城市中的荒野

综合一些国际组织或一些国家机构对荒野的定义来看，荒野指的是人类没有或者仅仅轻微干预的区域，在这个区域中，自然完全是按照本身的规律进行着演变。

今天地球表面的陆地范围已有83%的土地被人类开发利用，而且受到人类影响和干预的区域还在扩大，所以地球上符合荒野定义的区域占陆地面积的比率已经不多，并且还将越来越少。由此看来，整个人类社会发展的过程，就是人类不断拓展、荒野不断退缩的过程。

然而地球上还有一些土地，这里曾经由于人类的各种开发和建造完全改变了原有的天然状况，但当人类不再施加影响之后，土地逐渐荒芜，植被开始萌发，经过持续地演替发展、各种物种不断在此栖息，形成了具有荒野特征和属性的景观。

荒野，我们可以理解为自然的一种状态。未经人工干预或只有极少人工干预的区域可以是荒野；曾经受到人工影响，但当人为控制不再继续，自然重新获得控制权，土地按自身进程进行演变的区域也可以是荒野，前者被称为初级荒野，后者为次级荒野。

城市中会有荒野吗？在全球范围内，越来越多的人生活在城市之中，但是大多数人并不了解荒野，许多人会将荒野与“杂乱荒蛮”对应，并认为这样的“野地”与我们所追求的方便、舒适和优美的城市生活格格不入。许多城市管理者也会觉得荒野会损害城市的景观及风貌，在管理上也有一定困难。于是在城市迅速更新和扩张过程中，城市及周边大量呈现出自然面貌的荒野地或被彻底开发用于城市建设，或被改造为人工建造和人工管理的公园绿地。如果哪座城市中还能保存有初级荒野，那真是这座城市的幸运。

但是城市中总会有因为各种原因被长期废弃无人管理的地段，如撂荒的田园、时常被水淹的河滩、被遗弃的场地或棕地等，从而形成了以自然而非人为主导的土地，这里的植物在自然演替过程中呈现出自由生长的景象，这些地块就是一种次级荒野。

如1999—2003年间，杭州玉皇山南麓一个名叫江洋畈的山谷成了西湖一次大规模疏浚存积淤泥的泥库。随后，在无人干扰的情况下，植物从淤泥中萌发出来，并随着泥库表面水量的变化呈现出独特的自然演替过程，逐步形成了城市中一片由自然主导的荒野。

荒野之于城市的价值主要体现在其经济和高效的生态服务功能。由自然过程主导的荒野是一种最接近自然状态的、稳定的生态系统。自然状态下的植物群落能够自发生长，相互竞争适应，从而形成适宜场地环境的种群形态和稳定、优越的生态系统。在维持和改善城市生态环境、为当地动植物提供适宜的生境、丰富城市栖息地类型和物种多样性方面，荒野较之那些精心设计、建造和管理的城市绿地更具有优越性。

10年前，杭州市利用江洋畈淤泥库建造了生态公园，公园的设计充分尊重、维护、顺应并展示了这片次生荒野的自然演变进程。如今，公园呈现的是充满自然生机、动态变化的景观。几十种鸟类栖息于此，泥塘中生活着野生的鱼、小龙虾、蟹，自然观测者们在这里共发现了56种蝴蝶。作为一个自然系统能够按照自身规律进行演替的公园，江洋畈充分展现了它在城市中的生态价值。

实际上在高密度的城市中，即使是比江洋畈面积更小的荒野地也都能发挥特殊的生态功能。现在，许多国家都在充分保护城市中由于各种原因形成的微小次生荒野，同时将一些环境受损的土地进行“再野化”的生态修复，也会在新建的大尺度公园中的某个区域，模拟荒野的特征建造一种类荒野景观，让自然在城市中自由发展，为当地的物种提供栖息的环境，也为城市展现不断生长变化、充满自然气息的景观。

除了生态价值外，城市中的荒野同样具有游览、科普和科学研究的意义。这些小片荒野的存在，让我们知道如果没有人类干扰城市中自然应该有的状态，也让我们反思应该如何设计和管理城市中的自然。

一座健康的城市必然是一座绿色的城市，但是，如果城市仅仅具有充足的绿量，也未必就一定能成为一座生态系统健全的城市。城市之中那些以满足人的各种使用需要为目的，依据人的审美标准建造和管理的生态结构单一、维护费用高昂的绿地，其生态系统服务功能都是极为有限的。麦克哈格（Ian Lennox McHarg）在《设计结合自然》中曾提到，城市中存在两个重要的系统，即自然的系统与人工的系统，优秀的城市中这两个系统是互相平衡的。而自然的系统并非指绿色的自然，而是指能够真正按照自己的演变进程发展的自然。城市中的荒野就属于这一类自然。我们应该深知荒野对于城市的意义，更加珍惜城市中的荒野，也更应该能够欣赏荒野所独具的动态变化和自由萌发的美。

PREFACE

Wilderness in the City

Regarding to definition of wilderness by several international organizations and national institutions，the wilderness refers to the area where human beings did not intervene or only slightly intervened with，in which nature naturally evolves according to its own laws.

