一种用于多发性硬化症的新药达克珠单抗的研究进展

2018-10-30 09:21马徵薇宁宝入陈立江
中国药剂学杂志(网络版) 2018年5期
关键词:硬化症达克多发性

马徵薇,宁宝入,陈立江



一种用于多发性硬化症的新药达克珠单抗的研究进展

马徵薇,宁宝入,陈立江*

(辽宁大学 药学院,辽宁 沈阳 110036)

达克珠单抗(daclizumab,商品名Zinbryta)是最近被批准用于治疗成人多发性硬化症(MS)复发形式的治疗的单克隆抗体。达克珠单抗是一种能够定向到CD25上的IgG1单克隆抗体,CD25是一种白细胞介素-2受体的亚基。III期决定试验证明,每月一次皮下注射达克珠单抗优于每周一次肌注干扰素(IFN)-1a,有效减少临床复发率和复发缓解型MS患者病的放射治疗。此外,达克珠单抗能够有效地在减少残疾进展和改善复发性MS患者的相关生活质量。正在进行的开放标签临床试验表明,达克珠单抗单抗的疗效维持在长期(3年以上)。达克珠单抗耐受性良好,伴随的不良反应(包括肝脏,感染和皮肤事件)一般通过定期监测来治疗。在MS治疗过程中达克珠单抗作用的部位有待继续证明。根据现有的证据,达克珠单抗能够提供一个可替代的方法来治疗复发性MS。

药剂学;单克隆抗体;综述;达克珠单抗;多发性硬化症;干扰素

多发性硬化症( MS )是一种慢性和致残的炎症性疾病,影响中枢神经系统[1-3]。其中约85%在诊断患者最常见的疾病模式是复发缓解型多发性硬化症(RRMS),即在疾病的稳定期,病情得到缓解[3-4]然后又出现复发。随着时间的推移(通常在10年或以上),约三分之二的患有RRMS的人将继续发展成第二阶段的MS(SPMS),其疾病过程的特点是神经功能逐步恶化与复发无关[1, 3-5]。虽然多发性硬化症发病的确切原因没有确定,然而,该疾病能够导致在遗传易感个体[1-3]环境因素中引起异常免疫反应。致病过程被认为是由活化的T细胞浸润中枢神经系统,导致髓鞘和轴突损伤,并触发炎症反应。由于这一特点,人们研制的药物治疗方案都具有免疫调节或免疫抑制特性,称为疾病修饰疗法(DMTS )[6-7]。治疗法主要分为以下几类:第一类为干扰素(IFN)B包括IFNb-1a、IFNb-1b和一种多发性硬化治疗药glatiramer,第二类为现在流行的DMTs包括口服药物fingolimod,dimethyl fumarate, teriflunomide,旨在能够方便病人,增加顺应性。第三类为单克隆抗体药物,如 natalizumab, alemtuzumab, daclizumab,有着高效的疗效和选择性[6-10]。达克珠单抗即是单克隆抗体药物的一种,能够定向到CD25受体,CD25是一种能与白细胞介素(IL)2受体高亲和力的亚基[11-12]。达克珠单抗最近在欧盟[11]、美国[12]等国家被批准为成人复发性MS的治疗。这种形式的达克珠单抗与之前制备的药物(Zenapax)相比,有不同的形式[13-14]和使用结构。本文作者对达克珠单抗临床有关的安全数据、适应症的耐受性、疗效和药理数据等进行了综述。

1 达克珠单抗的药效学特性

达克珠单抗是一种人源化的IgG1单克隆抗体,能与带有高亲和力IL-2的亚基[11,13, 15]结合。用达克珠单抗与CD25结合,增加IL-2的可用性信号,减少IL-2与高亲和力受体表达,增加中间亲和力IL-2受体的细胞[11,16-17]。这种IL-2信号的调制对达克珠单抗治疗效果有一定的影响,包括活化T细胞的选择性抑制与扩张CD56自然杀伤(NK)细胞[11,13,18]。此外, 临床前研究表明,达克珠单抗阻碍了转介由成熟树突状细胞介导的IL-2来激活T细胞的过程,从而抑制树突状细胞介导的T细胞激活[19]。总体而言,药效学在开始治疗具有迅速起效的过程,并在之后的治疗过程中保持这种作用长达六个月[18,20]。

