李琦 程瑞动 闻万顺 叶祥明
[摘要] 目的 觀察反复促通疗法(repetitive facilitative exercise,RFE)结合低频重复经颅磁刺激(repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,rTMS)对脑卒中后上肢功能障碍的影响。 方法 选取2016年1月~2017年12月在我院住院治疗的脑卒中后上肢运动功能障碍(Brunnstrom分期≥Ⅲ期,病程3~13周)的患者共30例,随机分为对照组、RFE组和联合组,每组10例。对照组给予常规康复治疗,RFE组在常规康复治疗基础上增加反复促通疗法治疗,联合组在RFE组基础上辅以rTMS治疗,刺激频率为1.0 Hz。于治疗前、治疗4周后采用简易Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表(FMA)、上肢动作研究量表(ARAT)、改良Ashworth痉挛评定量表(MAS)评分评价疗效。 结果 三组患者治疗前各项指标均无显著差异(P>0.05);RFE组和联合组治疗前后FMA评分均显著改善,组间对比发现,治疗后RFE组和联合组FMA评分明显优于对照组,且联合组明显优于RFE组(P<0.05);三组治疗前后ARAT评分均有显著改善,组间对比发现,联合组较对照组ARAT评分有明显提高(P<0.05)。治疗后三组MAS评分均无明显改善,组间比较也没有明显差异。 结论 反复促通疗法配合低频重复经颅磁刺激可改善卒中后患者上肢功能障碍,且两种方法联合效果更佳。
[关键词] 反复促通疗法;重复经颅磁刺激;上肢功能障碍;脑卒中;康复
[中图分类号] R743.3 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-9701(2018)26-0001-05
Evaluation on the efficacy of repetitive facilitative exercise combined with low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for post-stroke upper extremity dysfunction
LI Qi CHENG Ruidong WEN Wanshun YE Xiangming
Department of Rehabilitative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, the People's Hospital Affiliated to Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
[Abstract] Objective To observe the effect of repetitive facilitative exercise(RFE) combined with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(rTMS) on post-stroke upper extremity dysfunction. Methods A total of 30 patients with post-stroke upper extremity motor dysfunction(Brunnstrom stage≥stage Ⅲ, duration 3-13 weeks) who were hospitalized in Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital from January 2016 to December 2017 were selected. They were randomly divided into control group, RFE group and combination group, with 10 cases in each group. The control group was given conventional rehabilitative treatment. The RFE group was further given RFE on the basis of the conventional rehabilitative treatment. The combination group was further given rTMS on the basis of the RFE group. The stimulation frequency was 1.0 Hz. Efficacy was evaluated by simple Fugl-Meyer motor function scale(FMA), upper limb movement study scale (ARAT) and modified Ashworth spasm assessment(MAS) scores before treatment and 4 weeks after treatment. Results There was no significant difference in all indexes before treatment among the three groups(P>0.05); in the RFE group and the combined group, the FMA scores were significantly improved before and after treatment. It was found that after treatment, FMA scores in the RFE group and the combined group were significantly better than those in the control group. The combined group was significantly better than the RFE group(P<0.05); the ARAT scores in all the three groups were significantly improved before and after treatment. It was found that the ARAT score in the combined group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P<0.05). After treatment, there was no significant improvement in the MAS scores in the three groups, and there was no significant difference among the groups. Conclusion Repetitive facilitative exercise combined with low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation can improve upper extremity dysfunction in stroke patients, and the combined efficacy of the two methods is better.
