头颈部腺样囊性癌放射治疗的研究进展

2018-12-25 12:29刘景文李先明
医学信息 2018年23期

刘景文 李先明

摘 要:头颈部腺样囊性癌发病率较低,目前主要治疗手段为手术联合术后放射治疗,但对于术后放射治疗的必要性及选取何种放射治疗手段可以使患者获益最大的问题目前仍有广泛争议。本文综合各方面因素,考虑目前头颈部腺样囊性癌的术后放疗主要以常规光子放疗为主,中子放疗虽能提高局部控制率,但晚期毒性反应不可忽视,质子、碳离子放疗虽有其物理特点上的优势,但因病例数少,且其放疗机器价格昂贵等客观障碍,尚未收集足够数据证明其优势。

关键词:头颈部腺样囊性癌;术后放射治疗;常规光子放疗;碳离子放疗

中图分类号:R739.91;R730.44 文献标识码:A DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2018.23.013

文章编号:1006-1959(2018)23-0045-03

Abstract:The incidence of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neckis low. The main treatment is surgery combined with postoperative radiotherapy. However, the necessary of postoperative radiotherapy and the which kind of radiotherapy can maximize the patient's benefit is still conversional. This article compares the advantages and disadvantages of the main radiotherapy methods for ACCHN. The conclusion is that photon radiotherapy is the main method. Although neutron radiotherapy can improve the local control rate, the late toxicity can't be ignored. Proton and carbon-ion radiotherapy have the advantages of their physical characteristics, but the number of cases is small, and the radiotherapy machine is expensive. There's not enough data could been collected to prove its advantages.

Key words:Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck;Postoperative radiotherapy;Photon radiotherapy;Carbon-ion radiotherapy

头颈部腺样囊性癌(sdenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck,ACCHN)是一种较罕见的恶性肿瘤,其发病率约占头颈部恶性肿瘤的1%,主要好发于涎腺,常可累及腮腺、颌下腺等大涎腺及腭腺、颊腺等小涎腺,也可累及鼻腔、鼻窦、鼻咽等部位,在涎腺肿瘤中约占20%~25%[1]。头颈部腺样囊腺癌可与任何年龄发病,以中年患者为主。头颈部腺样囊性癌主要来源于闰管区储备细胞,镜下可见筛状、管状和巢状等细胞形态结构,肿瘤实性区占比越大,分化、恶性程度及预后越差。头颈部腺样囊腺癌进展较慢,鲜有淋巴结转移,但具有嗜神经侵袭的特点,早期即可出现肿瘤周边神经累及,并可沿神经走行扩散至相应部位而引起对应临床症状[2]。因化疗的有效性目前缺乏有效临床数据[3],故目前针对头颈部腺样囊性癌的主要治疗方式为根治性手术,放射治疗可用于术后及不可切除肿瘤[4,5]。本文主要介绍有关头颈部腺样囊性癌的放疗进展。

1常规光子、中子放射放疗

当下头颈部腺样囊性癌的放射治疗已发展至三维适形调强治疗(IMRT)和容积调强治疗(VMAT)。这些技术允许靶区接受更高剂量射线治疗,同时通过减少剂量及减小受照射体积来限制射线对瘤周危及器官的损害[6]。中子属于不带电荷的高LET粒子,具有与X线相比较高的相对生物效应(RBE)。Roshan V等[7]通过对泪腺腺样囊性癌患者进行三维适形放疗后指出,三维适形放疗对头颈部腺样囊性癌可能有良好的局部控制率。有研究使用中子对140例唾液腺恶性肿瘤患者进行放射治疗,其中腺样囊性癌占74%,结果表明,中子放疗与常规光子放疗相比显示出了其在局部控制率及总生存率上的优势,但晚期毒性反应发生率较高[8]。Thielker J等也总结出了相似结论[9]。基于上述研究成果,Spratt DE等[10]学者指出,对于不可切除的腺样囊性癌,采用3D-CRT和IMRT放疗的晚期并发症发生率較中子放疗具有优势。

2质子、碳离子放射治疗

包括质子、碳离子在内的适形高LET放射治疗的现代技术,将有助于减少放射治疗的短期和长期毒性反应[11]。虽然目前证据不足,但在根治性手术后,若为R1切除,使用先进的光子放射治疗即可,若病灶无法手术、R2切除或病灶复发,可首选碳离子放射治疗优于质子放射治疗[12]。

