China-U.S.Relations:an Understanding from the Perspective of Forging New-type International Relations

By Professor Xia Liping,CPAPD Council Member,Dean of the Institute of International and Public Affairs of Tongji University

In his report to the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China(CPC),General Secretary Xi Jinping proposes to"forge a new form of international relationship featuring mutual respect,fairness and justice,and win-win cooperation,and build a community with a shared future for mankind",1which points out the direction for the a major country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics in a new era.Xi Jinping also stresses that "China actively develops global partnerships, enlarges the convergence of the interests with various countries,promotes coordination and cooperation with other major countries,and works to build a framework for major countries relations featuring overall stability and balanced development".2How to promote coordination and cooperation between China and the United States,two major countries,in the process of building a new-type international relationship is an important issue for China–U.S.relations to study and solve.

I.Building a new-type Sino-U.S.relations is an important part of forging a new-type international relationship.

In March 2013,Xi Jinping,in his speech at Moscow State Institute of International Relations,Russia,made a speech."In the face of the profound changes in the international situation and the objective demands of all countries to share weal and woe in the world,all countries should jointly promote the establishment of a new-type international relationship centered on win-win cooperation,and peoples of all countries should work together to maintain world peace and promote common development."3It is the first time that Xi Jinping puts forward the concept of new-type international relations.In his report to the 19th National Congress,the CPC,Xi Jinping makes a further in-depth interpretation of the concept and proposes mutual respect,fairness and justice,cooperation and win-win outcomes as the main connotation of the new-type international relations.

Mutual respect is the prerequisite for building a new-type international relationship,i.e.all countries in the world are equal,be they big or small,strong or weak and rich or poor,and pursue mutual respect in international affairs.Fairness and justice are the core of building a new-type international relationship. Various countries must oppose the law of the jungle,but should adhere to a new concept of common,comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable security,adhere to a dialogue to resolve disputes,resolve differences in consultation, and co-ordinate the traditional and non-traditional security threats.The goal of building a new-type international relationship is to achieve win-win cooperation through supporting an open,transparent,inclusive and non-discriminatory multilateral trading system and an open world economy and promoting an open,inclusive,universal,balanced and win-win economic globalization.

The construction of a new-type international relationship is an important part of the thought on socialism with Chinese characteristics in a new era,is the guiding ideology of China’s major country diplomacy in anew era and the foundation for building a community with a shared future for mankind.To achieve a community with a shared future for mankind is the goal for building a new-type international relationship.

While putting forward the concept of new-type international relations,Xi Jinping,then China’s Vice President,in February 2012 in a written interview with the Washington Post on the eve of his visit to the United States,points out that the broad Pacific banks have enough space to accommodate the two major countries of China and the United States.To continuously make new progress in Sino-U.S.cooperative partnership and strive to shape this cooperative partnership into a new-type major country relationship in 21st Century.The two sides should have full confidence and lasting perseverance,and always seize the main line of common interests,allow no contradictions or differences to disturb the overall situation of the relations between China and the United States,and pioneer anew road of harmonious coexistence,good competition and win-win cooperation among major countries.4This is the first time that Chinese Government formally proposes the idea of building a new-type Sino-U.S.major country relationship.In the same year,Hu Jintao,then CPC General Secretary in his Report to the 18th National Congress of the CPC,said that we will improve and develop relations with developed countries,broaden the fields of cooperation, properly deal with differences and promote the establishment of a new-type major country relations with a long-term,stable and healthy development."5This is the first time for the CPC to have the policy of establishing a new-type major country relationship written into its important document and is of great significance to guiding China’s international strategy and foreign policy.In the Report to the 19th National Congress of the CPC,Xi Jinping further elaborates the diplomatic strategy of promoting major country coordination and cooperation,and building a generally stable and balanced development of the major country relations framework,such a major country relations framework includes Sino-U.S.relations.

