奶牛用头孢洛宁乳房注入剂(干乳期)的安全性评价

2019-01-28 09:32华伟毅刘义明徐飞路永强孔梅王海挺黄慧丽王宏磊吴连勇李秀波
中国农业科学 2019年2期
关键词:产奶量体细胞头孢

华伟毅,刘义明,徐飞,路永强,孔梅,王海挺,黄慧丽,王宏磊,吴连勇,李秀波



奶牛用头孢洛宁乳房注入剂(干乳期)的安全性评价

华伟毅1,刘义明1,徐飞1,路永强2,孔梅3,王海挺3,黄慧丽1,王宏磊1,吴连勇3,李秀波1

(1中国农业科学院饲料研究所,国家饲料药物基准实验室/农业部饲料生物技术重点实验室,北京 100081;2北京市畜牧兽医总站,北京 100012;3齐鲁动物保健有限公司,济南 250100)

【目的】确定自主研发新兽药——头孢洛宁乳房注入剂(干乳期)对靶动物的安全性。【方法】选择经产和初产健康泌乳期奶牛各6头,入选前30日内未接受过全身性或乳房内抗生素给药,产奶量在15-35 kg。给药前1日、给药当日(0日),记录各试验奶牛的日产奶量、直肠温度,并采集奶样进行体细胞检测。采样时先用清水冲洗乳房,用75%乙醇对乳头及周围进行消毒,待酒精挥发后,手工挤奶,弃去前三把奶后,采集奶样于灭菌试管中,贴好标签,低温(4℃)保存并于6 h内送实验室检测。给药当天,待奶牛挤完奶后,先用消毒毛巾清洁各乳区,再用消毒药液浸泡乳头约30 s,然后进行乳头内灌注给药。灌注时轻轻推压活塞,将药物缓缓注入乳池内,使药物均匀分布。按照推荐剂量,每头奶牛的4个乳区分别单次注入头孢洛宁乳房注入剂(干乳期)一支(含头孢洛宁250 mg)。给药后1日、3日、5日、7日和10日对4个乳区各采集奶样。记录奶牛标识、观察时间、试验日期和时间、每头奶牛日产奶量及体温等参数。检测乳样中体细胞数(SCC),对给药当日(0日)和给药后第10日各采集的乳样进行细菌学检查。将各奶样接种至选择性培养基分离各种病原菌。分离菌株经纯化培养后,依据菌落形态、染色特征、生化特点鉴定其种类。主要分离金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌(无乳链球菌、乳房链球菌)、大肠杆菌。【结果】在整个试验期间,给药乳区未出现乳房红、肿、热、痛等临床症状。给药前1日、0日和给药后的1、3、5、7和10日,体细胞数大多在25-40万个/mL,平均体细胞数分别为33.26、32.74、32.70、31.63、31.24、30.62、30.04 万个/mL,给药后各时间点奶样体细胞数与给药前体细胞检测结果相比,体细胞数有所降低,但经重复测量方差分析显示无显著性差异(>0.05);日产奶量在23-33 kg,平均日产奶量分别为27.30、27.35、27.25、27.40、27.64、27.83、28.00 kg,经重复测量方差分析显示无显著性差异(>0.05);所有试验奶牛在给药前和给药后不同时间点的直肠温度均在奶牛的正常温度范围内(38.4-39.2℃),直肠平均温度分别为38.79、38.82、38.83、38.77、38.71、38.71、38.69℃,经重复测量方差分析显示无显著性差异(>0.05);故按推荐剂量单次给药对奶牛的体细胞数、日产奶量、体温无显著影响。病原菌鉴定结果表明:在给药当日(0日)采集的乳样中,分离到链球菌、葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌分别为2、3和4株;给药后第10日,仅检测到葡萄球菌和链球菌各1株,给药前后目标菌数量有显著降低。【结论】头孢洛宁乳房注入剂(干乳期)对奶牛体温、产奶量和奶中体细胞数等无不良影响,该制剂用于奶牛安全。