[Key words] Repetitive facilitative exercise (RFE); Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS); Upper extremity dysfunction; Cerebral stroke; Rehabilitation
脑卒中作为一种严重威胁人类健康的疾病,具有高发病率、高致残率的特点。近年来,脑卒中发病率呈逐年递增趋势,在我国每15秒就有1个脑卒中新发病例,每21秒就有1人死于脑卒中,是目前导致患者死亡的三大主要病因之一,而幸存者也大多遗留功能障碍[1-3]。循证医学证实,脑卒中康复是降低致残率最有效的办法[4],因此,寻找有效的、安全的治疗方法具有重要的临床意义。反复促通疗法(repetitive facilitative exercise,RFE)是一项由日本的川平和美教授提出的新的偏瘫后运动功能恢复理念,用于卒中后上肢功能康复[5,6],RFE运用高重复频率和神经诱发模式,抑制协同运动,诱发偏瘫侧肢体活动,RFE为上肢及手指提供充分的物理刺激来提升下行运动神经的兴奋性,从而使患者发起随意运动。重复经颅磁刺激(repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,rTMS)是一项具有无创、无痛、简便、安全等特点的神经电生理技术,通过调节大脑皮质兴奋性改变神经功能可塑性[7],其中低频(1Hz)rTMS作用于健侧运动皮质可以降低其兴奋性,使双侧大脑半球之间抑制失衡得以纠正,从而间接增加患侧皮质兴奋性[8],已广泛应用于脑卒中康复领域。REF可以与其他治疗方案相结合,如神经肌肉电刺激(neuromuscular electrical stimulation,NMES)、直接震动刺激(direct application of vibratory stimulation,DAVS)等[9]以增强治疗疗效,而目前尚缺少有关REF联合rTMS对卒中后康复疗效的研究,本文拟联合应用RFE和rTMS疗法,探讨其对脑卒中后上肢运动功能障碍的疗效,为临床优化脑卒中康复策略提供依据。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选择2016年1月~2017年12月在我院康复医学科住院治疗的脑卒中后上肢运动功能障碍的患者共30例。纳入标准:(1)脑卒中的诊断符合《中国脑血管病防治指南》(2010版)缺血性卒中和出血性卒中诊断和分类标准,通过头部CT和(或)MRI检查,明确病灶仅累及单侧大脑半球;(2)首次发病;(3)年龄18~80岁;(4)病程3~13周;(5)上肢Brunnstrom分期≥Ⅲ期,并有简单指令动作;(6)所有患者均自愿参加本试验并签署知情同意书。排除标准:(1)体内有金属异物,如安装有心脏起搏器、动脉支架等;(2)上肢有严重的挛缩、疼痛或感觉障碍;(3)合并心、肺等重要脏器功能衰竭,临床不稳定;(4)癫痫或合并其他神经系统疾病如周围神经病、运动神经元病等;(5)严重的失语症或认知障碍不能配合者。根据随机数字表,将30例患者随机分成对照组、RFE组和rTMS及RFE联合组,每组10例。三组年龄、性别、病程、病变部位(左侧和右侧大脑半球)、脑卒中类型(缺血性和出血性卒中)等一般资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性,见表1。本研究获得浙江省人民医院医学伦理委员会批准。
1.2 治疗方法
所有患者均同时接受常规药物及康复治疗,其中康复治疗主要包括日常生活活动能力、物理因子治疗、转移训练以及言语治疗。RFE组在常规康复治疗基础上增加反复促通疗法治疗,联合组在RFE组基础上辅以rTMS治疗,具体治疗方法及时间如下。
1.2.1 低频重复经颅磁刺激 仪器:英国Magstim公司生产的Magstim rapid 2重复经颅磁刺激器(线圈形状如“8”字形,直径7 cm,最大强度2.0 T,刺激深度可达皮下2 cm处)。由同一位康复治疗师进行操作治疗。治疗时,患者全身放松,取坐位,将磁刺激线圈中心对准患者健侧初级运动皮质(M1)上肢投射区(采用国际脑电图学会10/20系统定位)。治疗参数:刺激频率1.0 Hz,刺激强度为90%静息运动阈值,间隔时间3 s,重复48次,共224个脉冲。每天治疗1次,每次20 min,每周5 d,共治疗4周。