继达克珠单抗治疗后,CD25迅速与循环T细胞结合,8 h内发生完全饱和[18,20]。CD25饱和度预计可用血清浓度≥5 mg∙L-1的达克珠单抗来维持,或在停止治疗后的24 h之内恢复至基线水准的空置CD25来维持(即达克珠单抗血清浓度近似≤1 mg∙L-1)[18]。

在达克珠单抗发挥疗效的过程中,免疫调节CD56bright NK细胞的膨胀(在MS中特异性激活T细胞)是主要的免疫调节作用之一[13, 21-23]。在临床试验中使用达克珠单抗的MS患者中,CD56bright NK细胞数量明显大量增长,高于基线水平[11,18-24 ]。在第8周达到最大扩张的一半,第36周达到最大膨胀趋于稳定[18]。停止使用后, CD56bright NK细胞数20~24周后恢复至基线水平[11,18,25]。尽管调节性T细胞数量减少,但有证据表明,在达克珠单抗治疗期间,中间亲和力IL-2受体可以通过发送信号来保护功能性的调节性T细胞维持稳定[17,22]。

还有人提出,使用达克珠单抗对先天淋巴细胞(ILCs)的发展有影响[26-27]。与健康对照组相比,MS患者ILC的循环水平升高了,通过达克珠单抗治疗后又回归正常[26-27]。此外,达克珠单抗治疗是促进 ILC前体远离促炎性淋巴样组织诱导细胞亚型,且是向着CD56bright NK细胞谱系的分化[27]。相反地,另一项研究(用一种新的定义来识别ILCs)发现达克珠单抗对ILC循环群无明显影响[28]。

2 达克珠单抗的药动学特性

达克珠单抗是一种典型的IgG1单克隆抗体[29],它有着慢吸收、小体积分布和低全身清除的特点[30-32]。达克珠单抗的第一阶段吸收和消除可以用二室模型很好地描述。药物显示线性药代动力学的剂量范围为100~300 mg[11,33-34]。达克珠单抗的药代动力学参数的个体间差异为中度[33-35]。

达克珠单抗通过皮下注射有着很高的生物利用度[11,33]。通过皮下给药,达克珠单抗的最大血药质量浓度(max)在平均5~7 d达到中间值[11,35]。在重复注射标准计量(150毫克/4周)过程中,在第4次后血药浓度达到了稳态,是单独一次注射计量的2.5倍[11,35]。患有RRMS的病人在重复给药达到稳态时,最大血药质量浓度(max)为29 mg∙L-1,最小血药质量浓度(min)为15 mg∙L-1,药时曲线下面积(AUC)638 mg∙d∙L-1[35]。达克珠单抗的最小稳态d为6.34 L(基于体质量 68 kg)[11,33],表明该药物主要局限于血管和间隙空间[11,33,34]。达克珠单抗有缓慢率,即全身清除率为0.27 L∙d-1,并且具有一个长的消除半衰期为3周[35]。

在达克珠单抗的药代动力学研究发现,用药患者在年龄、性别、种族(白人和日本人)等方面没有明显差异[11]。达克珠单抗在肝或肾功能的损害还没有考察,但达克珠单抗的消除预计不会依靠肝或肾[11]。达克珠单抗的表观分布容积约为27%,存在个体间差异变化,但这些影响预计不对会临床相关的指标[33]产生干扰。患者中在抗体阳性的状态下,体内的达克珠单抗清除率增加了19%,但也不存在任何临床相关影响[33]。

