3天无胸管组中IL-4、IL-10的浓度比胸管组低,比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。无胸管组术后第1、3、7天CRP、PCT、SAA的浓度比胸管组低,比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 结论 从术后机体应激的角度来看,无胸管留置在胸腔镜肺切除术中表现出一定优势,对机体造成的创伤应激反应小。
[关键词] 手术应激;胸腔镜;胸管引流
[中图分类号] R655 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2019)26-0092-04
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of postoperative chest tube indwelling on the degree of stress in the patients undergoing thoracoscopic lung resection. Methods 60 patients undergoing elective lung resection were selected and randomly divided into the chest tube group and the chestless tube group, with 30 cases in each group. Fasting venous blood of each patient was collected 1 day before surgery and 1 day, 3 days, and 7 days after surgery. The concentrations of blood interleukin(IL-2, 4, 6, 10), tumor necrosis factor(TNF-α), hypersensitive C-reactive protein(CRP), procalcitonin(PCT), and serum amyloid protein A(SAA) were measured by ELISA. SPSS22.0 was used to compare changes in inflammatory factor concentrations before and after surgery in both groups. Results The inflammatory factors after surgery in the two groups of patients were higher than those before surgery except TNF-α, and the difference was statistically significant compared with that before surgery(P<0.05). The concentration of IL-4 and IL-10 in the chestless tube group was lower than that in the chest tube group on day 3 after the surgery, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). The concentration of CRP, PCT and SAA on day 1, day 3 and day 7 after the surgery in the chestless tube group were lower that those in the chest tube group, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). Conclusion From the perspective of postoperative body stress, no chest tube indwelling has certain advantages in thoracoscopic lung resection, and the traumatic stress response to the body is small.
[Key words] Surgical stress; Thoracoscopy; Chest tube drainage
心胸外科正步入微創时代,术后快速康复也越来越重要,在传统胸腔镜肺切除术中留置胸管是胸外科的基本操作,术后留置胸管给患者带来疼痛、咳嗽咳痰不利、术后呼吸道管理难等不良后果,阻碍了患者快速康复。近期有很多研究已经证明接受胸腔镜肺切除术的患者术后不留置胸腔引流管是安全可行的。而且减少了术后并发症,减轻术后疼痛,有利于患者快速康复[1,2] 。有学者[1]研究表明术后疼痛主要来源于留置的胸管,而早期拔除胸管或不留置胸管,可缩短患者的住院天数及减少其住院费用,促进患者快速康复。众所周知,机体内IL-2、4、6、10、TNF-α、CRP、PCT和SAA等参与应激过程,并能反映创伤应激严重程度[3-5]。所以本研究从应激反应角度证明不留置胸管对患者创伤及应激反应的影响。
1 资料与方法
1.1 临床资料
随机选取我院2017年12月~2018年12月收治的行肺切除术患者60例作为研究对象,并采用单中心、双盲实验随机分为30例胸管组和30例无胸管组。两组患者在年龄、性别、手术方式、手术部位、术后病理、术后TNM分期组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(表1)。本研究方案经我院伦理学委员会批准,研究对象知情同意并签署知情同意书。