To sum up,building the Sino-U.S.new-type major country relationship is an important part of building a new-type international relationship.It is also an important part of building the new-type international relations to promote the major country coordination and cooperation including the Sino-U.S.relations,and to build a major country framework for generally stable and balanced,and developing relations.The principle of building a new-type relationship between China and the United States is to adhere to non-conflict,non-confrontation,mutual respect and win-win cooperation,6which is the same as the main content of the new-type international relations,i.e.mutual respect,fair and justice,and win-win cooperation. Compared with the new-type major country relations,the new-type international relations not only include the relations among major countries,but also the relations between major countries and the small countries,and therefore more emphasis is placed on fairness and justice.

II.Favorable factors to promote major country coordination and cooperation between China and the United States

Currently,there are favorable factors for the major country coordination between China and the United States in the following:

First,the interdependence between China and the United States has reached an unprecedented level.

The interdependence between China and the United States is mainly reflected in two areas of economy and security.In the field of economy and trade,in the year 2015,China surpassed Canada to become the largest trading partner of the United States while United States was China's second largest trading partner.Since China's accession to the World Trade Organization,the U.S.export to China has increased significantly,up by 500%in 2016 compared with that in 2001.From 2006 to 2016,the U.S.service exports to China increased from US$14.4 billion to US$86.9 billion,an increase of five times.In 2016,the U.S.service trade surplus with China reached US$55.7 billion,about 40 times that of 2006.In 2016,the total volume of trade in goods between China and the United States was US$519.6 billion.The United States exports 26%of its Boeing aircraft,56%of its soybeans,16%of its cars,and 15%of its integrated circuits to China as the destination.According to the U.S.statistics,the U.S.trade with China in 2015 created 910000 jobs for the United States and saved an average of US$850 per U.S.household.The statistics of the U.S.-China Trade Committee show that in 2016,the U.S.-China economic and trade relations directly or indirectly supported 2.6 million U.S.jobs;the United States is China's largest export market.In terms of investment,in recent years,the former capital one-way flow has gradually shifted to capital two-way flow between China and the United States.According to the data of the National Committee on U.S.-China Relations and the Rhodium Group,the two-way direct investment between China and the United States reached about US$60.0 billion in 2016,creating a new height in history.According to China's Ministry of Commerce data,in 2016,the direct investment of Chinese enterprises in the United States amounted to US$45.6 billion,up by 200%compared with that in 2015.

During U.S.President Trump's visit to China in November 2017,agreements on economic and trade cooperation signed within two days by the two countries corporations amounted to US$253.3 billion.This has not only set a record for Sino-U.S.economic and trade cooperation,but also the record in the history of world economic and trade cooperation,which fully shows that cooperation is the only right choice for the development of Sino-U.S.relations,and win-win outcome is in the common interests of both countries.

In the field of security,both China and the United States face the challenges of transnational issues such as terrorism,proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, global warming,environmental pollution,drug smuggling,cyber hackers,piracy,poverty,AIDS and so on.No country can solve these problems alone,and they must cooperate to meet these challenges.Even in the field of traditional security,i.e.the military security,there are many common interests between China and the United States.Both China and the United States want peace and stability in the Asia-Pacific region,though they differ on how to achieve peace and stability.On the Korean Peninsula issue,peaceful settlement of the Korean nuclear issue through cooperation is in the interests of both China and the United States.

Second,the leaders of the two countries played a strategic leading role in the bilateral relationship

Since Trump became president of the United States in January 2017,the heads of state of China and the United States have exchanged visits in less than a year.Chinese President Xi Jinping has held three meetings with President Trump and established good personal relations and working relations.Trump says that we have established friendship,and I think we will have a very,very good relationship in the long run.7President Xi Jinping points out that I have exchanged views with President Trump on the Sino-U.S.relations and major international and regional issues of common concern,and reached a series of new and important consensus on development of the relations between the two countries in the coming period,and our meeting is constructive and fruitful.8

