周颖 范志红 卢家灿
摘 要:多项流行病学研究和营养干预研究表明,摄入核桃对血脂控制的积极影响。核桃中的脂肪酸、蛋白质和抗氧化物质可能在调控血脂中起作用,但其具体效果与摄入量、膳食模式和食用人群有关。
关键词:核桃;血脂;脂肪酸
血脂控制与心脑疾病风险息息相关[1]。核桃的营养丰富,食用价值高,具有多种健康功效,如降低血脂、降低心血管疾病风险、控制餐后血糖与预防癌症等[2-3]。本文概述了核桃摄入与血脂控制的相关研究进展以及核桃中可能影响血脂控制的营养物质,讨论了影响核桃摄入对血脂控制作用的因素。
1 核桃摄入与血脂控制的研究证据
大量流行病学研究证明,坚果摄入能降低患心脑血管疾病的风险[4-7],而这种降低的作用可能是通过改善与心血管疾病风险相关的身体指标来实现,例如降低体质指数(body mass index,BMI)和减小腰围[8],降低体重与预防肥胖[9]等。也有Meta分析或系统综述发现,摄入坚果也能通过控制血脂、调节血压、调节血管功能等,对预防心脑血管疾病产生积极作用[10-12]。但是直接调查核桃摄入与血脂控制之间关系的流行病学研究为数较少[13]。有关核桃摄入与血脂水平的人体干预实验较多,可按受访人群将研究分为三类来讨论,即健康人群、血脂异常人群和其他人群,包括特殊膳食模式人群、超重肥胖者和糖尿病患者等。
1.1 健康人群中的证据
Wu等[14]研究发现,健康的成年白种人,连续8周食用核桃43 g/d可显著降低空腹非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(non-HDL-C)和载脂蛋白B(Apo B),而non-HDL-C包含了所有致动脉粥样硬化的脂蛋白,Apo B存在于所有致动脉粥样硬化的脂蛋白上。Bamberger等[15]给予194名健康的白种人43 g/d带壳核桃8周,发现与对照组(无坚果典型西方饮食)相比,实验组的总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、甘油三酯(TG)和Apo B的水平都有显著性的下降,且这种作用不受被核桃替代的营养素种类和食用时间点的影响。一项研究用40名健康日本人作为受试者,男女比为1∶1,对实验结果分性别进行讨论[16]。实验组每天摄入核桃占每日能量摄入(E)的12.5% (44~58 g/d),发现相比于对照组(无坚果典型日式饮食),实验组的TC、LDL-C、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇/高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL/HDL)以及Apo B的水平都有显著性的下降,不同性别受试者的实验数据虽然不完全一致,但整体趋势大致相似。
1.2 血脂异常人群实验证据
Torabian等[17]对87例正常至中度高血浆TC者进行长期(6个月)的富核桃膳食干预,发现核桃摄入量占每日能量的12%时可以改善血脂状况。有研究者对18名高胆固醇血症患者进行4周的膳食干预,分别用初榨橄榄油、核桃或杏仁代替背景饮食中40%的脂肪,发现LDL-C水平与对照组相比分别降低了7.3%、10.8%和13.4%(P=0.001),TC和LDL/HDL比值呈平行下降趋势[18]。Zambón等[19]对49名多基因高胆固醇血症患者进行膳食干预,对照组为降低了胆固醇含量的地中海饮食,实验组则用核桃替代了35%从单不饱和脂肪中获得的能量,两种膳食的能量和脂肪含量相同。在6周后,核桃组受试者的TC和LDL-C水平均有显著下降。
1.3 其他人群实验证据