质子放射治疗具有独特的物理特性,在给予瘤体处最大剂量的“布拉格峰”后剂量迅速减少,因此,可以更好地保护周边危及器官。已知质子治疗可在术后泪腺腺样囊腺癌的联合治疗中,提供优异的总生存率及无病进展生存率[13]。Phan J等[14]学者提出调强质子放射治疗(IMPT)治疗晚期不可切除的鼻咽部腺样囊性癌,具有良好的局部控制及轻微晚期毒性的优点。Dautruche A等[15]学者对13例侵及颅底的局部晚期鼻窦腺样囊性癌患者,中位随访时间为33.87个月(3.23~66.5个月),其总生存率、局部控制率及不良反应发生率均令人满意。由于头颈部和颅底肿瘤与许多正常解剖结构的紧密空间关系,常规光子放射治疗仍可能导致显著急慢性治疗相关毒性反应。质子放射治疗的超高剂量定位特性允许照射较少量的正常组织,这不是任何光子放射技术能达到的优势[15]。Phan J等[14]专家对1例局部晚期鼻咽部腺样囊性癌患者进行调强质子放疗(IMPT)后,鼻咽部肿瘤基本退缩,且放疗后发生味觉障碍、黏膜炎、皮炎症状基本在可控范围内。IMPT可使肿瘤延伸至中央颅底的患者受益,以产生更均匀的剂量分布,充分照射肿瘤,同时与IMRT相比,可以减少对眼,视神经和中枢神经系统的受累剂量。

碳离子放射治疗的物理特性与质子类似,均为高LET射线,有明显的“布拉格峰”,其相对生物效应与快中子相当,可更为精确减灭瘤体且周围正常组织器官仅受较低的射线能量。有多份研究报告指出,使用碳离子放疗可提高涎腺腺样囊性癌的局部控制率,降低晚期毒性反应[16,17]。日本碳离子放射肿瘤学研究组进行了一项多中心研究表明碳离子放疗在头颈部腺样囊性癌中的优势及希望[18,19]。有研究为评估碳离子放射治疗对头颈部非鳞状细胞癌的疗效和安全性,将35例患者纳入这项前瞻性研究,其中腺样囊性癌患者占60%,主要终点是3年局部控制率,次要终点包括3年总生存率和不良事件,所有患者的中位隨访时间为39个月,得出结论为碳离子放射治疗实现了非鳞状细胞癌的良好局部控制和总体存活率[20]。

3近距离放射治疗

有研究指出[21,22],接受常规光子放疗联合中子增强放疗的口咽腺样囊性癌复发后使用192Ir-HDR进行近距离放射治疗,是治疗腺样囊性癌局部复发的有效方法,且再次放疗后未出现严重的毒性反应。也有学者提出[23],使用125I放射性粒子植入治疗16例复发性涎腺腺样囊性癌,结果显示尽管局部控制率及生存率相对有利,但仍有部分病例对125I反应不佳。

4总结

由于头颈部腺样囊性癌发病率较低,目前仍缺乏足量数据对其标准治疗方案进行验证,对于是否需行术后辅助放疗多年来仍无统一定论。有多份来自单一机构出版的文献指出,单独手术的局控率约30%~70%[24,25],不难看出局部控制率的跨度非常大。鉴于上述结果,国内外临床多使用手术联合术后放疗的治疗手段,基于大多数单一机构的回顾性研究证据[26]。尽管常规辅助放疗对局部区域疾病控制有益,但对OS的影响尚不清楚。有研究[24]纳入共3136例患者,其中2252例(71.8%)接受术后放疗,研究结果表明,术后放疗与总生存率无明显相关性。中子放疗其晚期毒性反应较常规光子治疗大,故目前中子放疗适应症较为局限。质子放疗由于设备昂贵,用地面积大等劣势,目前暂未于国内被推广使用,质子放疗因其对头颈部腺样囊性癌的疗效相关研究所纳入患者例数较少,无法客观评价其优缺点。国内外专家学者对碳离子放疗研究较中子、质子多,碳离子放疗将可能成为头颈部腺样囊性癌的主要治疗手段之一,但因目前已发表研究中所纳入病例数较少,目前仍缺乏足够数据突出其治疗优势。

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收稿日期:2018-9-20;修回日期:2018-9-28

編辑/杨倩