During President Trump's visit to China in November 2017,the heads of state of the two countries reached important consensus in several aspects on development of the Sino-U.S.relations in a new era.The meeting made important and fruitful results,which point out the direction for the future development of Sino-U.S.relations and draw a road map.President Xi Jinping points out that the development of China and the United States complement each other and is not mutually exclusive.The success of China and the United States is in the common interests of both sides.In the face of the complex and changeable international situation,China and the United States as two major countries have more common interests in maintaining world peace and stability,and promoting global development and prosperity,shoulder greater responsibility and enjoy wider space for cooperation.A healthy,stable and growing Sino-U.S.relationship is not only in line with the fundamental interests of the two peoples,but also the common expectation of the international community.9While,President Trump says that the U.S.-China relationship is a great relationship, and that U.S-China cooperation is in the fundamental interests of the two countries and is also important for solving the major problems of the world today.He is willing to continue to maintain close communication with President Xi Jinping and further deepen development of the Sino-U.S.relations and promote closer cooperation between the two countries in international affairs.10

The leaders of China and the United States agree to continue to play a strategic leading role in the relations between the two countries,promote exchanges at the high level and all levels,expand cooperation in broader areas on the basis of mutual benefit,control well differences on the basis of mutual respect,strengthen mutual understanding and friendship between the two peoples,and engage in cooperation to deal with international and regional issues,and global challenges.

Third,China and the United States have established all-dimensional, multi-level,multi-disciplinary and multi-channel dialogue and communication mechanisms

For more than 30 years since the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States in the year 1979,China and the United States have carried out comprehensive exchanges in all fields of society,and these comprehensive exchanges have become the strongest foundation for the Sino-U.S.relations.Although there are differences and frictions between the two countries,cooperation based on common interests is always the important foundation for development of bilateral relations.Meanwhile,it is inseparable from the role in controlling differences and deepening cooperation at the critical moment played by many dialogues and communication mechanisms formed since the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries.By 2015,there are more than 90 mechanisms for dialogue and communication between China and the United States.These mechanisms involve in many areas such as politics,security,military,economy and trade,science and technology,culture,health,law enforcement,environment,education,sports,women,youth,parliament,political parties,friendly sister provinces(states),cyber security,society and humanities.

In April 2017,President Xi Jinping and President Trump me in Florida,the United States.The two sides decided to turn the Sino-U.S.economic and strategic dialogue mechanisms during the Obama Administration to four high-level dialogues of diplomacy and security dialogue,comprehensive economic dialogue,law enforcement and cyber security dialogue,and social and humanitarian dialogue mechanisms.These four high level dialogue mechanisms focus on major issues with global and strategic impacts as well as on specific cooperative projects aimed atexpanding common interests,trying to eliminate interference factors timely and properly,and to ensure a stable relationship between China and the United States to go further.

III.Severe challenges to pushing forward coordination and cooperation between China and the United States

First,the Sino-U.S.competition and cooperation relationship will continue for a long time

The National Security Strategy of the United States issued by the Trump Administration in December 2017 stressed that the era of great power competition has comeback,and is necessary to use American strength to deter and restrict those revisionist countries,China and Russian,in attempt to build a world that is in counter to the values and interests of the United States.11The report also considers China a"strategic competitor" and an "economic aggressor"of the United States.This is the first time since the end of the Cold War that the U.S.government in the official document defines"major country competition"as characteristics of the new era,and regards China as the leading"strategic competitor".This has increased the proportion of competition in the Sino-U.S.relations.Although the report claims that the United States tries to continue to cooperate with China,it also points out that the United States will pursue cooperation with its competitors from a position of strength.12This shows that China and the United States have entered the long-term stalemate of strategic competition,and the competition and cooperation relationship between the two countries will continue for a long time.

On January 30,2018,Trump delivered his 2018 State of the Union Address in Capital Hill.Referring to China,he says that China and Russia are rival of the United States.The Trump Administration here uses"rival"to define China,which is little different from the"strategic competitor" used by the NationalSecurity Strategy of the United States published by the Trump Administration previously,which carries more negative impacts.Competitor has both positive and negative contents,and the positive ones contain cooperative factors while the negative ones may confront each other.In fact,China and the United States are adversaries in both positive and negative ways,and the bilateral relations have the duality of cooperation and confrontation.

