谢红辉 王丽萍 吴耿寰
摘 要:可可毛色二孢(Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl.)是一种全球性的土传病原真菌,其寄主广泛,可引起多种植物病害,病害症状多样化。可可毛色二孢是一种弱寄生菌,引发的病害多与气候环境、伤口、植株生长势和品种有关,病菌生长对于光照的需求与否存在较大争议。综合利用生物防治、物理防治和化学防治是病害防治的重要途径。
关键词:可可毛色二孢 发病规律 综合防治
Abstract:Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl., a global soil-borne pathogenic fungi with a wide range of hosts,can cause many plant diseases with different symptoms. These diseases are related to climate, wounds, plant growth vigor and variety, but not sure whether related to light. Comprehensive utilization of biological control, physical control and chemical control is an important way for disease control.
Key words:Lasiodiplodia theobromae;occurrence regularity;integrated control
可可毛色二孢(Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl.)是子囊菌门(Ascomycota)盘菌亚门(Pezizomycotina)座囊菌纲(Dothideomycetes)葡萄座腔菌目(Botryospaerials)葡萄座腔菌科(Botryospheriaceae)葡萄座腔菌属(Botryosphaeria)葡萄座腔菌(Botryosphaeria rhodina)的无性态,它最先由Saccardo于1890年从厄瓜多尔的腐烂的可可豆上分离并描述[1]。L. theobromae是一种在热带和亚热带地区广泛存在的具有多型性、多寄主的土传病原真菌[2],可寄生于热带和亚热带地区的500多种植物[3],并能引起包括大田作物、蔬菜、水果和林木在内的280多种植物的田间和贮藏病害,且在不同的寄主上引起的症状不相同[4]。L. theobromae引起的病害症状主要有梢枯、枝枯、根腐、果腐、叶斑、溃疡、流胶、变色、坏死和鬼帚病等类型[3]。了解L. theobromae的生物学特性及其所致病害的发生规律和防治措施对于开展病害综合治理具有重要意义。
1 生物学特性研究
有关光照,温度,pH值,碳源、氮源和维生素等对L. theobromae菌丝生长、分生孢子器和分生孢子形成等的影响的研究有很多。L. theobromae生长的温度范围为20~45 ℃,低于15 ℃不能生长[5],最适温度为28~30 ℃;可生长pH值为2.5~11.7,以pH5.5 最适宜,其中,pH 3~4有利于病原菌分生孢子产生;能有效利用蔗糖、葡萄糖、可溶性淀粉等14种供试碳源,但以葡萄糖最好;能利用DL-丙氨酸、硝酸钠、DL-甲硫氨酸等10种供试氮源,但以DL-丙氨酸最适合。菌丝体的致死温度为52℃。分生孢子的致死温度为53℃。在连续光照的燕麦培养基(OMA)上,该菌产孢较快较多。分生孢子在水滴中的萌发率为90.8 %,而在1 %葡萄糖和蔗糖溶液中均为96 %左右[6]。同样的萌发条件下,未成熟的L. theobromae孢子萌发率比成熟孢子的萌发率高约3个百分点[7]。
关于L. theobromae菌丝生长和产孢是否需要光照,有许多学者做了相关研究,但众说纷纭。有研究表明连续光照有利于L. theobromae分生孢子器和分生孢子的产生[8]。Kausar等[9]研究表明,L. theobromae在PDA培養基上生长速度快,相比连续黑暗24 h、12 h光照加12 h黑暗,连续光照24 h更有利于菌丝生长。也有很多研究认为光照对L. theobromae的菌丝生长、分生孢子器和分生孢子的形成没有影响[10]。研究发现光照和黑暗对桑毛色二孢根腐病菌L. theobromae的菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发没有显著影响,但持续光照有利于L. theobromae分生孢子器和分生孢子的产生[11]。 L. theobromae对光照的需求特性可能与其寄主来源有关。
2 L. theobromae相关病害的发生规律
