Literature Review on Entrepreneurial Intention of Chinese College Students Based on Literature Measurement Method

Liu Yaling

(School of Tourism and Hotel Management,Wuhan College of Business,Wuhan,Hubei 430056)

Abstract:Entrepreneurial intention is the best predictor and an important driving factor of entrepreneurial behavior.This paper attempts to make a summary of the research on entrepreneurial intention of Chinese college students fromthe perspective of literature measurement,so asto provide a reference for the research direction of entrepreneurial intention of Chinese college students.The results show that:first,the research enters the stable development stage,but the proportion of high-quality literature research is low;second,the representativeness of the research samplesis not strong,and the objectivity of the research results needs to be discussed;third,the research object is relatively general,different majors,specific entrepreneurial direction of college students entrepreneurial intention is less;fourth,the research content mainly focuses on the factors and current situation of entrepreneurial intention.There are few studies on the influence of entrepreneurial intention on college students after starting a business,such as entrepreneurial behavior,entrepreneurial psychological dilemma,entrepreneurial learning,entrepreneurial team construction and soon need tobefurther strengthened.

Key words:literaturemeasurement;entrepreneurial intention of collegestudents;literaturereview

Entrepreneurship is the driving force to promote the sustained growth of national economy,and college students are one of the groups with the most entrepreneurial potential[1].Entrepreneurial intention is the best predictor and important driving factor of entrepreneurial behavior[2],and the study of entrepreneurial intention should be the best entry point for the study of entrepreneurial behavior.With the gradual enrichment of research results on entrepreneurial intention of college students,this article try to settle the research literature,analyze the main characteristics of the research results from the aspects of research scope,research content,research quality and research trend,provide a reference for the research on entrepreneurial intention of Chinese college students, thus promoting the construction of innovative entrepreneurship education in our country.

I.Literature Data Sources and Basic Situation Analysis

(i)Literature Data Source ource

In this paper,a total of 372 literatures were retrieved by using the influential CNKI as the retrieval database and entrepreneurial intention of college students as the title of the paper.International journals were excluded,and 365 literatures were domestic research results in the form of journal papers and master"s and doctoral theses.

(ii)Analysis of Basic Information of Literature ature Samples mples

1.Analysisof Literature Publication Year

China first published the article about college students"entrepreneurial intention in 2003,and the literature research has been as long as 15 years.On the whole,the research literature on entrepreneurial intention of college students in China shows a growing trend year by year,which can be divided intothreestages.

Before 2009,the total number of literatures was only 10,and in 2005 and 2006,the number of literatures was 0.This stage was the embryonic stage of the research on entrepreneurial intention of college students in China,showing sporadic development.In 2010,the ministry of education issued the outline of the National Medium-andlong-term Education Reform and Development Plan(2010-2020)and the Opinions on Vigorously Promoting Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education in Institutions of Higher Learning and College Students"Independent Entrepreneurship Work,and proposed for the first time to strengthen employment and entrepreneurship education and employment guidance services,demanding that the innovation and entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities should be open to all students.From 2010 to 2015,the entrepreneurial intention research of college students in China has entered a stage of steady growth,and the number of literature has reached 26 on average.The number of literature from 2016 to 2018 are stable,up to an average of 67 per year, college students"entrepreneurial intention research started to enter the high yield and stable development phase,of which the prime minister Li Keqiang put forward the new concept public entrepreneurship,peoples innovation and under the push of government,our country has entered a nationwide steady development stage of Strategy of Double Creations.

2.Hierarchical Analysisof Literature Research

Figure 1 Change Trend Chart of the Number of Literatureson Entrepreneurship Intention Research of College Studentsin CNKIDatabase from 2003 to 2018

Research results are not only abundant in quantity,but also excellent in quality.In this paper,365 literatures were retrieved by checking"core journals"and"CSSCI"in the database of CNKI.A total of 39 literatures were obtained,accounting for only 10.6% . According to the traditional examination standards of Chinese papers,few highquality research resultswereobtained.