China is on the rise,which has become a prominent feature of the international politics and world economy in the twenty-first Century.However,the rise of China will be a long-term process.In the process of China's rising,especially at the stage of China's strength approaching to that the United States or even surpasses that of the United States,international relations will undergo a process of rebalance of strength,which will take a long time,but if not handled properly,there may be a conflict and even some kind of a war between China and the United States.

The main reasons for the outbreak of a conflict or some kind of a war between China and the United States may include the following:Firstly,the Taiwan independence force declares legal independence,or the Chinese mainland believes that it has lost the hope of peaceful reunification, thus implementing the Anti-Secession Law to carry out the military operation,while the United States intervenes in the Taiwan Strait affairs militarily.Secondly,under the circumstances that China and the United States do not reach a consensus or tacit agreement on the cooperation in resolving the nuclear issue on the Korean Peninsula,China is forced to get involved in a war caused by the Korean nuclear issue.

Second,it takes quite a long time for Americans to adapt psychologically to the rebalance of strength between China and the United States.

One of the main obstacles for the coordination and cooperation between China and the United States is the American thinking inertia and the psychological pursuit of advantages.Faced with the rapid rising of China,some Americans have a sense of power anxiety.The inertia of thinking such as arrogance and prejudice generated by the position of the U.S.superpower as well as the instinctively psychological pursuit of profit and avoidance of disadvantages makes Americans unwilling to accept the fact that the rise of China will lead to great changes in the redistribution of power in the Asia-Pacific region,and is reluctant to make corresponding policy adjustment.

In recent years,with the rapid rising of China, some Americans have become increasingly anxious about their power status.They worry that China will seek replacement of the U.S.leading role in the Asia-Pacific region and even across the whole world as it becomes stronger and stronger.For example,the former official of U.S.Defense Department Michael Pillsbury in the book "The Hundred-year Marathon:China’s Secret Strategy to Replace the United States as the Global Superpower",stated that China started a"strategic fraud plan"in 1955 and spread China widely in the world as a poor and backward country,and non-concerns about the outside world so as to gain sympathy and support from other countries.In the past 40 years,China has been flickering the U.S.leaders and the analysts and policymakers in the government,making them mistaken that China is a virtuous power that deserves the support of the United States.Finally in conclusion,Michael Pillsbury thinks that the ultimate goal of China's strategic deception is to get the global political and economic dominance from the United States.13

The National Security Strategy report of the Trump Administration is mainly written by the U.S.hardliners,isolationists and conservatives in the United States,reflecting their sense of power anxiety.The report says that China and Russia challenge the power,influence and interests of the United States,and try to undermine the security and prosperity of the United States.They are determined to make the economy less free and fair,to increase their armed forces,to control information and data,to suppress their societies and to expand their influence.14The report claims that the United States will respond to the growing political,economic and military contests that we face throughout the world.15

Meanwhile,some Americans scholars with different theories also look at China with the thinking inertia and prejudice caused by the status of the U.S.superpower for a long time in the world.Just as Michael Swaine,a senior fellow at the Asian Program of Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,points out that the main obstacle to building stability and balance between China and the United States is the thinking inertia and pursuit of advantages of the U.S.policy community,which is not in favor of major changes in policy and behavior,as well as the United States is reluctant to change its policies on the regional security issues.163---27 If the United States weakens its sense of power anxiety and arrogance in dealing with majorcountries relations and regional hot issues,and revisits power-oriented thinking and"zero sum"game thinking,it may avoid some major strategic mistakes historically.

Third,might-show and uncertainty of the Trump Administration's China policy.

After the three meetings between President Xi Jinping and President Trump,the bilateral relationship has achieved some progress while controlling differences between the two countries,but the strong indeterminacy of the Trump Administration's policy towards China is still a negative factor affecting the bilateral relations.