头孢洛宁乳房注入剂;干乳期;安全性;产奶量;体细胞数

0 引言

【研究意义】奶牛乳房炎是细菌进入并感染牛乳腺组织时所引起的乳腺炎症[1]。其特征是乳的物理、化学和通常的细菌变化以及乳腺组织的病理变化,通常由宿主、病原体、环境和管理相关的各种因素的相互作用引起,细菌病原体对乳腺构成主要威胁[2]。奶牛乳房炎造成牛奶产量及质量下降、奶牛淘汰、保费损失、动物福利和其他与健康有关的问题等[3],不仅给奶牛带来痛苦,也导致全球乳业的经济损失[4]。引起奶牛乳房炎的主要病原菌有:葡萄球菌、链球菌和肠杆菌,尤其是金黄色葡萄球菌[5]。目前治疗乳房炎主要的策略仍是使用抗生素,而抗生素的过量使用、滥用会导致食物链中耐药性和耐药菌侵袭的严重问题[6],因此合理的使用抗生素显得尤为重要。干乳期是奶牛新感染乳房炎的高危时期,同时也是治疗乳房炎感染的理想时期[7],在这一时期用药有治疗隐性感染、预防新感染的作用[8]。选择干乳期治疗具有以下重要的优势:(1)可以使用较高剂量的抗微生物药物对抗早期病原体的入侵;(2)在没有定期挤奶的情况下,乳房中的抗微生物药物浓度可保持较长时间,并且适当使用会降低乳中药物残留的风险;(3)节省丢弃抗生素污染牛奶的成本[9-10];(4)产犊后体细胞数减少,牛奶产量提高10%左右[11]。β-内酰胺治疗乳腺炎的使用频率最高,经常采用直接将高浓度的药物乳房内灌注的方法来治疗乳腺炎[12]。【前人研究进展】头孢洛宁(cefalonium)是属于第2代头孢类抗生素,首先由美国先灵葆雅(Schering-Plough)制药公司开发,针对奶牛干奶期乳房炎预防性用药的产品,商品名为Cepravin®。头孢洛宁具有对酸和β-内酰胺酶稳定,杀菌力强、抗菌谱广、过敏反应少、毒性低[13]等优点,对由金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌等引起的奶牛乳房炎有很好的杀菌作用[14-15]。MORONI等[16]从奶山羊乳中分离到70株葡萄球菌,评价其易感性,最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)测量显示,所有β-内酰胺(头孢哌酮除外)对表皮葡萄球菌和葡萄球菌均有效,而其他抗生素效果交叉或是没有效果,其中头孢洛宁对表皮葡萄球菌敏感(MIC90=0.24 mg·ml-1),而头孢哌酮不敏感;从乳腺感染的山羊乳中分离到表皮葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus epidermidis, SEPI)、葡萄球菌(Staphylococus capre, SCAP),头孢洛宁对SCAP、SEPI的MIC90分别为0.97和0.12 μg·ml-1[17];从亚临床乳房炎奶牛中分离的68株金黄色葡萄球菌,测试其对药物的抗菌敏感性,结果显示,与头孢哌酮相比,头孢洛宁对金黄色葡萄菌更敏感,其MIC50和MIC90分别为0.12和2 μg·ml-1[18]。李维静[19]等采用微量稀释法研究头孢洛宁、头孢匹林、阿莫西林和氯唑西林对乳房炎病原菌的体外抗菌活性,结果显示头孢洛宁对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC50、MIC90分别为0.125和16 μg·ml-1,表明头孢洛宁具有良好的体外抗菌活性。OWENS[20]等研究结果显示头孢洛宁对奶牛乳房炎葡萄球菌的治愈率在85%以上,尤其是金黄色葡萄球菌,而BRADLEY[21]的研究要高于此结果(所有病原菌治愈率>90%),这与SHEPHARD[22]及NEWTON[23]的研究共同表明头孢洛宁对奶牛乳房炎有良好的治愈率,证明该药是治疗干奶期奶牛乳房炎的有效药物。【本研究切入点】头孢洛宁乳房注入剂对干乳期奶牛乳房炎具有良好的治疗效果,国外已有相关乳房灌注剂,但在国内暂无该产品上市,也无关于此药对奶牛安全性的报道。因此,中国农业科学院饲料研究所等单位自主研发了头孢洛宁乳房注入剂,并开展了本制剂对奶牛的安全性研究。【拟解决的关键问题】按推荐剂量给健康奶牛注入头孢洛宁乳房注入剂(干乳期),通过对比用药前后奶牛的直肠温度、产奶量、奶中体细胞数及奶中病原菌数量,验证该制剂对奶牛的安全性。