In addition,there were 64 master"s theses and 4 doctoral theses,and the proportion of master"s doctoral theses was 18.5%,which was relatively high.The master and doctoral thesis in China requires original and systematic insights into the research content,which to some extent improves the quality of the research results of entrepreneurial intention of collegestudents.

3.Object Analysis

At present,domestic academic circles mainly focus on the level of entrepreneurial intention and the measurement of influencing factors.The literature is dominated by quantitative empirical research.There are only 53 qualitative research literatures,accounting for 14.5%.Based on quantitative research literature,the representativeness of samples is the basis of objective and accurate research.The author tries to analyze the selected scope of research samples,and finds that the academia is not standard in data source description,and most of the literature is vague about this.Based on this,the author only carried out statistics on the literatures with clearly stated survey objects,and summarized and sorted out the results,as shown in Table 1.

In the literature,the research samples of entrepreneurial intention of college students in China are rarely selected from nationwide surveys,totaling 17,accounting for only 8.21%of the total statistical number.The regions with provinces as units are selected at most,totaling 127,accounting for 61.35%.The research samples with individual schools are 63,accounting for 30.43%.Further research shows that in the regional survey sampleswith province as the unit,most scholars tend to take many schools in a specific city as the sample survey,and the literature with the schools in the whole province asthe survey area is also rare.

Table 1 Distribution Tableof Research Sample Selection Range

There is a small number of specialized research literature on the entrepreneurial intention for college students of specific objects,which mainly focuses on three aspects:specific major,specific entrepreneurial direction and specific gender research(shown in Table 2).

In terms of the major selection of research objects,most of them refer to the survey of multiple majors by default,which generally refers to the research on students of all majors.Among them,there are only 27 literatures with specific majors as research objects,involving only 10 majors.Medicine and art are the most studied fields by scholars,with 7 and 5 papers respectively,followed by computer and engineering studies,with 3 papers respectively.However,there are even fewer literatures studying the entrepreneurial intention of college students in aspecific entrepreneurial direction,with a total of 8 articles,mainly including rural entrepreneurship and Internet entrepreneurship.The author believes that its research orientation is related to the background of the times.At present,China pays more attention to the construction of new rural areas,and most policies encourage college students to work as village officials and help the poor in rural areas.Wechat business is an emerging industry in recent years and one with relatively low start-up costs.Therefore,it has become a hot topic for entrepreneurship and a focus of academic research.Gender is significantly correlated with entrepreneurial intention.Many scholars in China have reached a consensus,and the research results all show that male college students have higher entrepreneurial intention than female college students.Why female college students have low entrepreneurial intention,what kind of obstacles they have, and how their entrepreneurial characteristics have also become the research interest of some scholars.There are 6 studies on women in theliterature.

Table2 Table of Quantity Distribution of Specific Object Research Literature

II.Content Analysis of Research on Entrepreneurial Intention of Domestic College Students

By combing through the literature based on the main content of the research,it is found that the research on the entrepreneurial intention of domestic college students mainly focuses on two aspects(8 of the literature contents have in-depth analysis on the influencing factors and the current situation,so double counting).First,the research on the factors influencing the entrepreneurial intention of college students reached 270 articles,accounting for 73.97%of the literature,with a very high proportion,which is the main direction of the research.Second,there are 80 studies on the current situation of entrepreneurial intention of college students,accounting for 22.19%.In addition,23 articles were classified as other research directions.Most of the literature,whether it is the research on the influencing factors or the current situation or other research directions, have given the corresponding countermeasures to improve the entrepreneurial intention of collegestudents.

Table 3 Table of Quantity Distribution of Research Contentsand Literatures

Table 4 Tableof Frequency Distribution of Influencing Factors

(i)Study and Analysisof Influencing Factors ctors

At present,the academic circle mainly focuses on the measurement and correlation analysis of the influencing factors of college students"entrepreneurial intention[3]. In the research literature,only 17 literatures have constructed and comprehensively discussed the comprehensive factors affecting the entrepreneurial intention of college students.Most scholars focus on the measurement of the entrepreneurial intention of college students by a single factor,whose statistical frequency is shown in table 4.With*influencing factors,the author will have the same type of integration:Personal background factors including gender,major,household registration,source of students, education background, grade,entrepreneurial experience,practical experience,school cadre,school level,school region,etc.;The factors of personality traits including big five personality traits,entrepreneur personality traits,eysenck personality traits,etc.;Family background factors including family economic income,family entrepreneurial experience,parents"occupation,parents"educational background,etc..

