学·院—非洲学校计划设计竞赛方案，本加，马拉维

朱文一

中学一直是非洲普及教学的重要环节。2018年底，Archstorming联手Active Africa共同举办了非洲学校计划设计竞赛。竞赛选择的设计地段位于非洲马拉维本加地区，要求在长112.8m的场地上完成一所10班中学的设计。朱文一工作室提交的“学·院”（School-Yard）设计方案在整合周边环境、布局校舍功能、展现建筑特质等方面探索了低造价学校设计的路径。

第一是整合周边环境。项目地段位于通往本加的南北向公路西侧，与公路东侧的小学和本加教区村落隔路相望。“学·院”设计方案以91.8m×91.8m方形院落形式跨越公路两侧，连接现状小学和未来的中学，创造统一的校园空间，进而将中学与周边环境整合在一起。学校地处既开阔又荒野的环境，院落这样的内向性空间有利于构筑一方小天地，营造不但有安全感，更有温馨感的校园空间（图1）。

第二是营造空间氛围。学校总建筑面积为3,000m2，10间教室共计660m2，位于院落西侧、正对公路的位置，在其中部为400m2的公共活动空间；300m2的宿舍位于院落北面；860m2的教师住宅座落在院落南面（图2）。院落布局使得所有功能的房间都朝向院落中央的活动场地。这大大增加了学生与学生之间、学生与教师之间见面交流的机会。同时，公路西侧的中学校舍和活动场所与东侧现有小学的校舍和活动空间合为一体，加强中学与小学的联系，而穿经院落的公路增加了学校的可达性。

第三是探索可持续发展。学校教室和宿舍建筑采用当地天然石材、砌块，木材、轻钢等材料，结合大大小小方洞的设计和明亮色彩的运用，营造既体现地方特色、又彰显孩童活泼天性的校园氛围（图3）。保留的树木在其中起到画龙点睛的作用（图4）。水塔等设施安放在院落北部建筑的屋顶，此外几乎所有校舍的屋顶上空均安置了与轻钢结构相结合的太阳能光伏板。与院落形式紧密结合，总计5,000m2的绿色光伏板覆盖中学和现有小学的屋顶，创造了学校建筑新形象（图5）。

在卫星地图上，简洁的方形院落形式具有极强的可识别性。特别是在本加以沙漠为主的环境中，这样的形式更易辨识。这为中小学生在手机地图等虚拟空间找寻本加学校的位置提供了便利。

图1 / Figure 1 “学·院”设计方案Proposal School - Yard

图2 / Figure 2 底层平面图和屋顶平面图Ground Floor Plan & Roof Plan

图4 / Figure 4 “学·院”内景The Yard Scenery in School - Yard

图3 / Figure 3 西立面West Elevation

图5 / Figure 5 院落屋顶上的太阳能光伏板Solar Panels on Rooftop

School has always been an important part of universal teaching in Africa. In the end of 2018, Archstoming teamed up with Active Africa to host the African School Program Design Competition. The design site of the competition is located in the Benga region of Malawi, Africa, and requires the design of a 10-class secondary school on a 112.8m long site. The “School-Yard” design proposal submitted by ZHUWENYI Atelier explores a way of low-cost school design in terms of integrating the surrounding environment,zoning functions, and sustainable way:

Thefirst is to integrate the surrounding environment.The site is located on the west side of the north-south road leading to Benga, across the road from the elementary school on the east side of the road and the village of Benga. The “School-Yard” spans both sides of the road in the form of a 112.8m×112.8m courtyard, connecting the current elementary school and the future middle school, creating a unified campus space, and then integrating the middle school with the surrounding environment. The school is within an open and wild environment. The introverted space of the courtyard is conducive to build a small world and creat a safe and warmer campus space (Figure 1).

The second is to create a space atmosphere. The school has a total construction area of 3,000 m2, 10 classrooms totaling 660 m2on the west side of the courtyard, facing the road, and 400 m2of public space in the middle; 300 m2of dormitory is located in the north of the courtyard; 860 m2of teacher’s residence is located in the south of the courtyard (figure 2). The courtyard layout allows all functional rooms to face the event venue in the center of the courtyard. This greatly increases the chances of meeting and communicating among students, and between students and teachers. At the same time, the school buildings and activities spaces on the west side of the road are integrated with the school buildings and activity spaces of the existing primary schools on the east side to strengthen the connection between the secondary schools and the primary schools. The road through the courtyard increases the accessibility of the school.

The third is to explore a sustainable way. Classrooms and dormitory buildings are equipped with local stone,block, wood, light steel and other materials, combined with the design of large and small square holes and the use of bright colors to create a campus atmosphere(Figure 3). The preserved trees play an very important role in it (Figure 4). Facilities such as water towers are placed on the roof of the buildings in the north of the courtyard. In addition, solar photovoltaic panels combined with light steel structures are placed over the roof of almost all school buildings. Tightly integrated with the courtyard form, a total of 5,000 m2of green photovoltaic panels covers the roofs of secondary and existing primary schools, creating a new image of the school building (Figure 5).

On the digital age satellite map, the simple square courtyard form is highly recognizable. Especially in the desert-based environment, such form is more recognizable. This is convenient for primary and secondary school students tofind the school in the virtual space such as mobile phones.