徐寅 陆华东
[摘要] 目的 探討老年阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)与氧化应激的相关性。 方法 采用回顾性、总结研究方法,研究时间为2014年8月~2018年1月,选择在我院诊治的老年OSAHS患者140例为研究对象,依据呼吸暂停低通气指数(apnea hypopnea index,AHI)将患者分为轻度组100例与中重度组40例,两组均采用多导睡眠监测监测,检测血清氧化应激指标的变化并进行相关性分析。结果 中重度组的血氧饱和度低于90%时间百分比(T90%)高于轻度组,最低血氧饱和度(minimum blood oxygen saturation,LSaO2)、平均血氧饱和度(mean blood oxygen saturation,MSaO2)低于轻度组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。中重度组的总抗氧化能力(total antioxidant capacity,T-AOC)和超氧化物酶(superoxide enzyme,SOD)低于轻度组,丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)高于轻度组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在140例患者中,Pearson相关性分析显示AHI、T90与MDA呈显著正相关性,与T-AOC、SOD呈显著负相关性;LSaO2、MSaO2与T-AOC、SOD呈显著正相关性,与MDA呈显著负相关性(P<0.05)。 结论 老年OSAHS患者伴随有氧化应激的激活,两者存在相关性,氧化应激状态的检测可评价患者的病情。
[关键词] 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征;老年;氧化应激;相关性
[中图分类号] R56 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-9701(2018)24-0004-04
Correlation between obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome and oxidative stress in the elderly
XU Yin1 LU Huadong2
1.Department of General Practice, Huzhou Central Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Huzhou 313000, China; 2.Department of Respiratory Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Huzhou 313000, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate and study the correlation between obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and oxidative stress in the elderly. Methods A retrospective and summary study method was used. The study time was from August 2014 to January 2018. 140 patients with senile OSAHS who treated in our hospital were selected as study subjects. According to apnea hypopnea index(AHI), the patients were divided into mild group(n=100) and moderate-severity group (n=40). The two groups were monitored by polysomnography. The changes of serum oxidative stress were detected and the correlation was analyzed. Results The percentage of time when blood oxygen saturation was below 90% (T90%) was higher in the moderate and severe group than that in the mild group, and the minimum blood oxygen saturation(LSaO2) and the mean blood oxygen saturation(MSaO2) in the moderate and severe group were lower than those in the mild group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The T-AOC (total antioxidant capacity) and SOD(superoxide enzyme) were lower in the moderate to severe group than those in the mild group, and the MDA(malondialdehyde) in the moderate to severe group was higher than that in the mild group. The difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). In 140 patients, Pearson correlation analysis showed that AHI, T90 were significantly positively correlated with MDA, and negatively correlated with T-AOC and SOD. It also showed that LSaO2, MSaO2 were positively correlated with T-AOC, SOD, and was significantly negatively correlated with MDA(P<0.05). Conclusion Elderly patients with OSAHS are accompanied by the activation of oxidative stress. There is a correlation between the OSAHS and oxidative stress. The detection of oxidative stress can evaluate the patients' condition.
