绿厕所/厕所+盥洗+绿植

1 俯瞰/Overlook view

“保证环境可持续性”，包括改善卫生设施，是联合国提出的8个“千年发展目标”之一。根据这一目标，2000-2015年，不具备基本卫生使用条件的人数应减少50%。这一条件已被作为一项人权。世界各地目前约有25亿人不具备这种条件，超过10亿人（世界人口的15%）仍在户外排便。不加控制的污水排放也会成为环境灾难，因为它会损害人体健康（每年有17亿人患腹泻，76万儿童死于霍乱、伤寒、肝炎等）。卫生设备设施不足还会严重破坏经济（根据世界银行的统计，在印度这一状况每年要消耗国家530亿美元，接近GDP的6%）。

越南各地学校缺少厕所或没有干净厕所的状况随处可见。目前88%的乡村学校没有达到越南卫生部标准的厕所，25%完全没有厕所。

高平省保乐村山罗社区的257户1700人中，98%是少数民族赫蒙族和瑶族。作为极度贫困的地区，超过70%的人生活在贫困中，没有电、基础设施、道路、市场、通讯网络……他们延续了山区游牧部落的迁徙文明，毁林开地，并继承了落后的习俗，比如家中多生多育，却很少有孩子能去上学。

山罗学校从幼儿园到中学共有485名学生，总校有10余个班，还有4个分校和若干教工宿舍。它们无一达到最低标准，尤其是卫生和洗衣设施。

因此，一个包含厕所+盥洗区+绿植的空间对于越南广大的乡村地区、特别是此地的学校是迫在眉睫的。项目被命名为“绿厕所”，设计有3个目标：快速施工、低成本和广泛的适用性。

解决方案

以枝繁叶茂的大树为下方和室内空间遮阴的标志性形象为灵感，“绿厕所”低调地融入潘伽达山脚下的小坡中。它四面及周围的台地花园中有一层茂密的植被（绿草和树木）。这个植被层有助于调节室内气候，加固承重结构，提供食物，同时营造出室内外隐含的边界。

“绿厕所”是由当地人（教师、学生、群众）用当地材料（竹、砖、回收的下水道）以简单的施工方法（挖填比1:1，手工方法：别卡、绑扎、悬挂）建造出来的。这就使建筑可以通过锚固和绑扎来抵抗自然灾害。项目完全采用自然通风和采光。此外，我们还用了太阳能板供电，并对废水和自来水进行回收。

使用者可以从该项目与大自然和当地社区之间的交流中得到学习和教育。其施工方法可以成为有益的教材，比如地质学和水文学（用水）、物理（光漫射）、空气动力学（通风）、生物学（光合作用、植物栽培）、农业……所有这些都会影响人们未来的行为，促进当地生态平衡与稳定经济的发展。

凭借广泛的适用性，全国各地的人都可以在3周内，自己用3000美元快速建成一座“绿厕所”。我们希望绿厕所能显著改善越南的人权状况。□（尚晋 译）

"Ensure environmental sustainability"included improving sanitation facilities is one of the eight "Millennium Development Goals" by United Nations. According to that, from 2000 to 2015, the number of people without access to basic sanitation will decrease by 50%. The access has been recognised as a human right. All over the world currently there are about 2.5 billions people lacked of that access and more than a billion people(15% of the world population) are still defecating outdoors. The uncontrolled waste water discharge would also be an environmental disaster, because it harms human health (every year 1.7 billion people suffer from diarrhea and 760,000 children die of cholera, typhoid, hepatitis, etc.). Lacking sanitary equipment and facilities also cause economical damage tremendously (according to World Bank, in India that condition costs this country more than 53 billion USD every year, accounting for nearly 6% of its GDP).

In Vietnam, it is popular to see the lack of toilet or clean toilet in schools across the country.Currently 88% of schools in countryside have no toilet meeting criteria by the National Ministry of Health and a quarter of them have no toilet at all.

Son Lap Commune, Bao Lac, Cao Bang Province has 257 households/1,700 inhabitants with 98%of the minority ethnic H'Mong and Dao. As an extremely poor area with more than 70% of the population living in poverty, people have to live a life without electricity, infrastructure, road, market,telecommunication network... Following the shifting cultivation of wandering hill tribes, they have destroyed forests and keep backward habits such as having many children in a family, of whom only few could go to school.

Son Lap School has a total of 485 students from kindergarten to secondary levels with more than 10 classes at the main school, 4 branch schools and some staff housings. None of them meets the minimum standards, specifically in terms of sanitary and washing facilities.

2 外立面/Façade

3 细部/Detail

Thus, a space including toilet + washing area + vegetation is very urgent to the school here in particular and in Vietnam countryside in general. Being named Toigetation, the project has been designed based on three objectives: quick construction, low cost and widely-applied ability.

Solution

Inspired by the iconic image of a large tree with wide canopy giving shade for the space below and within, Toigetation humbly blends into the slope at the foot of Phja Da Mount. It includes a thick layer of vegetation (trees and herbs) on its four sides and the surrounding terraced garden. The vegetation layer helps regulating indoor climate, reinforcing the load bearing structure, supplying food and at the same time creating an implied boundary between inside and outside.

Toigetation is created by local human resources(teachers, students, people) & local materials(bamboo, brick, reused sewers) with simple construction methods (dig/fill proportion of 1/1;handcraft methods: pin, tie, hang) which makes the structure anchored, tied to resist natural disasters.The project has fully natural ventilation and lighting.In addition, we also use solar panels for producing energy and reuse waste water and running water.

Users can learn and be educated from the dialogue between the project, nature and local community. The construction methods would be useful teaching materials such as Geology and Hydrology (water), Physics (light diffusion), Aerodynamics (ventilation), Biology(photosynthesis, vegetable planting), Agriculture...All of these will affect the future actions of the people, contributing to the development of the local ecological balance and stable economy.

With the ability of wide application, people from across the country can quickly build a Toigetation by themselves within 3 weeks with a cost of 3000 USD. We hope the Toigetation could considerably improve human rights in Vietnam.□

4 总平面/Site plan

5 示意/Diagram

6 细部详图/Detail

7 细部/Detail

项目信息/Credits and Data

地点/Location: 越南高平省保乐村山罗社区山罗小学Son Lap school, Son Lap Commune, Bao Lac, Cao Bang Province,Vietnam

主持建筑师/Principal Architect: Doan Thanh Ha, Tran Ngoc Phuong

设计团队/Design Team: Luc Van Tu, Chu Kim Thinh, Nguyen Van Manh, Patricia Erimescu, Vo Quynh Thu, Nguyen Thi Xuyen, Chu Van Dong, Nguyen Hai Hue, Hoang Huu Nam

建筑顾问/Architectural Adviser: Dr. Nguyen Tri Thanh

施工/Construction: H&P建筑设计事务所与志愿者/H&P Architects and volunteers

竣工时间/Completion Time: 2014.12

摄影/Photos: Doan Thanh Ha

8 植被层/A thick layer of vegetation

9 细部/Detail

10 洗手池/Sink