Today，83% of the land surface of the earth has been exploited by human being，and the area affected by human influence and intervention is still expanding.Therefore，the proportion of land on earth that meets the definition of the wilderness is not much，and will be on the decrease.From this point of view，the whole process of social development is the process of continuous expansion of human beings and constant drawing back of wilderness.

However，there are still some land on the earth where the original natural condition has been completely changed due to the various development and construction of human beings，yet when human no longer exert influence，the land would gradually go wild with the vegetations germinating.It develops through the continuous succession，the inhabitation of various species，forming a landscape with wilderness characteristics and attributes.

The wilderness，we can understand as a state of nature.Areas without human intervention or with minimal human intervention can be wilderness.It can also be wilderness where had been artificially affected，but later it could evolve according to its own process when artificial control stopped and nature regained the control.The former can be called the primary wilderness，and the latter is the secondary wilderness.

Is there wilderness in the city? On a global perspective，more and more people are living in cities，but most people don't understand the wilderness well.Many people will associate the wilderness with“disordered and uncultivated” and think that such “wild land” is incompatible with the expected convenience，comfort and beautiful city life.Many city managers will also feel that the wilderness will damage the city's landscape and style，also there are certain difficulties in management.Therefore，in the process of rapid urban renewal and expansion，some wilderness in the city and its surrounding areas were developed or used for urban construction，or some were transformed into artificially constructed and manually managed parks.So，it is so lucky for a city to own a primary wilderness.

However，there are always abandoned areas in the city that have been discarded for a long time，such as abandoned farmlands，beaches being frequently flooded，brownfields，etc.，forming a nature controlled rather than human oriented land.Here plants present its free-growth during natural succession，can be called a secondary wilderness.

For example，between 1999 and 2003，a valley named Jiang Yang Fan in the south of Yuhuang Mountain in Hangzhou of China became a mud deposit place during a silt-dredging project of the West Lake.Subsequently，in the absence of human interference，the plants sprouted out of the silt and showed a unique natural succession process with the change of the water volume，gradually forming a wilderness in the city dominated by nature.

The value of wilderness to city is mainly embodied in its economic and efficient ecological service functions.The wilderness dominated by natural processes is a stable ecosystem that is closest to its natural state.The plant communities in natural conditions can grow spontaneously and adapt to each other in competition，finally to form a population suitable for site environment and a stable ecosystem.The wilderness is superior to the well-designed，constructed and manually managed urban green spaces in terms of maintaining and improving urban ecological environment，providing suitable habitats for local animals and plants，and enriching the diversity of urban habitats.

Based on the Jiang Yang Fan silt reservoir，an ecological park was built ten years ago in Hangzhou，which was designed to respect，maintain，accommodate and demonstrate the natural evolution of this secondary wilderness.Nowadays，the landscape full of natural vitality and dynamic changes is presented in the park，with dozens of birds inhabiting here.Wild fishes，crayfishes and crabs are living in the mud ponds.Natural observers have found 56 species of butter flies here.As a park where the natural system can succeed in accordance with its own laws，Jiang Yang Fan fully demonstrates its ecological value in the city.

In fact，in high-density cities，even the wilderness with smaller area than Jiang Yang Fan can also provide special ecological service.Nowadays，many countries are trying to protect the micro-secondary wilderness in cities.At the same time，some environmentally damaged land is being “re-wilded” for ecological restoration.Meanwhile，the wilderness-like landscape are widely welcomed to be built to simulate the characteristics of wilderness in a certain area of the newly built large-scale park which will allow nature to develop freely in the city，providing habitats for local species，and also showcasing the constantly growing and changing landscape full of natural atmosphere for the city.

Besides the ecological value，the wilderness in city also owns the significance of tourism，science education and scientific research.The existence of these small wilderness let us know the state of nature without human interference，and also let us reflect on how to design and manage the nature in the city.

A healthy city is bound to be a green city.However，if the city only has sufficient green quantity，it may not become a city with healthy ecosystem.In cities，those green spaces with single ecological structure and high maintenance cost，which are built and managed according to human aesthetic standards and to meet the various needs of people，have extremely limited their ecosystem service functions.Ian Lennox McHarg mentioned in Design with Nature that there are two important systems in the city，namely the natural system and the artificial system，which would be very well-balanced in good cities.And the natural system does not refer to the green nature，but the nature that can freely develop according to its own evolution process.The wilderness in the city belongs to the latter.We should be fully aware of the significance of wilderness to the city，cherish it，and appreciate its unique beauty of dynamic changes and free germination.

Translator:WANG Xiyue

Chief Editor:Prof.Dr-Ing.WANG Xiangrong

July 25th，2019