有研究对健康、自由生活的蛋奶素食者心脑血管疾病风险指标进行探究,在8周中分别给予20名受试者富含ω-3脂肪酸的鸡蛋膳食和富核桃(28.4 g,每周6次)膳食,发现为保持整体良好的血脂状况,每天食用少量富含α-亚麻酸(ALA)的核桃可能是蛋奶素食者的首选[20]。还有研究发现,对患有代谢综合征的肥胖者,短期(4d)的核桃摄入(48 g/d)即会带来血液中载脂蛋白A(Apo A)浓度的轻微增加,对血脂水平产生有利影响[21]。虽然核桃摄入对糖尿病患者血脂控制作用的实验证据并不完全一致,但在多数研究中,核桃摄入对血脂控制产生了积极作用[22-23]。Tapsell等[24]对于2型糖尿病患者进行3~6个月的膳食干预,实验组采用低脂饮食,每天摄入30 g核桃,发现实验组的LDL/TC水平和LDL-C水平均有显著提高,推测摄入核桃能為膳食提供大量的多不饱和脂肪酸,从而改善患者的血脂状况。该研究团队在几年后进行的另一项研究以超重的2型糖尿病患者为受试者,发现同样的核桃摄入量,更长的干预时间(1年)后,受试者的TC和LDL-C水平反而升高,但与对照组相比,摄入核桃没有对体重产生影响,并显著降低了胰岛素水平[25]。
2 核桃中可能有益血脂控制的营养物质
2.1 脂肪酸
多项研究证明,ω-3脂肪酸对控制心脑血管疾病有积极作用,包括降低TC和极低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(VLDL)的作用,且能适度升高LDL-C水平,而ω-6 脂肪酸则没有被观察到这样的作用[26]。核桃的粗脂肪含量为60% 左右,主要以不饱和脂肪酸为主,占总脂肪酸含量的90%以上,其中多不饱和脂肪酸含量约为72%[27]。相比于其他坚果油籽类食物,核桃的ALA含量较高。研究表明,ω-3和ω-6两类不饱和脂肪酸比例为1∶4~1∶6时,对心脑血管疾病的预防作用达到最大[28]。而在部分品种的核桃中,这两类脂肪酸的比例可以达到1∶ 5.35[29]。有研究给10名受试者每天摄入4颗核桃,2周后发现血脂中ALA、ω-3脂肪酸和二十碳五烯酸水平显著升高[30]。这显示核桃可能通过提供ω-3脂肪酸而对心脑血管疾病产生保护作用。多脂鱼中多富含ω-3脂肪酸,对控制血脂的积极作用较为肯定[31]。有研究以正常血脂和轻度高脂血症的成年人为受试者,比较了富含核桃和富含多脂鱼的两类膳食干预模式,以确定核桃(植物源ω-3脂肪酸)和多脂鱼(动物源ω-3脂肪酸)对血脂控制效果是否一致。结果发现,富含核桃膳食的血脂调整效果虽然不及多脂鱼,但也能显著降低血清胆固醇和TG浓度[32]。目前认为,从核桃摄入中补充不饱和脂肪酸降低血脂的机理主要有以下两方面[33]:(1)促进受体介导的LDL-C清除。有细胞培养实验发现,从核桃日粮中获得的LDL-C与人肝癌HepG 2细胞LDL-C受体的结合率相比于对照组提高了50%,而在核桃日粮中添加ALA更能促进受体介导的LDL-C清除[34]。(2)提升超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性,减少脂质过氧化反应。
2.2 抗氧化物质
核桃中的抗氧化物质含量丰富,与巴旦木、腰果、榛子等9种坚果相比,核桃的总酚含量最高,達到1 576 mg GAE/100g[35]。在膳食中,核桃通常是原味生吃的,故其抗氧化效果也高于一般烘烤并调味后食用的坚果[36]。核桃中的多酚主要存在于内种皮,Anderson等[37]对核桃提取物进行体外实验,结果表明,核桃中多酚类物质可以抑制体外血浆和LDL-C的氧化;核桃中富含植物甾醇,其可能通过干扰胆固醇的吸收而产生降低胆固醇的作用[38]。一项干预试验表明,植物甾醇对我国南方高血脂人群TG和TC指标降低作用不明显,但显著降低了LDL-C水平[39]。Burton等[40]研究表明,维生素E作为抗氧化剂能抑制油脂过氧化反应、抑制多不饱和脂肪酸的氧化。而核桃中油脂含量丰富,维生素E含量也相对丰富,并以γ-生育酚为主。李大鹏等[41]测得核桃中γ-生育酚含量为4.74 mg/100g。
2.3 蛋白质