1.2.2 反复促通疗法[9] 反复促通疗法旨在引出肩、肘、腕、手指的运动,减少协同运动。治疗师给予口头指示,如“弯曲/伸展”或者“1、2、3”。共包括8个特殊的运动模式:(1)仰卧位,肩关节屈曲,肘关节弯曲到90°;(2)仰卧位,肩关节水平屈/伸,肘关节屈曲70°~110°;(3)仰卧位,肩关节屈曲/内收/外旋,前臂旋后,肘关节屈曲,同时手腕和手指屈曲。肩关节伸/外展/内旋,前臂旋前,肘关节伸直,同时腕背屈,手指伸展;(4)肩关节屈曲/外展/外旋,肘关节伸直,同时腕背屈,手指伸展;(5)坐位,前臂旋后/内旋,肘关节屈曲90°;(6)仰卧位,腕背屈,前臂内旋,手指伸展;(7)仰卧位,腕屈曲,手指伸展;(8)坐位,腕屈曲,手指伸展/屈曲。每个病人的治疗包括至少5个,最多8个模式,选择模式的数量由患者的运动损伤程度决定。选择治疗模式的原则:(1)着重于近端肌肉组织;(2)逐渐增加运动强度;(3)重视运动的本质(如:为了促進捏动作的恢复,第1、2个手指分开训练,而第3、4个手指一起训练)。每个模式练习2组,每组50次,中间休息1~2 min。因此每次训练,总共重复500~800次。RFE治疗每天1次,每次40 min,每周5 d,共治疗4周。
1.3 观察指标
由康复评定小组在治疗前、治疗4周后对三组患者采用Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表(Fugl-Meyer Assessment,FMA)、上肢动作研究量表(Action Research Arm Test,ARAT)评定三组患者上肢运动功能和改良Ashworth痉挛评定量表(Modified Ashworth asticity Scale,MAS)评估患者肌张力。
1.3.1 简易Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表(FMA)[10] 评价上肢运动功能,分为33项内容,每项为3级评分(0=不能完成;1=部分完成;2=全部完成),共66分,上肢运动功能恢复越好,评分越高。
1.3.2 上肢动作研究量表(ARAT)[11] ARAT用于评估上肢力量、敏捷度及协调性,分4部分(抓、握、捏和粗大运动),共19项,每项为4级评分(0=不能完成;1=只能完成一部分;2=能完成,但动作慢或笨拙;3=能正确完成),总分57分。
1.3.3 改良Ashworth痉挛评定量表(MAS)[12] MAS用于评估病损侧上肢肘、腕、手指屈肌张力,为了便于统计,MAS评分(0、1、1+、2、3、4)分别记为(0、1、2、3、4、5分)。本研究评估上肢肌张力采用肘屈肌及腕屈肌MAS评分[13]。
1.4 统计学方法
采用SPSS 22.0统计学软件进行数据处理与分析,计数资料用%表示,采用χ2检验的Fisher确切概率法。符合正态分布的计量资料用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,组内比较采用配对样本t检验,组间比较采用方差分析。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
三组患者共计30例患者均完成4周的康复训练,治疗期间无一例出现不良反应和癫痫发作。
2.1 三组患者治疗前后上肢FMA评分比较
治疗前,三组卒中后上肢功能障碍患者FMA评分无显著性差异(P>0.05)。RFE组和联合组FMA评分在治疗4周后均有明显改善,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗4周后,组间对比发现,RFE组和联合组FMA评分均明显优于对照组,联合组FMA评分优于RFE组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表2。
2.2 三组患者治疗前后上肢ARAT评分比较
