初中英语中如何正确地表达"不"?湖北监利新建中学

胡杰 张行红

同学们：not-no-never-neither-none......这些"不"，还有下列句子中的"不"有什么区别呢？Im not upset.I dont like rainy days.I 've never been to Antarctica.It's impossible to please everyone.有点眼花缭乱吧！那咱们一起从6个方面（一到六）来搞定它！

一、not用法五种

（1）句中只有be动词作谓语：在be（am/are/is/was/were）后加not即构成否定句。①I'm not hungry.You are not，either，right？②It is not a violin;③I was not in London at the time;④My parents weren't there，either.

（2）句中有be/will/have/had……主要谓语动词在（be/can/will/have……后面加not构成否定句。①1They are not playing chess;②She is not watching TV;③I was not reading when they were watching the football match then;④He is not going to come to the party;⑤They will not help their parents clean up;⑥I have not heard from John for a long time;⑦She has not read todays newspaper;⑧She hadn't been to New York before her parents moved there.

（3）句子含情态动词can，could，may，might，must，should等+主要谓语动词：在情态动词后加 not 构成否定句。①She could not help laughing;②The old man cann't read and write.③You shouldn't have given up.你本不该放弃的（实际放弃了）。④You needn't do your homework today.今天你不必做作业。（must的否定，用need not 或don't have to）。⑤The kids mustn't swim without grown-ups nearby.（mustn't是“禁止，不允许”。

（4）句中谓语动词前没有be/can/will/have……在谓语动词前加助动词do/does/did not即构成否定句（谓语动词用原形）。①I dont have any foreign friends;②My mother doesnt speak English;③It didn't rain last night;④Mary didnt clean the room this morning.;⑤Do not swicth off （祈使句的否定）。

（5）not否定不定式to do，固定搭配等。①I told him not to forget it;②She goes to school not by bus， but by bike;③Not a student was late this morning;④He felt sorry for not coming to the meeting on time。

二no+名詞或动名词

①We have no children of our own;②Ive got no news from him;③no后接名词时也可换成not any/not a如：I have no [not any] friends here.④No smoking！

三、否定副词never/seldom/hardly …

①I have never been there;②That will never do.那决不行。③The children are seldom ill.It seldom snows here;④He hardly ever eats meat.Jim is hardly ever late.

四、不定代词nobody，no one，nothing等表否定

①No one [Nobody] wants to go there;②She said nothing;③None of the pupils knew the answer;④None of this milk can be used;⑤I like neither of the books.⑥Neither of us enjoy getting up early;⑦用little， few表否定（little+不可数名词，few+可数名词，均表示“几乎没"There is little time left;Few people like snakes.

五、运用某些结构表达否定意义

①too…to（太……不能）It is too late to do anything now;Im too tired to go any farther;②more A than B（与其 B不如 A）He is more brave than wise.他有勇无谋。③比较级+than+不定式（不至于做）He was wiser than to have done such a thing.他不至于愚蠢得竟然做出这样的事情。④连词before，unless等引出的状语从句表达否定意义Unless you put on your overcoat，you'll catch a cold.⑤用虚拟语气表达否定意义If only you had worked with greater care.你要是工作更仔细一些就好了。（你不仔细）。⑥prefer…rather than……I prefer to stay inside rather than go out in such a cold day.02757063-5DE6-40F0-A09E-535A2B7CF61B

六、可以用含否定意义的前缀a-，ab-，an-，de-，dis-，il-，im-，in-，ir-，non-，un-，under-等构成的词表达否定之意;也可以用后缀-less，-free，-proof等构成的词表达否定之意。①He absented himself from a meeting.②动词短语：differ from（与……不同），keep off（不让……接近），keep… from/prevent… from/stop…from/protect… from（使……不），lose sight of（看不见），Why do you prevent them from moving into the new house？③名詞：absence（不在）， failure（没有，不及格），lshortage（缺乏）例如：Shortage of manpower is the chief cause of the delay at the factory.人力不足是该工厂生产停滞的主要原因。④形容词及形容词短语：reluctant（不愿），absent from（没到场），ignorant of（不知，不懂），different from（与……不同），short of（缺少，不足），far from（远非，决不），free from（不受……影响的，没有……的）例如：We should be free from arrogance and rashness.我们应该不骄不躁。⑤介词：against（反对），beyond（超出，无法……），off（离开），but/except（除……之外）等。例如：The young men of the present day are beyond my comprehension.⑥介词短语：at a loss（不知所措，不知……），invain（徒劳，无用），out of the question（不可能），off one's guard（毫无防备，没有警惕），out of the swim（不合时髦，不合潮流），at one's wits'end（不知所措），at the end of one's rope/at the end of one's row（山穷水尽）等。例如：I have so much work to do that a holiday for me this year is out of the question.⑦其他词组及固定搭配：anything but/by no means/in no case/on no account/under no circumstances（决不），instead of（而不），rather than（而不是），other than（不同于，除……以外），aside from（除了……以外），least of all（最不），the last（极不可能的，最不适合的），let alone/to say nothing/…still less，…（更不用说）等。例如：The bridge is anything but safe.那桥决对不安全。

The truth is quite other than what you think.事实真相同你想的完全不同。He can't run a hundred yards，still less a mile.他一百码都跑不了，更不用说一英里了。02757063-5DE6-40F0-A09E-535A2B7CF61B