1 材料与方法

1.1 受试药物

头孢洛宁乳房注入剂(干乳期),规格:3g:250mg;批号1511001;齐鲁动物保健品有限公司提供;推荐用药方法:干乳期奶牛每头牛每个乳区给药1支。

1.2 试验动物

该试验于2016年9—11月,在北京顺义某牛场进行。根据FDA和EMEA相关指导原则制定本试验方案。试验奶牛入选标准为健康泌乳期奶牛,奶牛在试验前30 日内未全身性或乳房内给予抗生素,产奶量在15—35 kg/日之间。初产和经产健康泌乳期奶牛各6 头(1—6号牛为初产,7—12号牛为经产)。

1.3 给药

12 头健康泌乳期奶牛(初产经产各半),4 个乳区分别单次注入头孢洛宁乳房注入剂(干乳期)1支(3g:250mg),给药1次。奶牛挤奶后,先用消毒毛巾清洁各乳区,再用消毒药液浸泡乳头约30 秒,然后进行乳头内灌注给药。灌注时将含药推注管头插入乳头,轻轻推压活塞,将药物缓缓注入乳池内,随后轻轻按摩相应乳区,使药物均匀分布。

1.4 试验过程

在给药前1 日和0日;给药后1、3、5、7和10日对4 个乳区采集奶样,采样前弃去前三把奶。

数据收集:记录奶牛标识、观察时间、试验日期和时间、每头奶牛日产奶量及体温等参数。各时间点所采集奶样检测乳中体细胞数(SCC),观察奶牛红、肿、热、痛等临床症状。

1.5 病原菌分离和鉴定

分别对给药前0 日和给药后第10 日的奶样进行细菌学检查。采样时先用清水冲洗乳房,用0.1%新洁尔灭或者75%乙醇对乳头及周围进行消毒,待酒精挥发后,手工挤奶,弃去前三把奶后,采集奶样于灭菌试管中,贴好标签,低温(4 ℃)保存并于6 h内送实验室分离检测。

将各奶样接种至多种选择性培养基分离各种病原菌。分离菌株经纯化培养后,依据菌落形态、染色特征、生化特点鉴定其种类。主要分离金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌(无乳链球菌、乳房链球菌)、大肠杆菌。

1.6 统计分析

利用 SPSS 18.0统计学软件对给药前后直肠温度、平均日产奶量、乳中体细胞数进行重复测量方差分析。

2 结果

2.1 临床症状观察

12 头奶牛4个乳区分别单剂量给药头孢洛宁乳房注入剂(干乳期),在整个试验期间,给药乳区未出现乳房红、肿、热、痛等临床症状。

2.2 体细胞计数

体细胞计数结果见表1。由表数据可知,12 头奶牛给药后各时间点奶样与给药前体细胞检测结果相比体细胞数有所降低,但并未表现出显著性差异(>0.05)。

2.3 日产奶量

12 头奶牛各时间点的产奶量见表2。由表中数据可知,12 头奶牛在给予头孢洛宁乳房注入剂(干乳期)后,与给药前相比各时间点产奶量无显著差异(>0.05)。

表1 12 头奶牛给药前后奶样中的体细胞数

表2 12头奶牛各时间点的产奶量

2.4 直肠温度

奶牛的直肠温度统计表见表 3。所有试验奶牛在给药前和给药后不同时间点的直肠温度均在奶牛的正常温度范围内,说明按推荐剂量单次给药对奶牛的体 温无显著影响(>0.05)。