达克珠单抗预计不会被CYP同工酶代谢,而且被认为有与药物相互作用的潜在可能。药物相互作用不预期在达克珠单抗和伴随症状的MS治疗出现[11,22]。

3 达克珠单抗的治疗效果

本节介绍患有RRMS的成人皮下注射达克珠单抗的疗效,在选择性实验和决定性实验的临床试验中采取随机、双盲、多国的原则。

选择性实验使用安慰剂对照,621位患者按1∶1∶1比例随机分配,分别在每隔4周接受皮下注射150或300 mg达克珠单抗或安慰剂,并持续52周[24]。决定性实验为主动控制,1 841位患者按照1∶1比例随机分配为2组,一组每4周皮下注射150 mg达克珠单抗,另一组每周肌肉注射30 μg干扰素-1a ,实验持续96~144周[36]。患者选择的标准年龄在18~55内并被诊断为患有RRMS疾病(表1)[24,36]。扩大残疾状况评分(EDSS)的基线为0~5.0[24,36]。

Table 1 Efficacy of subcutaneous injection of daclizumab 150 mg every 4 weeks in adults with active RRMS in the pivotal select and decide trials

Notes: *—<0.05; **—<0.01; ***—<0.001

排除标准包括原发性进行性、继发性进行性或进行性复发性MS的诊断,每个试验的基线特征之间匹配良好[24,36]。患者在选择性实验和决定性实验中分别得到的实验数据如下,在疾病诊断后要持续4.3年及4.2年的时间, EDSS评分为2.8和2.5,12个月的研究学习中有1.4和1.6再恶化[12]。44%和45%的患者通过脑MRI检测在选择性实验和决定性实验有一个或更多的钆增强损害,24%和41%的患者以前受到DMT(非甾体)的治疗(34%的患者决定先前接受干扰素B治疗)[24,36]。在选择性实验和决定性实验的试验时间长度根据年复发率(ARR)决定,分别为选择性实验52周[24]或决定性实验144周[36],在每项研究中对意向治疗人群进行评估,选择性实验中91%的人选择完成52周的治疗[24],在决定性实验治疗中70%例患者完成≥96周的治疗[36]。

4 达克珠单抗的耐受性

在皮下注射达克珠单抗治疗多发性硬化的安全性和耐受性数据可以从挑选性实验、决定实验、选择性实验、被选择实验、延期实验和三期观察试验(为了测定达克珠单抗的免疫原性)得到,并从这六个方面综合分析。综合分析数据(截止到2014年11月14)共纳入患有RRMS患者2 236例,分别给予150 mg剂量(=1 943)或300毫克(=293)[36]。达克珠单抗在这些患者中的平均暴露时间为29.9个月(总数为5 214的病人年数),最大暴露约为6.5年[37]。数据也可从延伸实验的中期分析中得到(2016年1月13号治疗组截止,2015年9月10日对照组截止)[38]。这部分中的达克珠单抗的接受者数据来源于选择性实验给予150 mg剂量组。

5 达克珠单抗的用量用法

达克珠单抗是欧盟批准的可以用于治疗成人复发形MS的药物[11]。给药方式为皮下给药,推荐剂量每月150 mg。达克珠单抗作为一个单一用途的药物,规格为每毫升含150 mg 达克珠单抗的溶液,并在单-剂量预装注射器中,可直接皮下注射到大腿、手臂腹部或背部。在使用达克珠单抗治疗复发性MS期间,应该由一位经验丰富的医生负责。患者应接受适当的皮下注射训练技术之后可以自行给药[11]。

5.1 自主用药指导

注射前30 min,从冰箱取出达克珠单抗,在不使用外源加热的情况下,让药物恢复至室温。室温的药物不要再次放回至冰箱。达克珠单抗是一种无色至略微黄色,清澈至略微乳白色溶液。如它呈云雾状或存在可见颗粒,不要使用药物。