First of all,the Trump Administration has increased the confrontational factor in the Sino-U.S. trade relations. The Sino–U.S.economic and trade relations have long been a"ballast stone"and"propeller"for the Sino-U.S.relations. However, after the Trump Administration's National Security Strategy report defines China as an"economic aggressor",the United States Trade Representative Office issued a report on January 19,2018,accusing China and Russia of not complying with the market economy-oriented policy advocated by the World Trade Organization(WTO)and failure to fulfill some key commitments made while initially accessed to the WTO.The report even said that the WTO rules could not restrict the interference in(trade)by Beijing,and it had wrongly supported China's accession to the WTO in 2001.17On January 22,2018,the office of the United States Trade Representative announced that 30%tariffs would be imposed on imported photovoltaic products according to the results of the"Section 201 Investigation".This is obviously aimed at China,because China is the largest supplier of photovoltaic products for the United States.The"Section 201 Investigation"originates in the Section 201 Global Safeguards Investigations of the Trade Act of 1974.It provides that the president of the United States can restrict imports through tariffs,quotas and other measures to protect the domestic industry when the imports amount of a commodity surges high,causing serious damage or threat to the American industry.18In August 2017,U.S.Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer announced that the United States has formally launched the"Section 301 Investigation"against China.Before that,President Trump signed an administrative memorandum to authorize U.S.Trade Representatives to review the so-called"China’s trade behavior",including China's practice in the field of intellectual property rights such as technology transfer.This is the practice of unilateralism and trade protectionism,which increases the risk of a trade friction between China and the United States.Meanwhile,the Trump Administration also said it would support expansion of the bill authorized by Congress bipartisans Committee on Foreign Investment in the United State,(CFIUS),19which intends to limit the investment of Chinese companies in the United States on the grounds of safeguarding the security of the United States.

Secondly,before and during President Trump's visit to the five Asian countries in November2017,the Trump Administration launched the"Indo-Pacific Strategy",trying to maintain and expand the interests of the United States in the Indo-Pacific region,and to maintain a regional strategic balance of strength in favor of the United States.The strategy,guided by"principled realism" and "American first"national security strategy,aims to strengthen the alliance and partnership of the United States in Indo-Pacific region,and connect the Pacific and India together to form a network of American alliances and partners in the shape of a huge crescent moon,actively promotes the"four-sided security cooperation mechanism between the United States,Japan,Australia and India.If this strategy is further developed,it will increase instability and uncertainty in the security situation in the Indo-Pacific region.

Thirdly,although President Trump himself has expressed his adherence to One China policy,yet,some practice of the U.S.Congress and government officials on the Taiwan policy may make the Taiwan issue the most essential and most sensitive one in the Sino-U.S.relationship,which becomes prominent again.In July and September 2017,the United States House of Representatives and the Senate respectively passed the National Defense Authorization Act of 2018,and in January and February 2018,the House of Representatives and the Senate of the United States passed the Taiwan Travel Act respectively.In recent years,the U.S.Congress has discussed and passed a series of Taiwan-related bills,covering policy,the arms sales,and"international space"for Taiwan,etc.,which will have negative impacts on the Sino-U.S.relations.

IV.A tactic and path for building a holistic stable China-U.S. relationship framework

The above analysis shows that China and the United States are now in a long-term stalemate of strategic competition,but if they properly handle the relations,this period is also a long-term integration phase of Sino-U.S.cooperation.The two sides have a lot of common interests,and also contradictions and even conflicts;they may have good-will competition,which may also slip into vicious competition;their understanding of each other gets deepened while there is also a huge strategic trust deficit between them.In short,promoting the coordination and cooperation between China and the United States has both favorable factors and severe challenges.The Report to the 19th National Congress,the CPC,proposes to promote the coordination and cooperation of major countries and build a framework for the overall stability,balanced and growing major countries relations,20which is the wise strategy and effective path to respond to the problems arising from the current Sino-U.S.relations.

First,avoid vicious competition,maintain a healthy competition,and promote China-U.S.major country coordination and cooperation

The major powers coordination is an international security mechanism conducive for major countries to jointly manage international conflicts and crises.China is the largest developing country while the United States is the largest developed country in the world.It is necessary for China and the United States to establish a major countries coordination mechanism framework,under which the greatest efforts should be made to avoid vicious competition.The vicious competition between countries refers to gaining economic advantages or unfair incomes by the use of unjustified means that do not conform to international law,as well as to gaining military advantages through an arms race.For example,the United States,according to its Trade Act of 1974,carries out Section 201 Investigation and Section 301 Investigation regarding China's exports to the United States,and imposes high tariff restrictions on import of Chinese products according to the results of the investigation,which is in violation of the WTO rules and will lead to a vicious competition in the Sino-U.S.economic and trade relations.