L. theobromae被认为是一种弱寄生菌,经常被描述为伤口寄生或者第2病原菌[12]。肉桂枝枯病与肉桂泡盾盲蝽(Pseudodoniella chinensis)和可可毛色二孢(L. theobromae)有关。泡盾盲蝽携带有L. theobromae菌,在吸食肉桂枝条的汁液时会造成许多细微的伤口,从而使肉桂枝条容易感染L. theobromae菌,造成皮层坏死,引发极严重的枝枯病[13]。王智立和谢鸿业[14]从枯萎的番石榴(Psidium guajava L.)靠接苗的接合部、干枯的果柄和新梢等部位分离出大量的L. theobromae,从而认定这些部位为病菌的侵入点。L. theobromae定殖马占相思(Acacia mangium)后不一定立即表现症状,但高温和干旱条件有利于病害发生[15]。Mbenoun等[16]指出由L. theobromae引起的椰子梢枯病在干旱季节发生非常严重。Botryosphaeria各个种的毒力和症状因寄主和地理位置不同而有差异[17]。L. theobromae引起芒果衰退和死亡因品种和树龄而有差异,某些品种在特定的树龄下有一定抗病力,而不同品种不同树龄病害发生率的不同可能归因于自然忍受力[18]。L. theobromae侵染桑树根部引起根腐病,发病率和严重度与桑树树龄、根结线虫为害及桑树品种有关,即树龄越大,病害发生越严重;根结线虫(主要是南方根结线虫)为害根部造成的伤口为病原菌的侵染提供便利;不同桑树品种间的抗病性差异明显[11]。
3 L. theobromae相关病害的防治
3.1 生物防治
关于L. theobromae相关病害生物防治的报道已经有很多。Florence和Sharma[19]报道了枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)能有效抑制L. theobromae的菌丝生长,最大抑菌带宽度达18 mm。此外,B. subtilis还能抑制L. theobromae 的孢子萌发[20]。有报道提出芽孢杆菌产生抗生素,该抗生素作为表面活性剂,能破坏菌丝细胞膜的选择渗透性[21]。离体培养时,B. subtilis最能有效阻止L. theobromae病菌侵染种子和幼苗[22]。有研究认为B. subtilis和B. cereus对L. theobromae的拮抗作用是暂时的[23]。
Ikotun和Adekunle[24]发现2株对 L. theobromae有拮抗效果的放线菌,并且其拮抗效果要优于B. subtilis和B. cereus,大田防治试验表明该放线菌能有效防治木薯根部和茎杆腐烂病害。卞光凯等[25]从南方红豆杉根际土壤中分离到一个弗吉尼亚链霉菌(Streptomyces virginiae)菌株,该菌株对L. theobromae具有高度拮抗能力,其发酵液稀释300倍后仍有较强的抑制作用(抑制率为41.64 %)。Trejo等[26]从土壤中分离出一个放线菌菌株YCED9,它能够产生3种抗真菌的抗生素和2种水解酶。Houssam[27]报道抗生物链球菌Az-z710能够产生对青霉菌、白色链珠菌等多种病原真菌具有显著拮抗作用的mycangimycin类抗生素。
在离体培养和活体接种时,哈茨木霉(Trichoderma harzianum)、绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride)、绿色粘帚霉(Gliocladium virens)和黑色葡萄穗霉(Stachybotrys atra)均能在L. theobromae侵染葫芦幼苗前后表现出显著地抑制效果。其中,在活体接种时G. virens最能有效抑制病菌感染种子和根部;显微镜观察显示T. harzianum和T. viride直接寄生和缠绕L. theobromae的菌丝,导致菌丝膨胀、变形、缩短或细胞变圆;2株木霉与L. theobromae对峙培养后,发现L. theobromae细胞质颗粒化和菌丝细胞壁缺损[28]。Aigbe和Ikotun研究了自土壤中分离的长枝木霉(T. longibrachiatum)、圆弧青霉(Penicillium cyclopium)、黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)、黄曲霉(A. flavus)、溜曲霉(A. tamari)、腊叶芽枝霉(Cladosporium harbarum)、粉红粘帚霉(G. roseum)和半裸镰孢菌(Fusarium semitectum)等8种拮抗微生物在PDA培养基上与L. theobromae对峙培养时,对L. theobromae的拮抗作用。结果发现,以T. longibrachyatum的拮抗效果最好,T. longibrachyatum、A. niger、C. harbarum和G. roseum 能对L. theobromae产生永久性地拮抗作用,而其余拮抗微生物的拮抗作用是暂时的。Aigbe和Ikotun分析以上拮抗微生物的作用机制可能是产生有毒物质和对L. theobromae进行重寄生[23]。