5.2 不良反应

肝损伤包括自身免疫性肝炎:达克珠单抗可能导致严重的肝损伤,肝衰竭和自身免疫性肝炎,甚至危及生命。应该在服用达克珠单抗[39]之前测定转氨酶和胆红素水平。末次剂量后每月和直至六个月的监控并评价转氨酶和胆红素水平。

其他免疫介导疾病:服用达克珠单抗可能发生免疫介导疾病,包括皮肤反应、淋巴结肿大、肺感染结肠炎和其他免疫介导的疾病。

超敏性反应:有过敏反应和血管水肿的风险。如发生过敏反应或其他过敏性反应应终止和不要再开始达克珠单抗治疗。

感染:增加感染的风险。如发生严重感染,考虑不给达克珠单抗直至感染情况停止。

抑郁和自杀:忠告患者立即报告抑郁和/或自杀意念的症状至他们的卫生保健提供者。如发生严重抑郁和/或自杀[40]意念考虑终止用药。

6 目前达克珠单抗在治疗多发性硬化症中的地位

基于选择和决定随机对照实验,达克珠单抗被批准加入了多发性硬化症的治疗。这些试验表明,每4周皮下注射达克珠单抗一次,有效降低临床复发率。MRI评估疾病活动和持续的疾病进展以及对人力资源的生活质量产生积极的影响[40]后发现,达克珠单抗能够有效减少临床复发率,并认为治疗效果优于每周一次肌注干扰素-1a。选择性实验和决定实验的患者选择要求有广谱型PRMS患者,来自广泛的地理区域,能够代表一系列医疗效果。基于人口学和基线疾病特征,实验中达克珠单抗在各亚组之间治疗的益处是一致的,包括高活性疾病患者。此外, 有证据表明[38-41],达克珠单抗能够有效用于SPMS的治疗。达克珠单抗对MS疗效在对照实验中疗效可以保持三年,对临床意义十分重大。

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A clinical research process of new drug daclizumab applied for multiple sclerosis treatment

MA Zhiwei, NING Baoru, CHEN Lijiang*

(,,110036,)

Daclizumab (Zinbryta) is a therapeutic monoclonalantibody which has just been applied for the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS) in grown human. Daclizumab can be seen as a humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody which directed against CD25, the alpha subunit of the high-affinity interleukin-2 receptor. As demonstrated in the phase III DECIDE trial, in reducing the clinical relapse rate and radiological measures of disease in patients with relapsing-remitting MS, once-monthly subcutaneous daclizumab had the priority over once-weekly intramuscular interferon (IFN) b-1a. Besides, daclizumab has demonstrated its efficacy in decreasing disability progression and in enhancing health-related quality of life in patients with relapsing MS. Ongoing open-label clinical trials showed that daclizumab could keep its efficacy for more than 3 years. Daclizumab seems to be generally well tolerated, with adverse events of interest (including hepatic, infectious and cutaneous events) generally in control with regular monitoring and/or standard therapies. The action site of daclizumab in MS treatment remains to be further determined. However, based on the available evidence, daclizumab provides a useful alternative option to other currently available disease- modifying therapies in the treatment of relapsing MS.

pharmaceutics; monoclonalantibody; summary; daclizumab; zinbryta; multiple sclerosis

(2018)05–0084–07

10.14146/j.cnki.cjp.2018.05.002

R94

A

2018-06-04

马徵薇(1993-), 女(汉族), 辽宁沈阳人, 硕士研究生, E- mail 843038003@qq.com;

通讯作者:陈立江(1969-), 女(汉族), 山西太原人, 教授, 博士, 主要从事药物新剂型和新技术、计算机辅助药物设计及其与药物新剂型和新技术结合的相关新药研制与开发, Tel. 024-62202303, E- mailchlj16@163.com。

(本篇责任编辑:赵桂芝)

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