治疗前,三组卒中后上肢功能障碍患者ARAT评分无显著性差异(P>0.05)。三组患者在治疗4周后ARAT评分均有明显改善(P<0.05)。治疗4周后,联合组ARAT评分明显优于对照组(P<0.05),虽然比RFE组提高,但是没有统计学意义。RFE组评分较对照组提高,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表3。
2.3 三组患者治疗前后上肢MAS评分比较
治疗前,三组卒中后上肢功能障碍患者MAS评分无显著性差异(P>0.05)。治疗4周后,三组肘屈肌和腕屈肌MAS评分均无明显改善,组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表4。
3讨论
大约有2/3的中风患者会遗留长期的功能障碍[14]。目前对于因脑卒中引起的严重上肢功能损伤患者的康复仍然是一大难题[15]。传统的康复疗法虽然包括了被动的促通技术,但标准及规范尚未统一[16]。多年来,越来越多的新干预措施被用于改善脑卒中后上肢功能[16-18],很多研究均证实无论是增加治疗时间还是重复次数,均能提高康复治疗效果[19,20]。其中一篇关于比较Bi-Manu-Track的双手康复机器人和神经肌肉电刺激的研究,发现高频的Bi-Manu-Track方法能显著提高卒中后患者上肢功能[19,20]。因此,日本的Kawa-hira K及他的团队首先提出了反复促通疗法(又叫川平法),结合了高重复频率和神经诱发模式。较传统康复模式,在提高患者患侧上肢的Brunnstrom分期、运动控制及关节运动方面更有效[5,22]。RFE在手臂基础训练的基础上[23,24],运用牵张反射,强调减少协同运动,以及重复随意/辅助全关节范围运动[25,26]。总之,RFE不同于传统康复有3点:1.RFE使用触觉及前伸诱发目标动作;2.RFE更注重近端运动;3.RFE特别注重单个手指治疗,对提高抓、捏动作有帮助[5]。RFE的优势是非侵入性操作,不需要特殊仪器,并且任何掌握了治疗方法的治疗师均能操作。Kawahira K团队前期研究发现RFE相对传统康复疗法,能显著提高卒中后患者上肢ARAT及FMA评分[5]。本研究中,RFE组相对于传统康复对照组FMA评分显著提高,ARAT评分虽较对照组有所升高,但差异无统计学意义。这可能是FMA量表主要用于评估损伤程度,ARAT主要适用于评估上肢活动受限。而且相对FMA量表,ARAT评分更容易受地板和天花板效应的影响[27]。
卒中后大脑半球间的交互抑制出现失衡,未受累侧半球兴奋性增高,而受累侧半球兴奋性降低,从而影响神经的可塑性[28]。rTMS是一种利用脉冲磁场作用于中枢神经系统的无创性电生理技术,它能通过感应电流调节神经细胞动作电位,影响大脑皮质的兴奋性。应用低频rTMS(≤1Hz)刺激未受累侧M1区可使大脑皮质兴奋性下降[29]。因此,通过降低健侧运动皮质兴奋性可帮助恢复双侧大脑皮质之间的平衡,从而改善患侧运动功能[30]。同时,还有研究认为低频rTMS可以使刺激对侧的脑部血流代偿性增多,从而改善卒中后患者的上肢功能[31]。低频rTMS用于慢性卒中后病人的健侧M1区改善偏瘫肢体功能是关于rTMS指南B级推荐的[29]。有文章也报道过关于rTMS能增加RFE对慢性中风患者的作用[32]。但是目前相关研究报道较少。因此本研究纳入病程在3~13周的亚急性脑卒中患者,采用反复促通疗法结合低频重复经颅磁刺激,连续训练4周后,结果显示,聯合组FMA、ARAT评分均明显高于对照组,且联合组FMA评分较RFE组也有明显提高。表明两种方法相结合对脑卒中后患者上肢运动功能康复有显著疗效。
本次研究通过患侧上肢肘屈肌及腕屈肌的MAS评分评估RFE、rTMS在抗痉挛方面的作用。抗痉挛作用能在一定程度上促进肢体功能恢复[33]。在本研究中,三组患者在治疗4周后MAS评分均无明显改善,这与之前的研究结果相一致[34],这可能与受试者在治疗前痉挛评分不高有关。
综上所述,反复促通疗法联合低频重复经颅磁刺激能促进脑卒中患者上肢运动功能康复。但因为本研究存在的限制,尚需开展大样本、多中心、长时间随访的随机对照试验,进一步证明其疗效和临床应用价值。
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(收稿日期:2018-05-09)