In the research of influencing factors,personal background factors are often examined and measured as a series of factors in the literature,with a total of 120 references.Gender,major,grade and entrepreneurial experience are the main measurement factors among individual background factors.Gender is the most studied personal background factor in the academic world,as a single influence variable,there are 6 research literatures about gender on the entrepreneurial intention of college students.Lau Min(2011),Peng Zhengxia(2013),Li Hailei(2011)studied the influence of gender difference in entrepreneurial intention,Hu Xianqiu(2016),Qi Min(2017),Wan Pengyu(2018)studied gender as a moderator of cognitive style,uncertainty tolerance and entrepreneurial environment[4].In addition,Lau Wei(2018),Wei Junfeng(2010,2015),Hou Dianmu(2009)conducted a special study on the influence of female college students"entrepreneurial intention.

The number of research literatures on personality traits ranks the second,with a total of 68,which is reflected in the four research directions.First,the entrepreneurial personality factors were measured as influencing variables,with a total of 42 articles,accounting for the largest proportion.Scholars in the industry have different opinions on the constitutive dimensions of entrepreneurs"personality traits.After statistical analysis,there are as many as 14 characteristic dimensions:independence,source of control,achievement motivation/need,risk-taking,positivity,innovation,ambiguity tolerance, autonomy, adaptability,excellence orientation,growth orientation,risk taking,problem solving ability,value orientation.Among them,achievement motivation,risk tendency and fuzzy tolerance are the most frequent trait dimensions in scholars"research results.It can be seen from table 4 that achievement motivation,as an important driving force of entrepreneurial intention,and risk bearing ability are the original driving force for college students to choose entrepreneurship(Wu Qiyun,2008).There are 6 literatures for specific research respectively.The second is to adopt the general personality traits generally recognized by the psychological circle-big five personality mode as the influencing factor variable for the research,there are a total of 9 papers;The third is to measure the introversion- extroversion of Eysenck"s Personality Traits,there are a total of 3 papers;The fourth is the research on the influence of a certain personality on the entrepreneurial intention of college students,including personality disorder(1 sheet),narcissistic personality(1 sheet),creative personality(1 sheet),proactive personality(4 sheet)and proactivepersonality(7 sheets).

Among the influencing factors as a single variable,entrepreneurial self-efficacy(58 papers in total),entrepreneurial education(52 papers in total)and entrepreneurial environment(33 papers in total)have always been the research hotspots among the influencing factors.Many scholars in China have reached a consensus on the significant correlation between entrepreneurial self- efficacy,entrepreneurial education, entrepreneurial environment and entrepreneurial intention.Some scholars have also found that entrepreneurial selfefficacy plays a mediating role in the entrepreneurial intention of college students,which cannot be ignored.There are as many as 23 research literatures indirectly affected by the mediating effect,accounting for 39.65%of the research on the influence of this factor.

(ii)Analysisof Current Research earch

The level of entrepreneurial intention of college students is the main body of the current research literature.Based on this,the current research is carried out in three directions.First is the status quo of the structural dimensions of college students"entrepreneurial intention.According to the entrepreneurial event model,such as Luo Hongge(2018),Yan Lixia(2017),Wang Chunyan(2016),Yan Jianwen(2009)measured the level of entrepreneurial intention of college students fromthree dimensions of entrepreneurial possibility,entrepreneurial behavioral tendency and demand[5].Zhao Mengmeng(2017)measured entrepreneurship level in her master"sthesis fromfour dimensions:entrepreneurial idea intention,entrepreneurial preparation intention,entrepreneurial choice intention and entrepreneurial action intention[6].Second,the research on college students"specific preference for entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial conditions,including the time and place,field,form,preparation,environment,motivation and education of starting a business(Wu Hang,2010;Ye Xian,2010;Li Cuicui,2014;Guanxue,2014;Bai Xiaobin,2014).Third,the research on the status quo of the difference in the level of entrepreneurial intention of college students in different personal backgrounds(gender,grade,major,school level,entrepreneurial or practical experience,etc.)and different family background factors(family entrepreneurial experience,economic conditions,etc.)(Yan Jianwen,2009;Guo Leizhen,2016;Wang Linyu,2018;Shang Wenjie,2016;Wang Yijie,2016;Lau Zhi,2013).

