邹聪华 郑晓春 陈烨
【摘要】 目的:探讨NK1受体基因多态性与妇科腹腔镜患者術后恶心呕吐(PONV)发生率的相关性。方法:选择80例择期全麻妇科腹腔镜手术患者,年龄18~65岁。术前采集外周静脉血5 mL,使用基因组DNA提取试剂盒抽取DNA,运用等位基因特异扩增法进行NK1受体基因分型,采用DNA测序仪直接测序对NK1受体的单核苷酸基因多态性进行分型。观察患者术后恶心呕吐发生频率和时间、恶心评分、疼痛评分、镇痛药物用量、止吐药的使用情况等。在本研究中呕吐和干呕均视为呕吐事件,并记录患者术中术后循环状态及其他不良反应的情况。结果:按照单核苷酸基因变异位点筛选出,野生型纯合子(wt/wt组)21例(26.3%),杂合子(wt/mut组)25例(31.3%),突变基因型纯合子(mut/mut组)34例(42.5%),mut/mut组6例发生PONV,发生率为17.6%,其发生率低于其他两组(P<0.05)。结论:NK1受体基因多态性与中国女性人群PONV发生率具有相关性,其中突变纯合子的PONV发生率较低。
【关键词】 NK1受体; PONV; 单核苷酸基因多态性
【Abstract】 Objective:To explore the relationship of common genomic variations of NK1 receptor gene and the incidence of postoperative vomiting in patients underwent laparoscopic surgery.Method:We conducted a prospective observational study design of 80 patients who underwent elective laparoscopic surgery,aged 18 to 65 years old. 5 mL peripheral blood before surgery was collected,genomic DNA extraction kit was used to extract DNA,allele-specific amplification was used to genotype NK1 receptor gene,and DNA sequencing was used to genotype single nucleotide polymorphism of NK1 receptor.The rates and time and score of nausea and vomiting were measured,and the VAS,the dosage of analgesic and antemetic were measured as well.Vomiting and retching were considered vomiting events in this study,we also recorded the circulation perioperative and the adverse reaction.Result:According to the variable sit of single nucleotide polymorphisms,we found three types,21 cases of homozygous wild type(wt/wt group,26.3%),25 cases of mutant heterozygote(wt/mut group,31.3%),34 cases of homozygous mutant(mut/mut group,42.5%).There were 6 patients had PONV in homozygous mutant group,the total incidence was 17.6% which was lower than the others(P<0.05).Conclusion:The genomic variations of the NK1 receptor gene has a relationship of postoperative vomiting and nausea in patients who underwent gynecological laparoscopic surgery,and the incidence of PONV in homozygous mutant is lower than those of the others.
【Key words】 NK1 receptor; PONV; Single nucleotide polymorphisms
First-authors address:College of Fujian Provincial Hospital,Fujian Medical University,Fuzhou 350001,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2019.03.001
