桂志兵 汪文生
摘 要:目的 探討红细胞分布宽度与血小板计数比值在乙型肝炎肝硬化患者诊断及预后评估的关系。方法 选择2013年1月~2015年12月我院诊断为乙型肝炎肝硬化的患者144例、慢性乙型肝炎患者80例及同期健康体检者80例作为研究对象,收集其住院和(或)门诊检查资料,记录一般实验室检查结果,如血RDW、PLT、ALT、AST,计算基于血清学指标的模型,即RPR、APRI、FIB-4、Child-Pugh评分。相关性分析采用Spearman相关分析,绘制ROC曲线、计算AUC来判断RPR对肝硬化的预测价值。运用Kaplan-Meier法分析高RPR组与低RPR组乙型肝炎肝硬化患者3年生存率,同时将RPR、Child-Pugh评分纳入Cox回归分析,绘制54例乙型肝炎肝硬化死亡患者ROC曲线,判断RPR对乙型肝炎肝硬化患者预后的预测价值。结果 乙肝组、肝硬化组RPR分别为(0.33±0.16)Fl/(109/L)、(1.24±1.55)Fl/(109/L),均高于健康体检组的(0.24±0.05)Fl/(109/L),统计学意义显著(P<0.01);肝硬化组RPR高于乙肝组,统计学意义显著(P<0.01)。RPR与乙型肝炎肝硬化呈正相关(r=0.66,P<0.01)。RPR预测乙型肝炎肝硬化的AUC为0.91,优于APRI,次于FIB-4,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。RPR、FIB-4、APRI诊断乙型肝炎肝硬化的最佳界值分别为0.43、3.00和0.79(P<0.01),敏感度分别为84.00%、82.60%、84.00%,特异度分别为90.00%、95.00%和76.20%。RPR与Child-Pugh评分及MELD均呈正相关,r值分别为0.35、0.34(P<0.01)。高RPR组和低RPR组在随访3年期间生存率分别为56.80%和68.60%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 RPR可用于乙型肝炎肝硬化的诊断,RPR预测乙型肝炎肝硬化患者死亡的敏感性好,但特异性差,联合RPR可提高CP评分对乙肝肝硬化患者的预后评估效果。
关键词:乙型肝炎;肝硬化;红细胞分布宽度与血小板计数比值;Child-Pugh分级;终末期肝病模型
中图分类号:R575 文献标识码:A DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2018.20.019
文章编号:1006-1959(2018)20-0065-04
Abstract:Objective To investigate the relationship between red blood cell distribution width and platelet ratio in the diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis.Methods From January 2013 to December 2015,144 patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis diagnosed in our hospital,80 patients with chronic hepatitis B and 80 healthy patients with physical examination were enrolled as study subjects,collect hospitalization and/or outpatient examination data,record general laboratory findings such as blood RDW,PLT,ALT,AST,and calculate models based on serological indicators,such as RPR,APRI,FIB-4,Child-Pugh scores.Correlation analysis using Spearman correlation analysis,drawing ROC curve,calculating AUC to judge the predictive value of RPR for cirrhosis. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze the 3-year survival rate of patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis in the high RPR group and the low RPR group.The RPR and Child-Pugh scores were included in the Cox regression analysis to map the ROC curves of 54 patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis.To predict the predictive value of RPR for the prognosis of patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis. Results The RPR of the hepatitis B group and the cirrhosis group were(0.33±0.16)Fl/(109/L)and(1.24±1.55)Fl/(109/L),respectively, which were higher than that of the healthy examination group(0.24±0.05)Fl/(109/L),the difference was statistically significant(P<0.01); the RPR of the cirrhosis group was higher than that of the hepatitis B group,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.01).RPR was positively correlated with hepatitis B cirrhosis(r=0.66,P<0.01).RPR predicts an AUC of 0.91 for hepatitis B cirrhosis,which is superior to APRI,which is second to FIB-4,the difference is statistically significant(P<0.05).The best cutoff values of RPR,FIB-4,and APRI for diagnosis of hepatitis B cirrhosis were 0.43,3.00,and 0.79,respectively(P<0.01),and the sensitivity was 84.00%,82.60%,and 84.00%,respectively,and the specificity was 90.00%,95.00% and 76.20%.RPR was positively correlated with Child-Pugh score and MELD,and the r values were 0.35 and 0.34, respectively(P<0.01).The survival rates of the high RPR group and the low RPR group were 56.80% and 68.60%,respectively,during the 3-year follow-up period,the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05).Conclusion RPR can be used for the diagnosis of hepatitis B cirrhosis.RPR predicts the sensitivity of death in patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis,but the specificity is poor.Combined with RPR can improve the prognosis of CP patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis.