China and the United States should maintain a benign competition between them.This so-called healthy competition refers to mutual respect among countries,on the basis of compliance with the basic norms of international relations and the rules of international law,encourages domestic enterprises and industries to make reasonable pricing according to costs,and gains and increases sales profits by improving the quality of products or quality of service;meanwhile,only developing military power to safeguard national sovereignty,security and interests in the field of national security.The US's attempt to maintain its absolute military superiority in maintaining its absolute security is in violation of the principle of healthy competition.

China and the United States should build a major power coordination mechanism,and gradually strengthen and upgrade the overall,multi-level,multi-field,multi-channel dialogue and communication mechanisms between China and the United States to a major power coordination mechanism.

In the overall international architecture,a transition from the U.S.dominated situation to major powers coordination, especially the coordination between China and the United States in the Asia-Pacific region,will gradually achieve stable balance, especially achieve strategic stability between China and the United States;and the Sino-U.S.relations will gradually turn to mutual benefit and win-win outcomes from the strategic competition.This will be a long-term and formidable process,but we must have full confidence.

Second, increase common interests,effectively control differences,and establish an overall stable Sino-U.S.relationship

To build a new-type Sino-U.S.relationship with non-conflict,non-confrontation,mutual respect,cooperation and win-win outcomes is an important part of pushing establishment of new-type international relations,i.e.mutual respect,fairness and justice and win-win cooperation,which is in the interests of both China and the United States.To achieve the goal of building a new-type Sino-U.S.major power relationship,China and the United States must make their greatest efforts to enhance the common interests.These common interests are mainly reflected in three major areas of economy,security and culture.

In the economic field,China and the United States,as the two top economies in the world and global economic growth leaders,should expand trade and investment cooperation,strengthen macroeconomic policy coordination,and promote a healthy, stable, dynamic and balanced development of economic and trade relations between the two countries.To this end,it is necessary to formulate and start the next step Sino-U.S.economic cooperation plan,and actively expand the pragmatic cooperation between the two countries in the fields of energy,infrastructure construction and the construction of the Belt and Road.The commercial contracts and two-way investment agreements signed by President Trump during his visit to China in November 2017 fully demonstrate the vast space of cooperation between the two countries in the field of economy and trade,which will bring huge benefits to the two peoples.

In the field of security,the common interests of China and the United States are far greater than their differences.The two sides should respect each other's sovereignty and territorial integrity,respect the differences between each other and the different choices for the path of development.The two countries should firmly commit themselves to the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula and safeguard the international nuclear non-proliferation regime.The two heads of state have stated that the two sides will be committed to resolving the nuclear issue on the Korean Peninsula through dialogue and negotiation,and are ready to work together with the parties concerned to explore the way to achieve the long-term stability of the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia.21The two countries should also work together to prevent terrorist activities.

In the cultural field,China and the United States should promote the inclusiveness of each other's culture,carry forward both countries traditional culture featured by incorporating things of diversity and learning from each other’s strong points,strengthen cultural exchanges,enhance exchanges and friendship between the two countries, consolidate the foundation of the public opinion in the two countries and set up examples to promote the exchange and mutual learning of the civilizations between the East and the West as well as the harmonious symbiosis among countries of different civilizations.

Meanwhile,China and the United States must effectively control differences.The two countries have identical interests and similar goals on some international and regional major issues,but there are serious differences in dealing with specific issues between them.For example,both countries want peace,stability,security and prosperity in the Asia-Pacific region,but there are differences in how to achieve this goal and deal with specific issues.Again for example,both countries advocate"freedom of navigation",but the"free navigation action"implemented by the United States in the South China Sea infringes China's sovereignty and threatens China's security.For these differences,China and the United States must carry out effective control in order to prevent these differences from leading to a conflict or a kind of war.The two countries should safeguard the peace and stability in the South China Sea,support the universally recognized international law,including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1982,and control disputes through dialogue,negotiation and consultation to solve the issue of disputes peacefully.Again,the Taiwan issue is the most important and sensitive core issue in the Sino-U.S.relations,and it also related to the political foundation of the Sino-U.S.relations.The United States must strictly abide by the"one China"principle and prevent the overall situation of Sino-U.S.relations from being seriously damaged.