1.2 治疗方法
所有患者均静脉麻醉,双腔气管内插管,健侧单肺通气。取健侧卧位,手术切口均选择在腋中或腋前线第4或第5肋间,切口长约2~3 cm完成肺切除术。肺切除后通过无菌生理盐水试漏,对肉眼可疑肺泡漏气处使用聚乙醇酸网和纤维蛋白胶封闭。无漏气后,术毕拔除气管插管,胸管组常规留置胸管,无胸管组不留置胸管。
1.3 观察指标
清晨空腹抽取所有患者术前1天、术后第1、3、7天的静脉血液 3~5 mL,行离心操作(3 000 r/min),然后用 ELISA 方法测定血清中(IL-2、4、6、10)、TNF-α、CRP、PCT和SAA的浓度。相关 ELISA 试剂盒购自上海纪宁生物公司。
1.4 统计学方法
采用SPSS 22.0统计软件,计数资料采用[n(%)]表示,采用χ2检验,计量资料以(x±s)表示,两组之间比较采用t检验,两组间不同时间点炎症因子浓度差异采用重复测量数据的方差分析。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组患者临床资料比较
两组患者临床资料之间差异均无统计学意义,见表1。两组患者中术后胸管组1例予以胸穿。无胸管组2例术后予以胸穿,两组之间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
2.2 两组患者炎症因子浓度变化
两组患者术前术后炎症因子的浓度变化见表2。两组患者术前各项指标基本正常,无明显差异。TNF-α术后无明显变化,(IL-2、4、6、10)、CRP、PCT和SAA术后均明显升高。而在无胸管组中术后CRP、PCT和SAA浓度在第1、3、7天明显较低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),术后第3天无胸管组中IL-4、IL-10浓度比胸管组低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
3 讨论
胸腔镜手术(VATS)术后不留置胸腔引流管也是近年来为实现快速康复而采取的一项技术革新,并运用于肺叶或肺部分切除术(包括肺段切除术)、手汗症患者交感神经链的离断术以及纵隔肿瘤切除等手术中[2-4]。理论上,VATS术后无胸管留置可以大大减轻患者的手术创伤和术后疼痛,Ueda等[5]研究术后不留置胸管对术后早期通气换气功能和运动功能的影响,该研究表明在接受胸腔镜肺切除术的患者中,术后不留置胸管可减少患者术后早期疼痛,提高通气换气功能,从而改善术后肺功能及运动能力。Murakami等[1]研究解剖性肺切除的术后疼痛主要来源于留置的胸管,因此导致术后肺功能和运动耐量的下降。而早期拔除胸管后,可缩短患者的住院天数及减少其住院费用。多数患者经胸腔镜肺切除术后,不留置胸管有助于患者的早期快速康复。以上研究充分验证胸腔镜肺切除术后不留置胸管可行,而且减少了术后并发症,减轻术后疼痛,促进快速康复。但从创伤应激角度未能说明。细胞因子在誘导急性炎症反应及应激反应中扮演着关键的角色。由于术后不同处置会产生不同程度的细胞因子反应,炎性因子介导的应激反应发挥着重要的作用[6-9]。CRP是在感染、创伤、肿瘤、自身免疫性疾病等多种疾病中均可增高[10]。而当机体处于应激状态下,肺脏、肝脏和甲状腺 PCT 分泌量明显增加,同时 PCT 稳定性较强,激素水平变化或免疫功能调整不会影响患者机体 PCT 水平,抗干扰性较强,且能预测各种疾病的预后[11-14]。术后CRP、PCT浓度在无胸管组明显较低在本研究中已经体现,说明无胸管组创伤应激程度较轻,而术后应激反应轻带来的损伤小,恢复更快。SAA与CRP、PCT相仿,但其在诊断应激炎性反应中具有更优越的灵敏度及客观性,在细胞应激、肿瘤发生中SAA发挥极其重要作用,既往研究已经证明SAA具有抑制应激反应,抑制细胞黏附、侵袭、浸润、转移,参与内毒素的解毒等功能等[15-20]。本研究中SAA的结果无胸管组中明显较低,术后两组中均有降低趋势,但无胸管组中降低的多,且明显低于胸管组,也说明无胸管组较胸管组创伤应激反应更小,对肿瘤患者带来的副反应少,更有利于减少术后患者疼痛应激,加速患者快速康复。IL-2、4、6、10主要由活化 T 淋巴细胞产生,参与急性应激反应,是调节免疫系统的重要细胞因子,并在创伤早期产生且相互之间形成复杂的免疫调节细胞因子网络,彼此间相互作用,互为调节[21-24]。本次研究中无胸管组术后IL-2、4、6、10升高幅度明显小于胸管组,且相比胸管组,无胸管组术后第3天IL-4、IL-10浓度较低,差异有统计学意义。更进一步证明白介素参与了一定的创伤应激调节作用,且在无胸管组中体现的更明显,带来的术后创伤应激副作用可能更少。TNF-α可诱导细胞发生凋亡和坏死,且调节细胞活性、增殖、迁移、凋亡、血管生成和炎症等生物学效应, 与其他生物因子具有重要的协同作用,是人体重要的免疫递质[25]。但本研究两组患者术前术后TNF-α的浓度无明显差别,可能与本次研究所选手术患者有关。通过本研究可以看出无胸管组患者术后几种炎性及炎症因子升高水平较胸管组患者低,术后不留置胸管可以减轻机体损害。炎症因子的减少,某种程度上也减轻了炎症因子带来的损伤。因此,患者恢复状况可以从炎症因子的变化上有一定体现。
综上所述,从外科创伤应激情况分析来看无胸管较留置胸管创伤小,减少应激反应,利于减轻患者痛苦,促进术后快速康复。本研究在创伤应激角度进一步证明:在某种程度上,术后不留置胸管胸腔镜手术在肺切除术中可以削弱应激反应、减少损伤,从而给肿瘤患者手术带来更长的生存期及术后更好的生活质量。但不能忽略在部分患者中不留置胸管可能会带来一些不良后果,我们还需不断改进手术操作,尽量减少术后相关并发症,给患者术后快速康复提供更多帮助。
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(收稿日期:2019-05-09)