(iii)Other Research and Analysis lysis

The 23 papers are about other research directions.Although the number of them is small,they show three major research directions.The first is the research review and hotspot analysis of entrepreneurial intention of college students,with a total of 4 literatures(Zhao Miao,2017;YuShishi,2016;Ye Haiyan,2015;Lau Zhi,2012);The second is the interpretation of the dimensions and structure of entrepreneurial intention of college students,with a total of 3 literatures(Chen Lu,2017;Li Xiaoling,2015;Lau Zhi,2013);Third,the backward research in the logic chain of entrepreneurial intention research of college students.The influencing factors and current situation in the logic chain based on the entrepreneurial intention research of college students are forward research,while the backward research is about the follow-up entrepreneurial motivation and behavior, entrepreneurial psychological dilemma,entrepreneurial learning,entrepreneurial team building and other aspects of the entrepreneurial intention of college students.In which Tao Yanglin(2018),Lau Zhi(2016),Li Jingwei(2013)and Guo Ying (2010)made corresponding studies on the status quo,transformation process and influencing factors of entrepreneurial behaviors of students with entrepreneurial intention[7].Wang Huiling(2018),Xu Haibo(2015)and Wang Sanqiang(2012)investigated and analyzed the psychological distress,personality disorder,depression and anxiety of students with entrepreneurial intention in entrepreneurship.Wang Li(2010)and Li Hui(2010)discussed the influence of entrepreneurial intention on students"entrepreneurial learning in their master"s thesis.Zhang Shuang(2015)and Miao Gan(2012)studied the effect of college students"entrepreneurial intention on entrepreneurial team formation,valuesand team performance.

III.Conclusion and Prospect

Through literature review,it is found that the number of research results on entrepreneurial intention of college students in China is increasing,and this research has become a hot spot of research in Chinese universities and related institutions.Existing studies have shown the following characteristics.

Firstly,research has entered a stage of steady development,but there are few high-quality literaturestudies.

Secondly, the representativeness of the research samples is not strong,and the objectivity of the research results needs to be discussed.Most of the literatures are researches on the entrepreneurial intention of college students in China,but the sample selection proportion nationwide is too small.30.34%of the literatures take single school as the selected object,and 61.35%take provincial and partial regional cities as the main sample selection scope.

Thirdly,the research object is relatively general,and there are few targeted studies.The vast majority of the literature is on college students of all majors and entrepreneurial directions,and there are few studies on specific majors and entrepreneurial directions.In practice,due to the differences in professional characteristics,industry development and employment,the entrepreneurial intention also reflects the difference in business trip,which has different characteristics.The academic community should conduct further research on this.

Fourthly,In terms of research content,the research direction is still the influence factors and current situation of entrepreneurial intention.Personal background factors, personal characteristics, entrepreneurial self- efficacy,entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurial environment are the main factors affecting the entrepreneurial intention of college students.The current research is carried out from three aspects:the measurement of the structural dimensions of intention, the preference and conditions of entrepreneurial intention,and the background difference level of individuals with entrepreneurial intention.The influence factors and current situation of entrepreneurial intention are all forward studies,while the research on how entrepreneurial intention in backward studies affects college students"entrepreneurial motivation and behavior,entrepreneurial psychological dilemma,entrepreneurial learning, entrepreneurial team construction and other aspects is weak and needs to befurther strengthened.