手术后恶心呕吐(postoperative nausea and vomiting,PONV)治疗手段效果有限,是围术期医学中困扰着麻醉科和外科医生的问题。PONV可诱发一系列并发症,但其与基因的关系尚不清楚。研究表明,P物质(SP)是由神经细胞和胃肠道内分泌细胞产生的内源性递质,存在于胃肠嗜铬细胞以及迷走神经、孤束核、极后区等呕吐产生的关键部位,与PONV关系密切[1-3]。而P物质与P物质受体1(NK1受体,NK1R)的亲和力最大,因此本研究拟研究NK1R基因多态性与腹腔镜手术PONV的相关性。现报道如下。
1.3 统计学处理 采用SPSS 22.0统计软件分析实验数据,基因测序结果采用Chromas和Mutation软件分析。字2检验用于检测NK1受体基因型基因频率是否符合Hardy-Weinberg(H-W)平衡定律。计量资料以(x±s)表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验或Mann-Whitney检验。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 三组一般资料比较 三组患者年龄、体重、BMI比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表2。
2.2 三组生命体征和疼痛评分比较 三组患者入室后即刻、气腹后15 min、手术结束时、拔管时4个时间点的MAP、HR比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表3;三组患者术后15 min,术后2、6、24 h VAS评分均<3分,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表4。
2.3 基因型测定情况 检测NK1受体基因rs位点,按照变异位点筛选出野生型基因纯合子(wt/wt)21例(26.3%),杂合子(wt/mut)25例(31.3%),突变基因纯合子(mut/mut)34例(42.5%)。wt/wt组、wt/mut组、mut/mut组PONV发生率分别为52.3%、48.0%、17.6%,mut/mut组患者PONV发生率低于其他两组(P<0.05),见表5。
3 讨论
术后恶心呕吐(PONV)是全身麻醉后最常见的并发症之一,虽然PONV具有自限性,但已被引述为比术后疼痛更不舒服的症状[4]。PONV还可引起伤口裂开、出血、血肿、脱水、胃黏膜损伤及误吸等并发症,导致患者术后恢复质量下降,住院时间延长,医疗费用增加。近年来随着腹腔镜下微创技术的广泛开展,PONV的高发生率困扰着临床医生和患者,与微创的理念不符。该类患者PONV的发生率可高达50%以上[5-9],因此本研究选择腹腔镜下妇科手术的患者为研究对象。
相关研究表明,神经递质及其受体在呕吐过程中发挥重要作用,5-HT3和P物质为呕吐的两个关键物质,5-HT3的神经递质作用及其基因多态性研究已有报道[10-14]。P物质(SP)是由神经细胞和胃肠道内分泌细胞产生的内源性神经递质,存在于胃肠嗜铬细胞以及迷走神经、孤束核、极后区等呕吐产生的关键部位[15-16]。研究表明给水貂注射P物质会引起呕吐[17]。
P物质的受体分为NK1R、NK2R、NK3R三个亚型。其中P物质与NK1R的亲和力最大,因而NK1R又称为P物质受体。P物质受体在中枢及外周神经系统、呼吸道及消化道的内皮细胞、平滑肌细胞和免疫细胞等处均有分布[18-20]。NK1受体拮抗剂如CP-99,994、CP-22,721、GR203040及GR205171可对抗吗啡、顺铀、硫酸铜、辣根、运动等多种致吐因素引起的呕吐,具有广谱的抗呕吐作用[21-22]。因此,本文选择研究NK1受体基因多态性和PONV的相关性。
本研究选择的位点分别为rs6715729(TACTGGCGAAGACAGCGGCGATGGGA/GA AGAAGTTGTGGAACTTGCAGTAGA)和rs34117315(AGGACGGCCCCAAGGCCACACCCTCA/GTCC CTGGACC TGACCTCCAACTGCT),从NCBI基因库选取,位于3端、5端或外显子区域的SNPs位点且此等位基因频率在中国汉族人群大于10%,且既往相关文献研究资料表明具有临床意义的NK1R的SNPs位点,其选择具有代表性。
根据rs6715729和rs34117315位点的变异情况筛选出野生型纯合子(wt/wt)21例(26.3%),杂合子(wt/mut)25例(31.3%),突变基因型纯合子(mut/mut)34例(42.5%)。通过对NK1受体基因分布进行检验,证明其符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡。三组PONV发生率分别为52.4%、48.0%、17.6%,结果表明,突变基因纯合子组PONV发生率远低于其他两类患者(P<0.05)。因此在術后止吐配方上,应结合本次试验结果,根据NK1R基因型的不同而加强止吐药的使用,在药物剂量、强度和用药周期上给予调整,并可考虑使用多模式的止吐药物,如使用新型的NK1R拮抗剂,同时减少阿片类药物的用量。
综上所述,采用等位基因特异扩增法进行NK1受体基因分型可靠、准确。NK1受体基因多态性与PONV的个体差异存在相关性,NK1R基因多态性的筛选对指导临床合理止吐、实现个体化用药具有一定的临床应用价值。
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(收稿日期:2018-09-30) (本文编辑:程旭然)