Key words:Hepatitis B;Liver cirrhosis;Red blood cell distribution width and platelet ratio;Child-Pugh classification;End-stage liver disease model
乙型肝炎肝硬化(hepatitis b cirrhosis)病理学上以肝组织弥漫性肝纤维化、假小叶和再生结节形成为特征,临床表现为肝细胞功能障碍和门脉高压症,患者常并发上消化道出血、肝性脑病、继发感染等而死亡。近年来,针对肝硬化的无创预测指标逐渐成为研究热点。其中红细胞分布宽度与血小板计数比值(red blood cell distribution width to platelet ratio,RPR)作为一种新的预测模型相继有研究证实其在乙型肝炎肝纤维化的诊断[1]以及ST抬高型心肌梗死患者的预后评估中的作用[2]。本文旨在探讨RPR对乙型肝炎肝硬化的评估价值。
1资料与方法
1.1一般资料 回顾性分析2013年1月~2015年12月在我院就诊并诊断为乙型肝炎肝硬化患者的住院病例资料,并将同期就诊的慢性乙型肝炎患者及不合并肝硬化的健康体检者纳入研究,分别记为肝硬化组、乙肝组及健康体检组,本研究经我院伦理委员会讨论批准,所有患者签署知情同意书,慢性乙型肝炎的诊断以及乙型肝炎肝硬化的诊断符合2015年制定慢性乙型肝炎防治指南(2015更新版)中慢性乙型肝炎及乙型肝炎肝硬化的诊断标准[3]:①组织学或临床提示存在肝硬化的证据;②病因学明确的HBV感染证据。排除其他常见引起肝硬化的病因如HCV感染、酒精和药物等。同时排除合并心肺病、慢性肾病、血液系统疾、自身免疫疾病、非乙型肝炎肝硬化死亡患者。
1.2方法
1.2.1资料整理 选取2013年1月~2015年12月在安徽医科大学附属安庆医院消化内科就诊并诊断为乙型肝炎肝硬化患者的住院病例资料和(或)门诊就诊资料,及同期就诊的不合并肝硬化的健康体检者、慢性乙型肝炎患者的病例资料,记录患者年龄、性别、红细胞分布宽度(red blood cell distribution width,RDW)、血小板计数(platelet,PLT)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)等指标,乙型肝炎肝硬化患者同时记录腹水、白蛋白、胆红素等并发症信息。
1.2.2 计算RPR、AST与血小板比值指数(aspartate amino transferase to platelet ratio index,APRI)、基于4因子的肝纖维化指标(fibrosis index based on the four factors,FIB-4),乙型肝炎肝硬化患者计算Child-Pugh评分及终末期肝病模型评分(model of end stage liver disease,MELD)。
RPR=RDW(Fl)/PLT(109/L),APRI=[(AST/ULN)×100/PLT(109/L)][4] ;FIB-4=(年龄×AST)/(PLT×■ )[5] ;MELD = 3.8 Ln[胆红素(mg/dl)]+11.2 Ln(INR)+9.6 Ln[肌酐(mg/dl)]+6.4(病因:胆汁性或酒精性为 0,其他为 1)[6] 。
1.3统计学处理 采用SPSS 19.0统计软件,正态分布的资料、非正态分布的资料分别采用(x±s)、用中位数和四分位间距表示,运用Mann-Whitney检验进行组间两两比较,Kruskal-Wallis检验则用于多组间比较。相关性分析使用Spearman相关性分析。绘制受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic,ROC),AUC的比较采用Ζ检验。生存分析用 Kaplan-Meier法,并将RPR等指标带入Cox回归模型分析,判断RPR是否为乙型肝炎肝硬化患者死亡的危险因素,绘制54例死亡患者相关危险因素的ROC,评估RPR值对死亡的预测效果,P<0.05 为差异有统计学意义,P<0.01表示统计学意义显著。
2结果
2.1患者一般资料比较 健康体检组、乙肝组和肝硬化组在RPR值、性别、年龄方面比较,统计学意义显著(P<0.01),见表1。乙肝组、肝硬化组RPR均高于健康体检组,统计学意义显著(P<0.01);肝硬化组RPR高于乙肝组,统计学意义显著(P<0.01)。
