李贤 苏秀兰
[摘要]诃子是一种广泛记载于中药、蒙药和藏药经典方中的传统植物药物,成分丰富多样,主要含鞣质类、酚酸类和三萜酸类物质,可用于水煎液、提取液以及各种炮制品。诃子具有除传统的抗菌、体外抗氧化、清除自由基和抗肿瘤等功效,还具有保护肝脏的功效。诃子药理作用较多,机制复杂,现代临床研究显示,诃子是通过减毒抗氧化、降酶保肝、抑制肝癌细胞增殖及激活调节核因子红血球相关因子2(Nrf2)、AKT/Nrf2或p53等信号通路来诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡一系列方式来保护肝脏免受损伤。本文对诃子的保肝作用机制进行综述,为诃子的研发和临床应用提供参考。
[关键词]诃子;减毒;保肝作用
[中图分类号] R285.6 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-4721(2019)8(c)-0022-04
[Abstract] Terminalia chebula is a kind of traditional plant medicine widely recorded in the classical prescriptions of traditional Chinese medicine, Mongolian medicine and Tibetan medicine. It contains tannins, phenolic acids and triterpene acids. It can be used in water decoction, extracts and various processed products. In addition to traditional antimicrobial, antioxidant, free radical scavenging and anti-cancer effects, Terminalia chebula also has the effect of protecting liver. Terminalia chebula has many pharmacological effects and complex mechanisms. Modern clinical studies have shown that Terminalia chebula can protect the liver from injury by reducing toxicity and antioxidation, reducing enzymes and protecting the liver, inhibiting the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells and activating signal pathways such as regulating nuclear factor red blood cell related factor 2 (Nrf2), AKT/Nrf2 or p53 to induce apoptosis of tumor cells. In this paper, the mechanism of liver protection of Terminalia chebula was reviewed to provide references for the research and development and clinical application of Terminalia chebula L.
[Key words] Terminolia chebula; Reduce toxicity; Hepatoprotective effect
肝损伤是多种慢性肝病发展的关键过程,严重影响患者的健康。肝病是可以预防的,而寻找安全有效的药物成分是预防肝损伤的关键[1-2]。在医学实践中,诃子作为中草药在肝病的治疗中发挥着重要作用。研究显示,诃子的主要作用是体外抗氧化、清除自由基[3]、抗炎[4]、降血糖[5]和作为强心治疗药物[6]等,也因其具有多重作用,在民间广泛应用,治疗多种疾病[7]。近年来对诃子抗肿瘤和保护肝脏的研究日益增多,对预防肝损伤作用机制的研究尚不完善。因此,本文总结了诃子的化学成分和提取方法,归纳了保护肝脏的作用机制、临床应用情况和未来发展趋势,为诃子的进一步研究和将来的临床应用提供参考。
1诃子概述
诃子(Terminalia chebula),又名诃黎勒,蒙医学上称为阿如拉(Arura),颜色为黄棕色或暗棕色,形状为长圆形或卵圆形,无臭,味道酸涩后甘甜,是一味功效众多,用途广泛的药物。在我国,诃子产量丰富,主要分布在云南、西藏、广东、广西,福建等地,也是中华人民共和国药典收载的传统药物品种[8-9]。诃子中含有脂肪族化合物、酚酸类、鞣质类、三萜类、黄酮类和挥发油等[10],目前已分离得到大约几十种酚酸类及鞣质类化合物。酚酸类成分包括奎宁酸、诃子次酸、没食子酸甲酯、莽草酸等[11]。鞣质成分包括诃子酸、诃黎勒酸、原诃子酸、诃子素、诃子鞣质,1,3,6-三没食子酰葡萄糖等[12]。诃子中的三萜类成分主要是五环三萜,包括阿江榄仁素、马斯里酸[13]、诃子醇、2α-羟基乌苏酸等。黄酮类包括芦丁、槲皮素、槲皮素-3-O-鼠李糖苷等[14]。其他成分有番泻苷、胡萝卜苷、微生物P、微生物C、阿拉伯糖、葡萄糖、谷氨酸、赖氨酸、油酸、亚油酸、多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶和鞣酸酶等[15]。
2诃子的保肝成分
2.1诃子水煎液
近期研究中,用95%乙醇从诃子干果中提取的水煎液具有明显的抗氧化、保肝和膜稳定作用[16]。有研究显示,以诃子为主要来源的水煎液对小鼠有剂量依赖性的肝损伤风险,但在大鼠亚急性毒性實验中并未显示存在肝毒风险,其可能是给药剂量未达到大鼠的最大给药剂量[17]。室温下浸渍法制备的诃子提取液进一步用乙酸乙酯和水分别进行分馏,得到的产物与粗提物相比,各组分的自由基清除活性较高,且乙酸乙酯分馏组表现出最大的自由基清除活性[18]。
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(收稿日期:2019-06-20 本文编辑:刘克明)