[Key words] Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome; Elderly; Oxidative stress; Correlation
阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)是一种慢性睡眠呼吸疾患,多发生于老年人,在临床上主要表现为打鼾、低氧血症、睡眠中断、白天嗜睡、呼吸暂停及呼吸浅慢[1-2]。OSAHS可导致高碳酸血症、酸中毒、记忆力下降、反应迟钝等症状,病情长期发展可出现高血压、呼吸衰竭等,甚至诱发猝死等并发症,严重影响患者的生活质量[3-4]。氧化应激理论表明促氧化与抗氧化之间的平衡失调可能导致集体损害,当机体内氧自由基生成增加和(或)清除能力降低,导致活性氧ROS家族在体内或细胞内蓄积,从而引起氧化损伤过程[5-6]。氧化应激与血管内皮功能损伤、内分泌紊乱、神经细胞损伤有一定的相关性[7-8]。现代研究也表明呼吸疾病的发生、发展与炎症反应、氧化应激和脑组织损伤等有关,抗氧化药物能够降低脂质过氧化水平,提高抗氧化能力,并显著改善呼吸疾病病情,改善缺氧状况,减少呼吸暂停事件[9-10],但是氧化应激与OSAHS的关系相关报道较少。本文探讨了老年OSAHS氧化应激的相关性,以阐述OSAHS的发生机制,为预防OSAHS的发生提供参考。现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
采用回顾性、总结研究方法,研究时间为2014年8月~2018年1月,选择在我院诊治的老年OSAHS患者140例为研究对象,纳入标准:年龄≥60岁;符合OSAHS的诊断标准;患者签署了知情同意书;首次诊治患者,未进行OSAHS相关的口腔矫正、手术或呼吸机治疗;呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)≥15次/h;医院伦理委员会批准了此次研究。排除标准:严重心脑血管疾病及其他脏器严重疾病患者;3个月内新发心脑血管意外以及慢性心衰患者;3个月内服用过影响精神和神经系统药物的患者。依据AHI将患者分为轻度组(AHI 15~20次/h)100例与中重度组(AHI≥21次/h)40例,两组患者的性别、年龄、体重指数、收缩压、舒张压等比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1。
1.2 多导睡眠监测
采用Eseries-57多导睡眠仪(澳大利亚),监测记录时间均>7 h,根据最新的睡眠和呼吸事件分析标准,记录AHI、血氧饱和度低于90%时间百分比(T90%)、最低血氧饱和度(LSaO2)、平均血氧饱和度(MSaO2)等指标。
1.3 氧化应激测定
所有患者在多导睡眠监测结束后晨清醒5 min内抽取肘静脉血4 mL,3000 r/min 4℃离心10 min(离心半径为10 cm),分离血清,-80℃保存待测。超氧化物酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)测试盒购自南京建成生物工程研究所(4℃保存),所有操作方法严格按照说明书。
1.4 统计学方法
选择SPSS 22.00软件对数据进行分析,计数资料用百分比表示,采用χ2检验,计量资料用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,采用t检验,相关分析采用Pearson分析,检验水准α=0.05,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组睡眠监测指标比较
中重度组的T90高于轻度组,LSaO2、MSaO2低于轻度组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表2。
2.2 两组氧化应激指标比较
中重度组的T-AOC和SOD低于轻度组,MDA高于轻度组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表3。
2.3 相关性分析
在140例患者中,Pearson相关性分析显示AHI、T90与MDA呈显著正相关性,与T-AOC、SOD呈显著负相关性;LSaO2、MSaO2与T-AOC、SOD呈显著正相关性,与MDA呈显著负相关性(P<0.05)。见表4。
3 讨论
本研究显示中重度组的T90高于轻度组,LSaO2、MSaO2低于轻度组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。OSAHS是当前被广泛重视的临床疾病,在临床上主要表现为肥胖、嗜睡、周期性呼吸等症状[11]。OSAHS可造成全身多个系统功能损害,包括胃食管反流、性功能障碍、哮喘、心脑血管病、糖尿病、胰岛素抵抗,严重影响患者的生活质量[12-13]。睡眠是人体的一种重要的生理状态,并不是脑活动的简单抑制,睡眠时机体处于低代谢状态,使体力和精力得以恢复[14]。在脑干存在引起睡眠和脑电波同步化的上行抑制系统,睡眠时相的转化和中枢神经及神经递质的参与,与上行激动系统相拮抗,可作用于大脑皮层,调节睡眠和觉醒的相互转化[15]。不过OSAHS可在睡眠中发生,从而导致睡眠监测指标的变化。
本研究顯示中重度组的T-AOC和SOD低于轻度组,MDA高于轻度组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),表明OSAHS患者体内发生了氧化应激的状态改变。病理状态下,由于活性氧生成增多或抗氧化机制减弱,平衡被破坏,即可造成氧化应激,使脂质、蛋白质、膜的损伤,导致炎症、内皮细胞功能失调、血管平滑肌细胞增殖等,引发多种疾病[16]。OSAHS睡眠时可出现低氧血症,其为一种典型的缺氧-复氧模式,其结果导致氧自由基增多,机体氧化应激状态发生改变[17]。OSAHS患者的氧化应激反应严重度与其病情密切相关,即AHI越高,其体内氧化应激反应越严重[18]。从机制上分析,OSAHS睡眠中出现间断的缺氧-复氧过程,可使中性粒细胞因大量聚集而被激活,释放大量ROS。呼吸暂停或暂停后低氧可以直接影响中枢神经传感器,使睡眠片段化以及睡眠周期紊乱,引起儿茶酚胺的分泌及肾素、醛固酮和血管紧张素等的分泌,从而睡眠结构紊乱,造成恶性循环[19]。也有研究表明OSAHS患者血中反应性氧代谢物是增高的,其增高的程度与AHI呈正相关,血清中的抗氧化能力与AHI呈负相关[20]。
本研究Pearson相关性分析OSAHS患者显示AHI、T90与MDA呈显著正相关性,与T-AOC、SOD呈显著负相关性;LSaO2、MSaO2与T-AOC、SOD呈显著正相关性,与MDA呈显著负相关性(P<0.05)。从机制上分析,OSAHS患者上气道的结构和功能均发生了改变,睡眠过程中上气道反复的阻塞和打开,导致黏膜的充血水肿,从而诱发出现氧化应激反应[21-22]。也有相关研究表明OSAHS患者血中金属离子水平明显升高,长期微量的重金属离子暴露或累积可导致认知功能受损甚至痴呆,并与氧化应激水平显著相关[23-24]。不过本研究也有一定的缺陷,研究的样本数目较少,且两者的具体作用机制还不明确,将在下一步的研究中进行深入研究。
总之,老年OSAHS患者伴随有氧化应激的激活,两者存在相关性,氧化应激状态的检测可评价患者的病情。
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(收稿日期:2018-05-18)