2.2 PRP值在不同CP分级的比较 不同CP级别PRP值比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),性别、年龄差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。B级、C级RPR均高于A级,统计学意义显著(P<0.01);B级与C级PRP比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表2。
2.3 RPR、FIB-4、APRI与乙型肝炎肝硬化均呈正相关(P<0.01),r值分别为0.66、0.68、0.48。RPR、FIB-4、APRI预测乙型肝炎肝硬化的ROC曲线见图1。FIB-4预测乙型肝炎肝硬化的AUC优于RPR(Ζ=1.69,P<0.05)、APRI(Ζ=3.35,P<0.01));RPR预测乙型肝炎肝硬化的AUC优于APRI(Ζ=1.75,P<0.05),见表3。
2.4 RPR与CP评分、MELD评分的相关分析 PRP与CP评分、MELD评分均呈正相关,r分别为0.35、0.34,P均<0.01。根据乙型肝炎肝硬化患者PRP中位数分成高RPR组(RPR>0.89)及低RPR组(RPR≤0.89)并进行Kaplan-Meier分析,两组患者3年生存率分别为56.80%、68.60%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),RPR不是影响乙型肝炎肝硬化患者预后的危险因素。CP评分预测乙型肝炎肝硬化患者死亡最佳阈值7.50时敏感性81.10%,特异性70.40%(AUC=0.78,P<0.01),预测效果较好。RPR预测乙型肝炎肝硬化患者死亡最佳阈值0.40时敏感性96.30%,特异性20.00%(AUC=0.59,P<0.01),见表4。RPR联合CP评分能提高CP评分对乙型肝炎肝硬化患者死亡预测敏感性(98.90%)及特异性(84.88%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
3讨论
我国慢性乙型肝炎患者众多,多数患者慢性乙型肝炎可能发展为肝纤维化,继而发展为肝硬化或合并肝癌。肝脏穿刺活检是判断肝纤维化分期及诊断肝硬化的金标准[7],为有创操作,故患者依从性较差,临床开展并不广泛。近年来关于瞬时弹性成像技术、血清学检查以及基于血清学检查的模型等无创肝纤维化检测方法的研究成为热点[8-11]。
本研究结果显示,PRP与患者病情严重程度相关,肝硬化组患者RPR水平高乙肝组患者的RPR水平,乙肝组患者RPR水平高于健康体检者RPR水平。RPR与乙型肝炎肝硬化患者的肝脏储备功能可能相关,CP分级为B级、C级的患者RPR水平高于A级患者RPR水平,CP分级B级68例患者与C级20例患者的RPR水平比较,差异无统计学意义,可能与C级组病例数不足有关。RPR水平随着乙型肝炎患者病情的发展呈上升趋势,可能与下列因素有关:①乙型肝炎患者的机体处在一种慢性炎症状态,炎性因子的释放抑制红细胞生成与成熟,导致RDW升高[12,13];②影响RDW的因素很多,如静脉血栓、糖尿病、感染、肝肾功能减退等,随着病情的进展,上述因素可能会产生[14];③肝硬化患者常伴有脾功能亢进,脾血库封存血小板增多,外周血中血小板减少[15];④随着肝病的进展,肝脏产生血小板生成素(TPO)减少[16];⑤肝炎病毒对骨髓造血功能的抑制也会造成血小板数量减少。
本研究显示RPR与乙型肝炎肝硬化相关,其AUC、敏感性及特异度均较高,可用于临床肝硬化的初筛,与Xu XY等[17]的研究结论相似。RPR雖与CP评分、MELD评分呈正相关,但不是乙型肝炎肝硬化患者死亡的危险因素,RPR预测乙型肝炎肝硬化患者死亡的敏感性好,但特异性差。可能的解释为:影响RPR的因素较多,RPR作为一种模型为患者疾病状态的一种综合反应,且本文数据处理过程中发现RDW为乙型肝炎肝硬化患者死亡的危险因素,RDW与血小板计数存在相关关系,运用RPR判断乙型肝炎肝硬化患者预后可能需要进行校正,从而提高其预测效果。RPR联合CP评分能提高CP评分预测乙型肝炎肝硬化患者死亡的敏感性及特异性。本文纳入的样本数较少,今后需要大样本以及多中心的研究进一步证实该结果。
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收稿日期:2018-8-23;修回日期:2018-8-30
編辑/宋伟