2.5 细菌分离鉴定

试验奶牛给药后乳中细菌数比给药前减少,在给药前0 日采集的奶样中,分离的链球菌、葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌分别为2 株、3 株和4 株;给药后第10 日,仅在7号牛的右后乳区检测链球菌1 株、11号牛的左前乳区检测到葡萄球菌1 株(表 4)。

表3 12头奶牛各时间点奶牛直肠温度

表4 试验奶牛各时间点不同乳区所采奶样细菌分离情况

3 讨论

研究表明,头孢洛宁的急性毒性很低。大鼠、小鼠经口服给药,LD50分别为>5 000和>12 000 mg·kg-1体重。经皮下给药时,LD50均为>5 000 mg·kg-1体重。雌性的大、小鼠,经腹腔给药,LD50分别为>2 680和3 400 mg·kg-1体重,腹膜内给药有抑制自主运动、腹部下垂和镇静的副作用。病例显示在口服和皮下给药治疗致死的情况下未发现肠内容物,但在腹腔给药的动物中有局部的组织损伤,很少证据表明其有全身性的毒性,也未发现致畸毒性、生殖毒性和致突变性[13]。葡萄球菌是最常见的乳房炎病原体,而革兰氏阴性菌次之。WENTE[24]从6 936个牛奶样品培养1 635个细菌分离株,其中69 个样本有2 个分离株。最常分离的病原体依次是:金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和棒状细菌。药物的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)试验结果显示,头孢洛宁对葡萄球菌敏感,治疗效果优于头孢喹肟。

确保所开发产品的安全性和有效性,是兽医药品从业者的职责,以此能发现可能与临床安全有关的不期望出现的药理作用,通过评价研究中观察到的不良反应或病理作用,可避免临床使用中出现不必要的伤害和风险。因此,我们必须精心完善可持续的靶动物安全(Target Animal Safety, TAS)试验标准。兽医药品(IVPP)注册之前,通过实验室试验和实地研究证明在靶动物中是安全的[25]。本试验参照兽药注册技术要求协调国际组织VICH GL43《Target Animal Safety for Veterinary Pharmaceutical Products》关于乳腺安全性研究指导原则和CVM GFI#49[26]等指导原则,对头孢洛宁乳房注入剂(干奶期)进行靶动物安全试验设计,试验前对动物进行检查(肿胀、红斑、疼痛或发热)以及对关键的安全性评价变量(包括乳腺刺激体征、升高SCC和奶产量的变化)等进行评估[27]。目前未见有关头孢洛宁乳房注入剂(干乳期)安全性的报道,因此在制定本试验方案时也参考了周绪正[28]、冯言言[29]等开展的头孢菌素类抗生素对犬、奶牛的安全性研究,以及闫星[30]、瞿红颖[31]等开展的硫酸头孢喹肟对泌乳期奶牛的安全性研究,以此,对采样时间、测量的指标进行合理的设计,具有一定的科学性。试验的结果显示给药后奶牛临床未见红、肿、热、痛不良症状,奶牛对该药的耐受性好,对奶牛产奶量前后无变化,体细胞数量无变化,证明该药安全可靠。

4 结论

泌乳期奶牛按照推荐剂量使用头孢洛宁乳房注入剂(干乳期)(3g:250mg),在给药前后并未发现奶牛乳区出现红、肿、热、痛等临床乳房炎症状,证明乳腺体征良好。通过比较用药前后产奶量数据,未出现显著的差异(>0.05),在采样的各个时间点(给药1、0 d和给药后12 h、3 d、5 d、7 d和10日),前奶中的体细胞数亦未有显著的变化。在给药当日(0 日)和给药后第10 日分别采集奶样并分离细菌,结果显示给药后细菌检出数与给药前相比降低。上述结果表明奶牛按推荐剂量单次给予头孢洛宁乳房注入剂(干乳期)对奶牛无不良作用,安全性较高。