In short,China and the United States should build an overall stable Sino-U.S.relationship by building a new-type major country relationship based on non-conflict,non-confrontation,mutual respect and win-win cooperation.This generally stable Sino-U.S.relationship is conducive to peace,security and development in the world and the Asia-Pacific region.

据王莉介绍，挂号改革进行得很顺利，在门诊患者服务中心的指导下，多措并举重构了挂号流程。例如，设立门诊自助服务大厅，增加患者自助服务功能，利用挂号显示屏的重新分屏，加强自助机使用宣传及适时更新挂号信息。

Third,actively develop global partnership,expand the interest convergences with major powers,and build a framework for the balanced and growing major powers relations.

In the Report to the 19th National Congress,the CPC,General Secretary Xi Jinping calls on peoples of all countries to work together to build a community with a shared future for mankind and to build a clean and beautiful world with lasting peace, universal security, common prosperity,openness and inclusiveness.22It is a fundamental goal of China's external relations to promote the building of the community with a shared future for mankind and collectively create a better future for mankind.Mankind is like a huge sailing boat,must share weal and woe.As pointed out by Professor Wang Jisi,a community with a shared future for mankind can only be the product of deepening globalization,which is the mega-trend of the human development process,and is a comprehensive system project covering politics,security,economy,society,culture,ecology and other fields.23

Building a community with a shared future for mankind is a Chinese program to respond to the common challenges and issues facing mankind,has great theoretical and practical significance for promoting global governance and also long-term and practical significance for improvement and development of the Sino-U.S.relations.From the perspective of development of human history,China and the United States are composition of the global symbiosis system.The growing interdependence between the two countries is the basis for the construction of a new-type major country relationship between China and the United States.

In order to achieve the goal of building a community with a shared future for human kind,China and the United States should commit themselves to establishing an Asia-Pacific community.Professor Wang Jisi thinks that in view of the final form,a community with a shared future for mankind should have its"form",i.e.,covering all regions,countries,societies on earth,an all-dimensional human organizational framework.The construction of the community should adhere to the principle of gradual process and orderly development,from small to large,from easy to difficult,from imagination to practice,from conception to entity.24Both China and the United States are major powers in the Asia-Pacific region,which is the region with the most closely integrated interests between China and the United States,and is also the focus of the world economy and politics in the future.The two countries should start with the economic cooperation and integration of the Asia-Pacific region,first set up an Asia-Pacific Economic Community,and then establish an Asia-Pacific Security Community and the Asia-Pacific Cultural Community.In this process,the concept of Asia-Pacific Community will gradually be identified by the peoples of the Asia-Pacific region.

President Xi Jinping also put forward the concept of"the common friends circle of China and the United States".25China and the United States share greater common interests than their differences in the Asia-Pacific region,should carry out active cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region and encourage more and more Asia-Pacific countries to join the common circle of friends of the two countries and hand-in-hand make contributions to promoting peace,stability and prosperity in the Asia-Pacific region.The United States should abandon the Cold War mentality and the"zero sum"game thinking and avoid going on the beaten track of the major powers struggles in human history.

China and the United States should take the sense of gains as one of the main indicators for development of the Sino-U.S.relations.Just as president Xi Jinping points out that the Sino-U.S.relations are at a new historical starting point.China is willing to work with the United States for mutual respect,mutual benefit,focusing on cooperation and controlling differences,assuring more sense of gains to the peoples of the two countries and assuring more sense of gains to the peoples of the region and the world.26Only in this way,can the Sino-U.S.relations be ensured stable and last into the future.