利用荧光假单胞菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和植物源性脂氧合酶挥发性化合物己醛搭配处理芒果,可以诱导提高果实的苯丙氨酸解氨酶、多酚氧化酶、超氧物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性,从而降低芒果蒂腐病的发病率[29]。在温室条件下,利用荧光假单胞菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和深绿木霉滤液混合物处理夜来香植株,可以显著提高植株病程相关蛋白酶、几丁质酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶、过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶等的活性,从而降低夜来香花梗枯萎病发病率达85 %以上,且能显著提高产量[30]。利用桉树、橡胶树和竹子生产木炭时的副产物—焦木质酸可以显著抑制可可毛色二孢的生长[31]。
Kumar等[32]从假黄皮(Clausena excavata Burm. f.)的叶片中分离出一种新的γ-内酯香豆素,该物质对L. theobromae的拮抗作用要高于化学抗菌剂。Barros等[33]研究了海油树(Coccoloba mollis L.)的蒽醌衍生物和根、叶的乙醇提取物对L. theobromae和镰孢菌(Fusarium spp.)的抗菌作用,结果发现提取物和蒽醌衍生物均能有效抑制参试菌株的生长,其效果优于化学杀菌剂。
3.2 物理防治
将受感染的植物组织进行热处理能有效控制植物病害的发生。把香蕉种子浸没在75 ℃的热水中10 min,能有效除去种子上的L. theobromae菌,将香蕉果实于50 ℃热水中浸泡20 min,能显著减轻香蕉冠腐病的发生。处理7 d后,冠腐病的发生率降低50 %,14 d后降低33 %[34]。热水处理不能杀死休眠孢子,但能有效抑制菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发。夏季晒土2个星期能有效降低L. theobromae的种群密度和分生孢子的活力[5]。
3.3 化学防治
许多学者研究了化学药剂对L. theobromae的防治作用。Mittal[35]指出RH 2161(一种化学药剂)对L. theobromae所引起的林木种子病害有显著效果。代森锰锌(Dithane M-45)和氯化甲氧基乙基汞(Emisan 6)能有效杀灭花生种子上的病菌[36]。Sharma等[37]研究了15種杀菌剂对L. theobromae的抑制作用,结果发现Bavastin和Tecto控制桉树田间根茎溃疡病的发生效果显著。Shelar 等[38]通过离体培养评估了7种杀菌剂对L. theobromae的抑制作用,结果发现不论是在液体培养基还是固体培养基上,苯菌灵(0.1 %)、克菌丹(0.2 %)、多菌灵(0.1 %)和甲基托布津(0.25 %)均能有效抑制L. theobromae生长。利用克菌丹1.125 g、五氯硝基苯0.375 g和萎锈灵0.25 g混合处理花生种子能显著降低种子的带菌率,抑制病害发生和提高产量,但不能根除病菌[39]。刑嘉琪[40]研究了4种防霉剂对我国藤材主导霉菌的抑制作用,结果发现防霉剂DDAC对L. theobromae的抑制效果最好。Mahmood等[41]研究认为,20 ppm和100 ppm的甲基托布津和苯菌灵能有效抑制L. theobromae菌丝生长。许多研究结果显示多菌灵和甲基托布津对L. theobeomae有很好的抑制效果。400 ppm和450 ppm的多菌灵和甲基托布津能完全抑制L. theobeomae的生长。多菌灵和甲基托布津均属于苯并咪唑类药剂,而苯并咪唑类的药剂即使在低浓度下也能很好地抑制L. theobeomae[42]。Khanzada等[5]报道了浓度为1 ppm的多菌灵和甲基托布津能有效抑制L. theobeomae菌丝生长,多菌灵在大田的防治效果明显优于甲基托布津和其他药剂。Shahbaz等[43]则表明浓度为50 ppm和100 ppm的甲基托布津、多菌灵和(甲基托布津+乙霉威)能完全抑制L. theobeomae的生长。50 ppm的多菌灵和甲基托布津、100 ppm的疫霜灵、苯菌灵、甲霜锰锌和萎锈灵等能完全抑制L. theobeomae的生长。将多菌灵、甲基托布津、疫霜灵和苯菌灵以3 g/kg的浓度拌种,能提高葫芦种子萌发率,降低病菌感染率[28]。
4 总结
本文介绍了L. theobeomae侵染所致部分病害的发生规律和防治技术,但由于L. theobeomae的寄主植物范围广,引发的病害症状多种多样,因此生产上应针对不同的寄主和病害类型采取行之有效的防治措施,同时注意防治技术的多元化,多种措施并举,实行综合防治。
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