根据蛋白溶解度的不同,核桃蛋白可分为清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白,含量最高的是谷蛋白(70.11%),其次是球蛋白(17.57%),核桃蛋白营养价值很高,其中含有18种氨基酸,包含人体不能自身合成的8种必需氨基酸[42]。一项为期20周的动物实验发现,给予小鼠核桃膳食干预后,小鼠肝脏TG水平显著下降,并且与肝脏脂质平衡相关的蛋白质水平也有改变[43]。杨子明等[44]发现,用几种常用酶来酶解核桃蛋白,得到的核桃多肽能够降低D-半乳糖诱导的老年小鼠血脂水平,提高老年小鼠抗氧化能力。
3 影响核桃对血脂控制作用的主要因素
3.1 摄入量
特定种类的坚果预防心血管疾病的证据是有力的,尤其是核桃,但其摄入量是影响干预效果的重要因素[12]。有研究探究了较低核桃摄入量对健康人血脂的影响[45],共招募30名健康男性,进行4周的添加核桃膳食(15 g/d)和4周的对照组膳食(无核桃),发现摄入核桃15 g/d的膳食干预并不会改善受试者的血脂水平、动脉硬化或血小板活化,说明只有在达到一定量时,核桃摄入才可能会对人体产生积极作用。有Meta分析汇总了多篇文献后得出结论,树坚果(包括核桃)的摄入量越高,对TC和LDL-C的降低作用越明显,两者间呈非线性关系;在提供60 g/d以上坚果量的实验中更明显,并且这种效果与坚果种类无关[46]。也有研究发现,核桃摄入量与TC之间存在剂量关系,相比于每日<10% E的核桃摄入量,每日摄入10%~25% E时降低TC和LDL-C的效果更好[38]。
3.2 膳食模式与人群
不同的人群长期处于不同膳食模式下,食物的健康效应会受到膳食模式的影响。如西方膳食模式与地中海或低脂饮食模式相比,富核桃饮食对于西方膳食模式的干预作用会更强[38]。地中海或低脂饮食模式多含橄榄油或其他种坚果,不饱和脂肪酸含量丰富;而典型的西方膳食模式中多红肉和加工肉类,富含饱和脂肪和胆固醇,富核桃膳食能替代西方膳食模式中一部分饱和脂肪酸,提高脂肪酸质量[47]。坚果的摄入效果也受人群一些指标基线水平的影响,如LDL-C、BMI、TC的基线水平较高者,摄入核桃对控制血糖的有益效应更显著[48]。与健康人群相比,患高血脂症、高LDL-C和低BMI人群,在等量核桃摄入干预时,对血脂控制的效果更好[49]。
4 结论与展望
大量实验证据提示,核桃对血脂控制可能具有积极作用,但这种有益作用可能对部分人更为明显,如原本摄入红肉类食物过多、植物性食物较少的人群,以及高血脂和超重肥胖的人群。核桃的摄入量过低则难以有效起到降低血脂的效应,但由于核桃的能量值很高,如不是用核桃替代其他高能量食物,而是在原有三餐之外额外摄入核桃,也有可能导致总能量摄入过多的问题,从而抵消或逆转其健康作用。研究表明,每日摄入占总能量10%~24%(25~65 g)的核桃就可以降低TC水平[38],而《中国居民膳食指南(2016)》[50]中推荐的每日25~35 g坚果和油籽(包括大豆)的摄入量,就处于这个范围之内。
总之,作为日常坚果的选择,适量摄入核桃,特别是用其替代过量的烹调油,或动物性脂肪时,有利于控制血脂水平,从而起到预防心脑血管疾病的作用。
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Abstract:Many studies have been conducted that walnut-enriched diet can have a positive effect on blood lipids.A variety of nutrients have played a role in controlling blood lipids,such as fatty acids,proteins and antioxidants,and many factors have an impact on the outcome of dietary intervention,such as amount of intake,dietary patterns and participants.
Keywords:walnut;blood lipid;fatty acid
(责任编辑 李婷婷)