At the 2014 central conference on diplomatic work,President Xi Jinping proposes to make friends all over the world and form a global partnership network on the premise of adhering to the principle of non alignment.27Building partnership is already a feature of China's diplomacy.By the end of December 2014,China had established 72 partnerships in different forms ant at different levels with 67 countries,five regions or regional organizations,and basically covering major countries and important regions of the world.There are three basic characteristics of China's partnership-building,i.e.equality, peacefulness and inclusiveness.Partnerships are different from alliances,and do not target any third country.To develop China's relations with Russia,the EU,ASEAN,India and other countries and international organizations and to expand the convergence of their interests is not aimed at the United States,but is to build a framework for a balanced and growing major powers relations.This will help the Sino-U.S.relations to develop healthily and steadily.

Footnotes:

1.Xi Jinping,“Secure a Decisive Victory in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects and Strive for the Great Success of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era:Repot delivered at the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China”,People’s Publishing House,2017,p.58.

3.Xi Jinping,a speech at the Moscow Institute of International Relations,People’s Daily,p.2,March 24,2013.

4.Chang Hong,Kang Denghui,Chen Bingji,“Xi Jinping’s Diplomatic Strategy on New-type Major Country Relations is Ironed out this Way”,http://politics.people.com.cn/nl/2016.0214/c1001-28121379.html.

5.Hu Jintao, http://politics.people.com.cn/nl/2012.1118/c1001-19612670.html.

6.Xi Jinping,“Making Unremitting Efforts for Building China-U.S.New-type Major Country Relations,Speech at the Joint Opening Ceremony of the 8th Sino-U.S.Strategic and Economic Dialogue and the 7th Sino-U.S.Cultural Exchanges”,People’s Daily,June 7,2016,p.2.

7.Trump Said He Has been Building Friendship with Xi Jinping”,South China Morning Post,April 7,2017.

8.President Xi Jinping and President Trump Jointly Meet the Press,http://cpc.people.com.cn/nl/2017.1109/c64904-29637341.html.

9.Ibid.

10.President Xi Jinping Held Talks with President Trump,People’s Daily,November 11,2017,p.1.

11.“National Security Strategy of the United States,”White House,Washington,D.C.,the U.S.December 2017,available at:https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905.pdf. p25.

12.Ibid,pp.45-46

13.Michael Pillsbury,“The Hundred-Year Marathon:China’s Secret Strategy to Replace America as the Global Superpower(New York:Henry Holt and Company,2015),pp.26-30.

14.“National Security Strategy of the United States,”White House,Washington,D.C.,the U.S.December 2017,available at:https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905.pdf. p2.

15.Ibid.p2.

16.Michael Swaine,Surpassing the U.S.dominance in the Pacific:a Necessity to Stabilize the Sino-U.S.Balance of Strength,translated by Pan Jishe,American Studies,No.2,2017,p61.

17.United States Trade Representative, “USTR Releases Annual Report on China’s and Russia’s WTO Compliance,” Washington, D.C., the U.S.A. January 19, 2018, available at:https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-office/press-office/press-release/2018/january/ultr-release-annual-report-china.

18.Ibid.19

19.”Report to congress on the committee on Foreign Investment in the United States,”January 16,2018,available at:https://news.usni.org/2018/01/31/report-congress-committee-foreign-investment-united–states.

20.Xi Jinping,“Secure a Decisive Victory in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects and Strive for the Great Success of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era:Repot delivered at the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China”,pp.59-60.

21.President Xi Jinping and President Trump Jointly Meet the Press,people’s Daily,November 10,2017,p.2.

22.Xi Jinping,“Secure a Decisive Victory in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects and Strive for the Great Success of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era:Repot delivered at the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China”,pp.58-59.

23.Wang Jisi,Zhao Jianwei,“Taking Roots in Asia-pacific:Building a Community with a Shared Future ofr Mankind’,International Strategic Studies,No.55,November 27,2017,p.1.

24.Ibid.

25.President Xi Jinping and President Trump Jointly Meet the Press,People’s Daily,November 10,2017,p.2.

26.Ibid.

27.Xi Jinping,Governance of China,Beijing Foreign language Press,2017,p.444.