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The Safety Evaluation of Cefalonium Intramammary Infusion (Dry Cow)

HUA WeiYi1, LIU YiMing1, XU Fei1, LU YongQiang2, KONG Mei3, WANG HaiTing3, HUANG HuiLi1, WANG HongLei1, WU LianYong3, LI XiuBo1

(1National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Key Laboratory of Feed Biological Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081;2Beijing Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Beijing 100012;3Qilu Animal Health Products Co Ltd, Jinan 250100)

【Objective】The purpose of this paper was to investigate the safety of cefalonium intramammary infusion(dry cow) for target animals. 【Method】Six primiparous and six multiparous healthy dairy cows were selected, which have not been treated with any antibiotics by systemic or intramammary administration 30 days before. Their daily milk yield was 15-35 kg. At day 1 and day 0 prior to administration of the tested drug, the daily milk production and body temperature of the tested animals were recorded, and their milk samples were collected for somatic cell count analysis. For milk sampling,the udder was rinsed with clean water and the nipples and the close skin were disinfected with 75% ethanol. Milk samples were collected in sterilized test tubes (milking by hand and discarding the first three times of milking). The collected sample were stored at low temperature (4℃) and sent to laboratory for testing within 6 h. For drug infusion, each quarter of udder was cleaned with a disinfected towel and the teats were soaked for 30 seconds with disinfectant. The drug was slowly inject into the quarter so that it could be evenly distributed. Each quarter was injected with a single dose of cefalonium (Dry Cow) (250 mg). Samples of each quarter were collected at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 days after the drug administration. Individual milk production, quantitative somatic cell count (SCC) and body temperature were recorded. Day 0 and day 10 milk samples were cultivated with selective medium to isolate bacteria. The isolated strains were identified according to their colony morphology, staining and biochemical characteristics. The main pathogens analyzed were,. 【Result】During the whole test period, there was no clinical symptoms such as swelling, erythema, pain, or heat. On day 1, 0 prior to and 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 day after administration of the drug, somatic cell count was 250-400 thousand per milliliter. The mean somatic cells count for the seven time points were 332.6, 327.4, 327.0, 316.3, 312.4, 306.2, 300.4 thousand per milliliter respectively, but there is no significant difference (>0.05) among them by analysis of repeated measures anova. Daily milk yield was 23-33 kg. The average daily milk yield for the seven time points was 27.30, 27.35, 27.25, 27.40, 27.64, 27.83, 28.00 kg, respectively. It had no significant difference (>0.05) byrepeated measures anova. The rectal temperature of all tested cows before and after administration was within the normal range. The mean values of rectal temperature were 38.79, 38.82, 38.83, 38.77, 38.71, 38.71 and 38.69 ℃ respectively, and there was no significant difference (>0.05). Therefore, according to the recommended dose of a single administration, it had no significant effect on somatic cell count, daily milk yield and rectal temperature of the tested animals. The results for bacteria isolation showed that there were 2, 3 and 4 strains of, respectively on day 0 of the administration of the drug, and there were 1, 1 and 0 strains ofon day 10 after administration, respectively. The number of pathogens was significantly decreased through the treatment of the drug. 【Conclusion】The recommended dose of cofalonium had no adverse effect on rectal temperature, milk yield and somatic cell counts for dairy cows after mammary administration. It is safe for the drug to be used in dairy cows by intramammary infusion (Dry Cow).

cofalonium intramammary infusion; dry cow; safety; milk yield; somatic cell counts

10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.02.014

2017-12-08;

2018-02-22

中国农业科学院创新工程项目(FRI-06)、奶牛产业技术体系北京市创新团队资金

华伟毅,E-mail:huaweiyi2012@163.com。通信作者李秀波,E-mail:lixiubo@caas.cn。通信作者吴连勇,E-mail:Lianyong.wu@qilu- pharma.com

(责任编辑 林鉴非)

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